DOST JLSS SCHOLARSHIP

REVIEWER PREPARED BY: JOMARIE TAMONDONG

2. MATHEMATICS
2.1 ALGEBRA
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

-combination of numbers, variables, and at least one

operation
-a variable may be an abstract symbol or letter that
represents a mathematical object

Quadratic Equation

-a term can be a number, a variable, or product of a number

and at least one variable. It is separated by + or – Quadratic Formula
-like terms are variables raised to the same power

-a monomial is an algebraic expression with a single term,

while a polynomial consists of two or more terms

Example:
Monomial: 3x and 4xy3
Polynomial: 2x3+4x2+3x+9, 5x+4
Like Terms: 3x and 15x, 12x2+9x2, 15x2y and 19x2y
Unlike Terms: 2x and 3x2, 4y and 2y3, 2x3y and 2xy3

OPERATIONS ON ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

-in polynomial addition, FUNCTIONS
simply remove the • the domain is the set of all possible values of x
parenthesis and combine • the range is the set of all possible values of y
like terms • the x-intercept is the value of x when y=0
• the y-intercept is the value of y when x=0
• the zeros of a function are the possible values of x when y=0
-in polynomial
subtraction,
LINEAR FUNCTIONS
distribute the – to
-the highest exponent of x is 1
each term inside
the parenthesis of
the second
polynomial then
combine like
terms

-in multiplying or dividing a

monomial by another monomial,
multiply or divide the
coefficients and multiply or ǪUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
divide the variables -the highest exponent of x is 2

-in multiplying or dividing polynomial by

a monomial, multiply or divide
each term of the polynomial by
the monomial

-in multiplying a polynomial by

another polynomial,
distribute each term of the
polynomial to each term of
the other polynomial
 1. Find the 7th term of the sequence 3, 1, 1/3, 1/9,…
Logarithmic Function n=7 an = a1rn-1
Properties of Logarithm a1 = 3 an = 3(1/3)7-1
r = 1/3 an = 3(1/729)
a7 = 1/243

2. Find the first term of the sequence

_, 0, _, _, 0
*zero

Arithmetic Series
Sn = n/2 (a1+an) or Sn = n/2 (2a1+(n-1)d)

1. Find the sum of the arithmetic series 1, 5, 9, 13, 45

n = ‘ = 12 an = a1+(n-1)d Sn = 12/2 (1+45)
a1 = 1 45 = 1+(n-1)4 Sn = 6(46)
an= 45 45 = 1+(4n-4) Sn = 276
d=4 45 = 4n-3
48/4 = 4n/4
n=12

2. Find the value of X in the arithmetic series.

2.1.1 Sequence 1+2+3+4+5+…+x=171
Arithmetic Sequence a1 = 1 Sn = n/2 (2a1+(n-1)1) 342 = n(n+1)
d=1 171 = n/2 (2(1)+(n-1)1) 342 = n2+n
Sn = 171 171 = n/2 (2+(n-1)) 0 = n2+n-342
an=a1+(n-1)d 171 = n/2 (n+1) (n+19) (n-18)
an – nth term x=18 n+19 = 0 n-18+=0
position n= -9 n=18
a1 – first term Geometric Series
n – term position Formula 1: The nth term of a geometric sequence is,

d – common nth term = a rn-1

difference Where,
• a is the first term
• r is the common ratio of every two successive terms
1. Find the 15th term of the sequence 1, 5, 9, 13 • n is the number of terms.
n = 15 an=a1+(n-1)d
a1 = 1 a15 = 1+(15-1)4 Formula 2: The sum formula of a finite geometric series a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ... + a rn-1 is

d=4 a15 = 1+56 Sum of n terms = a (1 - rn) / (1 - r) (or) a (rn - 1) / (r - 1)

