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Turbines

The course on Fluid Mechanics II covers topics such as Navier Stokes Equations, boundary layer theory, and hydraulic turbines. Students will learn to calculate design parameters for turbo machinery and apply numerical methods to fluid dynamics equations. Key concepts include turbine classifications, efficiencies, and governing systems for maintaining turbine speed.

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muhammadrizwan8774
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16 views46 pages

Turbines

The course on Fluid Mechanics II covers topics such as Navier Stokes Equations, boundary layer theory, and hydraulic turbines. Students will learn to calculate design parameters for turbo machinery and apply numerical methods to fluid dynamics equations. Key concepts include turbine classifications, efficiencies, and governing systems for maintaining turbine speed.

Uploaded by

muhammadrizwan8774
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

FLUID MECHANICS -II

SUBJECT TEACHER : SAMIULLAH QURESHI

Department of Mechanical Engineering


Mehran University Of Engineering And Technology
Jamshoro Pakistan 2
WHAT WILL BE STUDIED IN THIS COURSE?
Navier Stokes Equations

Numerical Methods in Fluid Flow

Boundary layer theory

Hydraulic Turbines

Pumps

Fluid Systems
YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO

Calculate design parameters of turbo


CLO 1 machinery (turbine and pump)

Apply finite difference method to


CLO 2 solve fluid dynamics equations.
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
TURBINES
• Turbine – Fluid energy into mechanical work (rotating shaft)
HYDRAULIC TURBINES

• Working fluid is water, turbine is called a


Hydroturbine or Hydraulic Turbine.
• Hydraulic energy into mechanical work

• Rotating part – Runner


Layout of Hydroelectric Dam
Cont’d…
• Gross head is the difference between the reservoir water level
(called a head race) and the water level in the stream into which
the water is let out (called a tail race).

• During the conveyance of water there are losses involved. The


difference between the gross head and head loss is called the net
head or effective head
TURBINE EFFICIENCIES
• Hydraulic efficiency

• Volumetric efficiency

• Mechanical efficiency

• Overall Efficiency
Classification of Turbines
• According to the type of action of the water on the turbine
Cont’d…
• Impulse Turbine: type of turbine where the energy of the fluid is
converted into kinetic energy before it strikes the turbine blades in
nozzle
Cont’d…
• Reaction Turbine: the potential energy is partly converted to
kinetic energy in the stater guide blades. The remaining potential
energy is gradually converted to kinetic energy and absorbed by
the runner. The pressure inside the runner varies along the flow
Cont’d…
• According to the direction of flow through runner

Radial Flow Turbine


Cont’d…
• According to the direction of flow through runner

Axial Flow Turbine Mixed Flow Turbine


Cont’d…
• According to the head at inlet of Turbine

High head Turbine


• H > 300 m

Medium Head
• 30 < H < 300 m

Low head Turbine


• H<30 m
Cont’d…
• According to the specific speed of Turbine

Low Specific Speed


• High head , low flow
• Ranges 8-60

Medium Specific Speed


• medium head , medium flow
• Ranges 60-225

High specific speed


• Low head, high flow
• Ranges 225-900
Specific Speed
• The speed of the turbine which is geometrically similar to actual
turbine but of such size that it will produce a unit of power under a
unit head.
Pelton Turbine
Wie funktioniert eine Pelton-Turbine? (youtube.com)
Voith: Functioning of Pelton turbines (EN) (youtube.com)
Runner of a Pelton Turbine
BUCKETS OR VANES

SPLITTER

RUNNER
Velocity Diagram
Work done For Pelton Wheel
Maximum Hydraulic Efficiency
Radial Flow Turbine
Main Parts
Draft Tube
• If pressure at exit of the reaction turbine is lower than the pressure
of liquid at tail race there can be a backflow of liquid in turbine
that can result in significant damage.

• By placing the diffuser pipe at the exit of the runner pressure head
is increased by decreasing velocity and overall efficiency can be
improved
FRANCIS TURBINE
• Francis turbine is a radial inward flow turbine, the most popularly
used one in the medium head range of 60 to 300 m.

• The Francis turbine was first developed as a purely radial flow


turbine by James B. Francis, an American engineer in 1849.

• But the design has gradually changed into the mixed flow turbine
of today.

• Working of Francis Turbine (youtube.com)


Axial Flow Turbine
• The popular axial flow turbines are the Kaplan turbine and
propeller turbine.

• In a propeller turbine the blades are fixed.

• In the Kaplan turbines the blades are mounted in the boss in


bearings
• blades are rotated according to the flow conditions by a servomechanism
maintaining constant speed.

• SEE 18.9 in book Fluid Mechanics by R.K Bansal


Kaplan Turbine Working and Design (youtube.com)
Governing of Turbine

• Maintaining the turbine speed constant irrespective of the load


and cutting off the water supply completely when electrical
circuits trip.

• Need for Governing: Turbines drive electrical generators, whose


frequency has to be maintained at a constant value under all
fluctuating load conditions.

• SEE 18.14 in book Fluid Mechanics by R.K Bansal


Cont’d…
• Governing in hydraulic turbines can be achieved only by changing
the quantity of water that flows into the turbine runner
• The spear needle controls water flow in Pelton turbines

• In reaction turbines the guide vanes are moved such that the flow area is
changed
Cont’d…
• The components of the governing system are
• The speed-sensing element which actuates the system

• Hydraulic power pack with suitable pump and valves

• Distributing valve also called relay valve

• Power cylinder which provides the force required (Servomotor)

• A centrifugal governor was used in the older systems

• In the modern system electronic means of frequency detection is


used to actuate the system
Governing of Pelton Turbine
Governing of Reaction Turbine

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