a15 = 57 where,
• a is the first term
• r is the common ratio every two consecutive terms
2. Find the 999thterm of the sequence 3, 8, 13, 18
• n is the number of terms.
n = 999 an=a1+(n-1)d
a1 = 3 a999 = 3+(999-1)5 Formula 3: The sum formula of an infinite geometric series a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ... is
d=5 a999 = 3+4990
Sum of infinite geometric series = a / (1 - r)
a999 = 4993
where,
• a is the first term
3. Find the first term of the sequence _, 2, _, _, 23 • r is the common ratio every two successive terms
n=4 an=a1+(n-1)d 23 = a1+(5-1)7 Example 1: Find Example 2: Find the sum of the following
a1 = 2 23 = 2+(4-1)d 23 = a1+(4)7 the 10th term of geometric series: i) 1 + (1/3) + (1/9) + ... + (1/2187)
d=? 23 = 2+3d 23-28 = a1 the geometric ii) 1 + (1/3) + (1/9) + ... using the formula for a
an = 23 23-2 = 3d -5 = a1 series 1 + 4 + 16 + geometric series.
21/3 = 3d/3 64 + ...
7=d Solution:
Solution: To find: The sum of the given two geometric series.
To find: The In both of the given series,
Geometric Sequence 10th term of the the first term, a = 1.
given geometric The common ratio, r = 1 / 3.
series. i) In the given series,
In the given series, nth term = 1 / 2187
The first term, a = a rn-1 = 1 / 37
1. 1 × ( 1 / 3) n-1 = 3-7
The common ratio, 3-n + 1 = 3-7
r = 4 / 1 (or) 16 / 4 -n + 1 = -7
(or) 64 / 16 = 4. -n = -8
Using the formulas n=8
of a geometric So we need to find the sum of the first 8 terms of the
series, the nth term given series.
is found using: Using the sum of the finite geometric series formula:
nth term = a rn-1 Sum of n terms = a (1 - rn) / (1 - r)
Substitute n = 10, a Sum of 8 terms = 1 ( 1 - (1/3)8 ) / (1 - 1/3)
= 1, and r = 4 in the = (1 - (1 / 6561)) / (2 / 3)
above formula: = (6560 / 6561) × (3 / 2)
10th term = 1 × 410- = 3280 / 2187
1
= 49 = 262,144 ii) The given series is an infinite geometric series.
an = a1rn-1 Answer: The Using the sum of the infinite geometric series
an = nth term position 10th term of the formula:
given geometric Sum of infinite geometric series = a / (1 - r)
a1 = first term sequence Sum of the given infinite geometric series
r = common ratio = 262,144. = 1 / (1 - (1/3))
n = term position = 1 / (2 / 3)
=3/2
Answer: i) Sum = 3280 / 2187 and ii) Sum = 3 / 2
 Example 3: Calculate the sum of the finite geometric series if a = 5, r = 9. Jason is driving across the country. For the first 3 hours, he travels
1.5 and n = 10. 96.56 kph. For the next 2 hours he travels 115.87 kph. Assuming that
Solution:
To find: the sum of geometric series he has not stopped, what is his average traveling speed in miles per
Given: a = 5, r = 1.5, n = 10 hour?
sn = a(1−rn)/(1−r) a. 63.4 mph
The sum of ten terms is given by S10 = 5(1−(1.5)10)/(1−1.5)
= 566.65
b. 66.7 mph
Answer: The sum of the geometric series is 566.65. c. 64.8 mph
d. 72 mph

WORD PROBLEM
1. Michael scores a 95, 87, 85, 93, and a 94 on his first 5 math tests. If
he wants a 90 average, what must he score on the final math tests? 10. Ann opens a saving account with a deposit of $670. She will earn
Let x = final score 1.5% interest each year on her money. How much interest will she earn
95 + 87 + 85 + 93 + 94 + x over a period of 10 years? (assuming she does not add or take out any
= 90 money).
6
a. $ 100.5
454 + x b. $ 90.5
= 90 c. $ 50.9
6
d. $ 95.1

2. If the sum of the smallest and largest of three consecutive even

numbers is 28, what is the value of the second largest number in the
series? 11.) A person deposits $5000 in a bank in simple interest; he finds
3 even numbers x + x + 4 = 28 $6200 after two years in the account. What is the rate of interest per
Let: 2x + 4 = 28 annum?
x = smallest 2x/2 = 24/2 a. 12%
x + 2 = second x = 12
b. 13%
x + 4 = largest
x+2 c. 11%
12 + 2 = 14 d. 14%
12, 14, 16

NADS SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.) Alex borrowed money for school. He took out a loan that charges
5% simple interest. He will end up paying $800 in interest after 5 years.
2. Simplify 4y2 + 5y + - 3y2 – 4y.
How much did Alex borrow for school?
a. 2y2 + y
a. $ 1100
b. y2 + y
b. $ 2200
c. 2y + 2y2
c. $ 3300
d. y + y2
d. $ 4000

15.) If the square of the sum of two numbers is 160 and the sum of
4. If the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 9 = 0 has exactly one solution
squares of the same numbers is 100, then determine the product of the
r, then b is equal to 6 and _____.
two numbers.
a. -6
a. 20
b. 0
b. 30
c. 3
c. 40
d. 9
d. 50

5. 16 years ago, Benedict was twice as old as Beatrice. At present,

16.) The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 78, what are the
Benedict is 32 years old. How old is Beatrice today?
numbers?
a. 21 years old
a. 18, 20, 22
b. 22 y/o
b. 20, 22, 24
c. 23 y/o
c. 22, 24, 26
d. 24 y/o
d. 24, 26, 28

7. Which of the ff is not equal to the others?

a. 10log25
b. 625(1/2)
c. 202 + 52
d. (254)(1/4)
2.1.2 Sets Example 4: Let x, y, and z be sets. Which of the following equalities
is NOT ALWAYS true?

AC complement Ac = {2, 9} elements not contained in set A

Venn Diagram

Universal
Set
- set of all elements being
considered.

Example 1: Use set notation to describe the shaded region.

Example 2: Given: A = {Diego, Jepoy, Jasmine, Ivy, Emilia}

B = {Arnaldo, Emilia, Raul, Diego, Maja}

If set A and B represent the friends of Arlene and Bayani, respectively,

which of the following notations represent the common friends of
Arlene and Bayani?
A. A ∪ B
B. A ∩ B
C. A – B
D. B – A

Example 3: A survey was conducted

on 30 people on their TV viewing,
Chanel A, and Chanel B, and is
presented in a venn diagram shown
below which of the following
narrative best describe the Venn
diagram?
A. 10 are viewing channel A, 10 are viewing channel B, and 8
are viewing channel C.
B. 20 are viewing channel A, 18 are viewing channel B, and 2
are viewing channel C.
C. 10 are viewing channel A, 8 are viewing channel B, while 2
are neither viewing channel A nor B.
D. 20 are viewing channel A, 18 are viewing channel B, while
2 are neither viewing channel A nor B.
2.2 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

2.2.1 Distance Formula

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2

2.2.2Parabola
Parabola
- A parabola is a curve where any
point is at an equal distance from:
• A fixed point (the focus),
and
• A fixed straight line (the
directrix)
• The axis of symmetry
(goes through the focus,
at right angles to the
diretrix)
• The vertex (where the
parabola makes its
sharpest turn) is halfway
between the focus and
diretrix.
Equations 45-45-90 Triangle
The simplest equation for parabola is y = x2 Let ∠A = 45°; ∠B = 90°; ∠C = 45°
Turned on its side it becomes y2 = x It is a common knowledge that the 45-45-90 Triangle
A little more generally: has a ratio of x : x : x√2
y2 = 4ax
where a is the distance from the origin to the focus (and also from the It just simply means that the side opposite of the
origin to directrix) angle corresponds to the measure.
EXAMPLE:
Find the focus for the equation y2 = 5x 45 : 45 : 90
Solution: x : x : x√2
Converting y2 = 5x to y2 = 4ax form, we get y2 = 4(5/4) x,
Sample Problem:
So a = 5/4, and the focus of y2 = 5x is: A 30-60-90 Triangle was inscribed inside a circle. If its hypotenuse
F = (a, 0) = (5/4, 0) serves as the diameter of the circle, and it is 7√3 units long, what is the
area of the shaded region? Express your answer in terms of π.
The equations of parabolas in different orientations are as follows:

POLYGON FORMULAS
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
The Sum of Interior Angles of The measure of each interior
a Regular Polygon angle of a regular n-sided
180° (n -2) polygon
180° (𝑛 − 2)
𝑛

Number of Diagonals of a “n- The measure of exterior

2.2.3 Ellipse sided” Polygon angles of a regular n-sided
An ellipse is a two-dimensional shape, that is defined along its axes. 𝑛 (𝑛 − 3) polygon
2 360°
An ellipse is formed when a cone is intersected by a plane at an angle
𝑛
with respect to its base.
It has two focal points (foci). The sum of the two distances to the focal
point, for all the points in curve, is always constant. NADS SAMPLE PROBLEM
A circle is also an ellipse, where the foci are at the same point, which 1. If the volume if a sphere is 500/3 𝜋, what is its surface area?
is the center of the circle. a. (25/3) π
Ellipse has one major axis and one minor axis and a center. b. 25 π
Ellipse Equation c. (100/3) π
Area of ellipse = πab d. 100 π
= 𝜋 x semi-major axis x semi-minor axis
(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )
Perimeter of ellipse = 2π √
𝟐

Problem and Solution 2.) In the figure below, what is the area of the shaded region?
If the length of the semi major axis is 7 cm and the semi minor axis is a. (32 − 8𝜋)𝑐𝑚2
5 cm of an ellipse. Find its area. b. (32 − 16𝜋)𝑐𝑚2
c. (64 − 16𝜋)𝑐𝑚2
Solution: a = 7 cm
d. (16𝜋 − 64)𝑐𝑚2
b = 5 cm
Area = π x a x b
Area = π x 7 x 5
Area = 35π or 35(22/7) = 110cm2

2.2.4 Special Triangles

30-60-90 Triangle
3.) The perimeter of a square with side 𝑥 − 4 units is 3x + 2 units. Find
Let ∠A = 60°; ∠B = 90°; ∠C = 30°
the numerical value of its area.
It is a common knowledge that the 30-60-90 Triangle
a. 321
has a ratio of x : x√3 : 2x
b. 322
c. 323
It just simply means that the side
d. 324
opposite of the angle
corresponds to the measure.

30 : 60 : 90
x : x√3 : 2x
4.) How far did one wheel with a diameter of 30 cm travel if it made 14. If the measures of the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3:4:5,
10 revolutions before it stopped? what is the degree measure of the largest angle
a. 150π cm a. 15
b. 200π cm b. 45
c. 300π cm c. 60
d. 600π cm d. 75

5.) Lola Penyang who wishes to fence her agricultural land using only
a 600- meter-long material. If the land is quadrilateral in shape, what 15. The area of the whole figure below is 16. If four congruent squares
should be the dimensions of the fence in order to enclose the maximum each with a perimeter of 4 are cut to form a cross as shown, what is the
area? area of the cross?
A. 200m x 100m
b. 150m x 150 m
c. 250m x 50m
d. 270m x 30 m

7.) The sides of the square in 6 in. long. A second square is inscribed
by joining the midpoints of the sides of the second square and so on. 16. In the figure, if AO=OB=2, what is the area of the shaded region?
Find the sum of the areas of the infinite number of inscribed squares
thus formed.
a. 72
b. 87 17. The area of square field ABCD (where AC=4) is
c. 69
d. 55

PNU SAMPLE PROBLEM

8.) The circumference of a circle is 4 π. What is its area? A line passes through the points (-1, 4) and (1, 2b). If its slope is 7/6,
a. 2 π what is the value of b?
b. 4 π
c. 8 π
d. 12 π

Which of the following defines a one-to-one function?

a.
b.
11.) The diameter of a wheel is 4. How many complete revolutions will c.
the wheel make if it rolls a distance of 100.5 π? d.
a. 4
b. 13
c. 23
d. 25 Find the distance of these two endpoints, (5, 4) and (-5, 14)
a. 10√2
b. 10√3
c. 20
d. 10√5
12.) The length, width, and height of Box A are double that of Box B.
The volume of Box A is
a. twice that of Box B 12.
b. 6 times that of Box B Find the x- and y- intercepts of the function f(x) = 3x + 4
c. 4 times that of Box B a. x = ⁻³⁄₄ and y = 4
d. 8 times that of Box B b. x = ⁴⁄₃ and y = 3
c. x = ⁻⁴⁄₃ and y = 4
d. x = ¾ and y = 3

Little John bought a storage with a dimension of 3 by 4 by 5 feet. How

many 2 by 2 by 12 inches galvanized square steels he can fit inside it?
a. 1260
13. The perimeter of a square is 20. What is the length of a diagonal of b. 2160
this square? c. 2016
a. 5√5 d. 6210
b. 5√2
c. √2 If x = 12, y = 13, and z are sides of a triangle, which of the following
d. 50 is NOT a possible value of z?
a. 20
b. 22
c. 24
d. 26
Which of the following statements are true? 2.3 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
I. A rectangle is a 2.3.1 Statistics
parallelogram
II. A square is a rhombus
III. A square is a
rectangle
IV. A rhombus is a square

A. I and II Only
B. I and IV Only
C. I, II, and III Only
D. All statements are
correct.

From the top end of a 300-m long zip line, the angle of depression to
the bottom end is 30 degrees. Assuming the zip line is a straight line,
which of the following expressions show how to compute the height
of the top end of the zip line?
A. 300sin30°
B. 300cos30°
C. 300sec30°
2.3.2 Probability
D. 300csc30°

Find the area of the rectangle below.

Probability formula with addition rule:

A. 12√3 sq. units Whenever an event is the union of two other events, say A
B. 36 sq. units and B, then
C. 36√3 sq. units • P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
D. 12 sq. units • P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)

Probability formula with the complementary rule:

Whenever an event is the complement of another event,
specifically, if A is an event, then
How many sides does this regular polygon have if the measure of its
interior angle is 144 degrees? P(not A) = 1 - P(A) or P(A') = 1 - P(A). P(A) + P(A′) =
a. 8 1.
b. 9
c. 10 Probability formula with the conditional rule:
d. 11 When event A is already known to have occurred, the
probability of event B is known as conditional probability
and is given by: P(B∣A) = P(A∩B)/P(A)

Probability formula with multiplication rule:

How many diagonals does a regular nonagon have? Whenever an event is the intersection of two other events,
a. 18 that is, events A and B need to occur simultaneously. Then
b. 27
c. 36 P(A ∩ B) = P(A)⋅P(B) (in case of independent events)
d. 45
P(A∩B) = P(A)⋅P(B∣A) (in case of dependent events)

2.3.1 Counting
Four concentric circles whose radii are in the ratio of 2:4:6:8. If the
The fundamental counting principle states that if there are n(A)
area of the smallest circle is 20π, what is the area of the second largest
outcomes in an event A and n(B) outcomes in event B, then there are n
circle?
(A) x n(B) outcomes in event A and event B combined.
a. 9√5 π
b. 18 π
Note: The order in which the experiments are done does not affect the
c. 36√5 π
total number of possible outcomes.
d. 45 π

2.3.2 Simple Events

It is when only one event can occur.
Ex: rolling a die, drawing a card, flipping a coin, spinner outcomes,
drawing balls

2.3.3 Compounds
A combination of 2 or more simple events.
 NADS SAMPLE PROBLEM COMBINATION
An arrangement of outcomes where order does not matter.
1. How many permutations are there of all three of letters a, b, and c?
with repetition no repetition
a. 4 (𝑟 + 𝑛 − 1)! 𝑛!
b. 7 (𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟!
𝑟! (𝑛 − 1)!
c. 6
d. 3 Ex. You are to buy 5 juices for you Ex. How many pairs can be made
and your friends, and there are 12 from a group of 6 people?
available flavors of juices in the
Permutations – is an arrangement of objects in a definite order. The store. In how many ways can you
number of choices decreases by one for each choice. choose?

Permutations and Combinations

Number of permutations (order Number of combinations (order
matters) of n things taken r at a does not matter) or n things
time: taken r at a time: Example 1: At a rally, protesters outnumbered the policemen by 12 to
𝑛! 𝑛! 1. Seventy-two arrests were made averaging 3 for every 2 policemen.
𝑃(𝑛, 𝑟) = 𝐶(𝑛, 𝑟) =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! (𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟! How many protests attended the rally?

3. A university’s Mathematics department has 10 professors and will

offer 20 different courses next semester. Each professor will be
assigned to teach exactly 2 of the courses, and each course will have
exactly one professor assigned to teach it. If any professor can be
assigned to teach any course, how many different complete Example 8: A student downloaded 6 music files to a portable MP3
assignments of the 10 professors to the 20 courses are possible? player. In how many different orders can the songs played?
a. 20!/210
b. 1-!/29
c. 1020 – 100
d. 1020 – 100
d. 20!10!/210
Example 21: Twenty chocolates were placed in a jar and mixed
6. In a regular deck of cards, what is the probability of drawing a face thoroughly: 8 curly tops and 12 Flat tops. Two students were asked to
card? get a candy from the jar, one at a time, without looking into the jar. The
a. 1/52 first student got a Flat Top, while the second student did not show
b. 1/26 his/her chocolate candy. If you were asked to pick a chocolate candy
c. 3/52 from the remaining candies in the jar, what would be the more likely
d. 3/13 outcome?
A. The chocolate candy is flat top.
8. One card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards, well-shuffled. Calculate B. The chocolate candy is a curly top.
the probability that the card will not be an ace card. C. A curly top or flat top would have the same probability of
a. 4/52 being picked.
b. 11/13 D. It depends on what the second student picked from the jar,
c. 12/13
d. 10/13

12.) Two coins are tossed 500 times, and we get: 2H; 105 times, 1H
1T; 275 times, 2T; 120 times. Find the probability that BOTH 2H and
2T occurs.
a. 2100 / 10000
b. 2400 / 10000 Example 22: If you rolled two six-sided dice simultaneously, which of
c. 5500 / 10000 the following would be the most likely outcome?
d. 504 / 10000 a. The sum is odd
b. The sum is even
14.) A dice is rolled 3 times. Find the probability of rolling 6 three c. The product is odd
times. d. The product is even
a. 1/216
b. 2/216
c. 2/216
d. 6/216
PNU SAMPLE PROBLEM
A box contains 2 orange marbles, 2 red marbles, 3 blue marbles, and
1 green marble. What is the probability of getting a blue marble.
Example 38: A committee of 10 students must select a president, vice-
president, a secretary, and a treasurer. In how many ways can this be
PERMUTATION done?
An arrangement of outcomes in which the order does not matter. a. 5040
b. 720
with repetition no repetition
𝑛𝑟 𝑛! c. 210
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! d. 10

Ex. There are 5 numbers to choose Ex. How many ways can a first and
from (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). How many 3- second place be awarded to 10
digit numbers be made? people?
2.4 TRIGONOMETRY SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Preview of Identities: SOH CAH TOA, Unit Circle 8. sec2 𝜽 - tan2 𝜽 + sin2 𝜽 cos2 𝜽 = ___
a. -√2
- IMPORTANT FORMULAS that need to familiarize
b. √2
c. 1
d. 2

11. What is the angle between the

shorthand and the long hand of a
clock when the is 2:45?
a. 195°
b. 187.5°
c. 192.5°
d. 200°

*choose the nearest answer when the answer is not in choices

15. The angle of elevation from a

point 15√𝟑 meters from the base
of a tower to its top is 60°. Find the
height of the tower.
a. 30 m
b. 45 m
c. 60 m
d. 75 m

22. In the given triangle, find h.

a. 3
b. 6
c. 9
d. 12
35. Determine the area of the shaded
region 2. Given the figure below, what is the value of y?
a. 32π – 32 a. √3
b. 16 π – 16 b. 2√3
c. 32 𝜋 – 16 c. 6
d. 16 𝝅 - 32 d. 12

42. Find the value of 2a + 3b + 4c

a. 180°
b. 360°
c. 600°
d. 540°

60. The sides of a triangular lot are 130 m, 180 m, and 190 m. The
lot is divided by a line bisecting the longest side and drawn to the PNU SAMPLE PROBLEM
opposite vertex. Find the length of this dividing line. If cos 𝛽
4
& tan 𝛽 > 0, what is the exact value of sin2 𝛽 − tan2 𝛽
5
a. 125 m
a. 634/25
b. 250 m
b. - 616/25
c. 75 m
c. – 634/25
d. 40 m
d. 616/25

7𝜋
Find the value of cos 𝛽
6
√3
a.
2
√3
b. −
2
c. ½
d. -1/2

𝜋
Simplify sin ( + 2π)
6
√3
a.
2
√3
b. −
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS 2
c. ½
𝟏 d. -1/2
1. If tan 𝜽 = - and 270° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 360°, what is sin 𝜽?
𝟐
2.5 CALCULUS
2.5.1 Limits
2.5.2 Derivatives
2.5.3 Integrals

𝒙−𝟏
5. What is the 19th derivative of ?
𝒆𝒙
Higher Derivative Problem – Find the pattern and derive a formula.

14. What is the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x 2,

the x-axis, and the line x = 2?
17. Find the third derivative of the given expression:
3x4 – 2x3 +x2 – x + 1
2.6 GENERAL MATHEMATICS EVALUATING A FUNCTION
2.6.1 Function To evaluate a function is to find the value of the function
FUNCTIONS for a given value of the variable.
A function f from a set D t set R is correspondence or rule
that pairs each element of D with exactly one element of R. The set D
is called the domain of f, and the set R is called the range of f.

Example:
Set M = {(2,4), (3,9), (4,16), (5, 25)}
Domain: {2, 3, 4, 5}
Range: {4, 9, 16, 25}
Defines as function since no two ordered pairs have the same first
component. Evaluate the function at the indicated values.

Indicate whether each table defines a function.

Vertical Line Test for a Function

An equation defines a function if each vertical line in the rectangle OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
coordinate system passes through at most one point on the graph of Functions can be defined in terms of other functions. Thus,
the equation. if we are given any two functions, g and h, we can define the four
new functions as g+h, g-h, gh, and g/h.
If an vertical line passes through two or more points on the graph of
an equation, then the equation does not define a function. For all value of x for which both g(x) and h(x) are defined, we
defined the following:

Indicate whether each graph is the graph of a function.

Example: Find g+h, g-h, gh, g/h when g(x) = x2–1 and h(x) = x+1

Use the given functions of f and g to find f+g, f-g, fg, f/g.
1. f(x) = x2 – 2x – 15 ; g(x) = x+3

Determine which of the equations define a function.

1. y – x2 = 1

2. f(x) = 6x2+10 ; g(x) = 3x2+x-10

2. y2 –x=1

3. x2 – y = 2 → x3 – 2 = y
3. f(x) = √𝑥 2 − 9 ; g(x) = x-3
COMPOSITION OF A FUNCTION EXPONENTIAL EQUATION
For the functions of f and g, the composition function or composition If two powers with the same base are equal, then their exponents
of f by g, is given by (g ∙ f)(x) = g[𝑓(𝑥)] for all x in the domain of f must be equal.
such that f(x) is in the domain of g. For b > 0 and b = 1, if 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦 then x=y.

Example:
If f(x) = x2 - 3x and g(x) = 2x+1, find
a.) (f ∙ 𝑔), and
b.) (g ∙ 𝑓)

Find g ∙ 𝑓 and f ∙ 𝑔 for the given functions f&g.

1. f(x) = 3x+5 ; g(x) = 2x+7 2.6.2 Logarithm and Logarithmic Properties
If x > 0 and b is a positive constant, b≠0, then y=log 𝑏 𝑥 if and only if
by = x

The function by = x is read as “the logarithm base b of x”.

The definition of a logarithm indicates that a logarithm is an

2. f(x) = 1/x2; g(x) √𝑥 − 1
exponents.

3
3. f(x) = |5−𝑥|; g(x) = -2/x

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
If b, 𝜇 and N are positive real numbers (b≠1) and p is any real
number.
ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION
A function with domain A is called one-to-one function is no
elements of A have the same image, that is, f(x1) ≠ f(x2) whenever x1
≠ x2

An equivalent way of writing the condition for a one-to-one function

f(x1) = f(x2) whenever x1 = x2

HORIZONTAL LINE TEST

A function is one-to-one function if and only if each horizontal line
intersects the graph of the function in at most one point.

Show that the function f(x) = 3x+4 is a one-to-one.

Solution:
Suppose that there are numbers x1 and x2 such that f(x1) = f(x2)
Then,

Examples:
Determine whether the functions is one-to-one:
2.6.3 Business Math B. COMPOUND INTEREST
A. SIMPLE INTEREST P = principal amount borrowed or invested
I = amount of interest paid or received j = annual interest rate
r = amount rate of simple interest m = number of compounding periods per year
t = loan period or duration t = time-period
P = Principal amount borrowed or invested I = amount of interest paid or received
FV = future value of the loan or investment
A. Maturity Value of the loan or investment
FV = P (1 + i)n where i = j/m and n =tm
I = Prt FV = P(1 + j/m)tm
𝐼
P=
𝑃𝑟 𝐹𝑉 𝑗 −𝑡𝑚
𝐼 P= or FV (1 + )
t= 𝑗
(1+ )𝑡𝑚 𝑚
𝑃𝑟 𝑚

A = P + I or A = P(1 +rT)
I = FV – P
Example 1: Francis Miguel borrowed Php 50, 000 on June 8, 2020 at
a rate of 8%. The loan was due on June 8, 2024. What will be the
amount of simple interest on the loan?
Compounding or Number of Compounding or
Conversion Compounding or Conversion Periods
Frequency Conversion Per Year
Annual 1 1 year
Semi-Annual 2 6 months
Quarterly 4 3 months
Bimonthly 6 2 months
Monthly 12 1 months
Example 2: How much was borrowed if the interest at 12% after 6
months is Php1, 500? Example 1: Juria deposits Php 2, 000 into a savings account. If the
interest rate is 10% compounded quarterly, what is her expected
balance in five years?

Example 3: Janine invested Php 80,000 into a venture that pays 3.5%
annual simple interest. How much will she earn after a year? Example 2: Find the interest charged on a lon of Php 30, 500 for 4
years at 6% compounded semi-annualy.

Example 4: Given the following investment opportunities with single

annual interest rates and duration: Example 3: Find the principal amount invested if the amount in the
A. 10% per annum for 5 years semi-annually compounded account with a 4% interest rate is Php 6,
B. 13% per annum for 4 years 000 after 90 months

Which is the better investment opportunity?