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HTML5

The document provides an extensive overview of HTML5 and web technologies, covering essential components such as browsers, URLs, and protocols. It details front-end and back-end technologies, HTML structure, elements, attributes, and best practices for web development. Additionally, it discusses deployment, hosting, and tools for web development, emphasizing the importance of accessibility and responsive design.

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Teja Tech In Telugu
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5 views

HTML5

The document provides an extensive overview of HTML5 and web technologies, covering essential components such as browsers, URLs, and protocols. It details front-end and back-end technologies, HTML structure, elements, attributes, and best practices for web development. Additionally, it discusses deployment, hosting, and tools for web development, emphasizing the importance of accessibility and responsive design.

Uploaded by

Teja Tech In Telugu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

HTML5.

md 2025-05-13

HTML5
Introduction to Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and multimedia content
accessed via the Internet.
Enables users to view websites, click links, and interact with web applications.
Basic Components of the Web
Browser: Software to view web content (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge)
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): Address used to access resources (e.g., https://example.com)
HTTP/HTTPS: Protocols for data transfer between client and server
Web Server: Stores and serves website content (e.g., Apache, Nginx)
Web Page: Document written in HTML, viewed in a browser
Web Application: Dynamic, interactive website with client-server architecture

Overview of Web Technologies


Front-End Technologies (Client-Side)

Technologies the user sees and interacts with in the browser


HTML: Structure/content of web pages
CSS: Styles and layouts (colors, fonts, spacing)
JavaScript: Interactivity (animations, dynamic data, forms)
Frameworks/Libraries: React, Angular, Vue.js (for building complex UIs)
Responsive Design: Techniques (media queries, flexbox) for device adaptation

Back-End Technologies (Server-Side)

Handle business logic, database operations, server communication


Languages: Java, Python, PHP, Ruby, Node.js
Web Frameworks: Express (Node.js), Django (Python), Laravel (PHP)
Database: Store/retrieve data (MySQL, MongoDB, PostgreSQL)
Authentication: Secure user access (login/logout/session/cookies)

Database Technologies

Store user information, content, application data


Relational DB: MySQL, PostgreSQL (SQL, structured schemas)
NoSQL DB: MongoDB, Firebase (JSON-like, flexible documents)

Web Servers

Serve static/dynamic content to clients


Apache: Most common open-source server
Nginx: Efficient, high-performance server
Node.js: Server environment for backend JavaScript

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Protocols

Rules for data transmission


HTTP/HTTPS: Transfers data (HTTPS is secure)
FTP: Transfers files
TCP/IP: Foundational internet protocol

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)

Enable communication between client and server


Example: Weather website fetching data from a weather API
Uses JSON/XML for data exchange

Web Development Tools

VS Code: Popular code editor


Git & GitHub: Version control and collaboration
Browser DevTools: Inspect/debug HTML, CSS, JS
Postman: Test APIs
Package Managers: npm/yarn for dependencies

Deployment and Hosting

Platforms for deploying web apps:


GitHub Pages (static sites)
Netlify, Vercel
Heroku, Firebase
AWS, Azure, GCP (cloud platforms)

HTML - Introduction
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.
HTML is used to create and structure web content such as headings, paragraphs, links, images, tables,
etc.
HTML is composed of elements that represent content and structure on a webpage.

HTML - Need
Reason Explanation

Structure Defines content layout

Compatibility Works on all platforms/browsers

Interactivity Enables forms and links

Integration Works with CSS/JS

Accessibility Semantic tags improve user and search engine understanding

Case Insensitivity
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HTML is case-insensitive.
Example: <title> and <TITLE> are equivalent.
Item HTML XHTML

Tag Names Case-Insensitive Case-Sensitive

Attribute Names Case-Insensitive Case-Sensitive

Recommendation Use lowercase Use lowercase

Platform-Independence
HTML is platform-independent, meaning it works on any operating system (Windows, macOS, Linux).
Web browsers interpret HTML code the same way regardless of the operating system.
Feature Platform-Dependent Platform-Independent

Example C/C++, Java with OS-specific libraries HTML

Needs Compilation Yes No

Needs Special Software Often No (just a browser)

Portability Limited High

DOCTYPE Declaration
Purpose: The DOCTYPE declaration defines the document type and version of HTML.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

It tells the browser to use the latest HTML5 standards.

Types of Elements in HTML


Block-level Elements

Start on a new line, take full width


Used for: sections, paragraphs, headers
Examples: div, p, h1–h6, section, article, header, footer, nav, ul, ol, li, table, form

Inline Elements

Do not start on a new line, only take needed width


Used for: styling, formatting within blocks
Examples: span, a, strong, em, img, label, input, abbr, code

Empty (Void) Elements

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No closing tag, cannot contain content


Used for: line breaks, images, input fields
Examples: br, hr, img, input, link, meta, source, embed

Semantic vs Non-Semantic Elements

Semantic: Clearly describe their purpose


Examples: header, footer, article, nav, aside, main
Non-Semantic: Do not convey meaning
Examples: div, span

HTML Attributes
What are Attributes?

Extra info in tags to define properties/behavior


Format: name="value" in the opening tag

Common Attributes

id, class, src, alt, href, title, style, target, disabled

Boolean Attributes

Presence means true (no value needed)


Examples: checked, disabled, readonly

Rules

Values in quotes
Names case-insensitive (lowercase recommended)
Some are global, some tag-specific

HTML Metadata Elements


What is Metadata?

Data about the webpage, not shown on page


Placed in <head>

Common Metadata Elements

title: Page title (browser tab, SEO)


meta: Charset, description, author, viewport
link: Attach external files (CSS)
style: Internal CSS
script: JS files or code
base: Base URL for relative links

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Sectioning Elements
Purpose

Structure webpage into logical, accessible sections


Placed in <body>

Key Sectioning Elements

header: Intro section (logo, nav)


footer: Page/section footer (copyright, contact)
nav: Navigation links
section: Thematic group of content
article: Self-contained content (blog post, news)
aside: Tangential content (sidebars, quotes)
main: Main content (excludes header/footer/aside)
h1–h6: Headings (importance order)

Benefits

Improved accessibility
SEO benefits
Maintainable code
Responsive design support

Paragraph Element
Purpose: Defines a paragraph of text.

Example:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Division and Span Elements


<div>: Block-level container for grouping content.

Block-level element for grouping large sections of content.

Use case: Layout, structuring, and styling large chunks of content.

Common use: Containers for sections, footers, headers, and articles.

Example:

<div class="container">
<h2>Title</h2>
<p>Some content here.</p>
</div>
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<span>: Inline container for text. Inline element for grouping small sections of content (usually text).
Use case: Styling or manipulating small portions of inline content. Common use: Highlighting text,
applying inline styles.

Example:

<span class="highlight">Important</span>

List Element
Ordered List (<ol>): Used to create numbered lists.

Example:

<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
</ol>

Unordered List (<ul>): Used for bullet-point lists.

Example:

<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
</ul>

<ul>: Defines an unordered list (bulleted).

Used for: Lists where order does not matter.

<ol>: Defines an ordered list (numbered).

Used for: Lists where order is important.

<dl>: Defines a definition list for terms and definitions.

Used for: Glossaries, FAQs, or terminology lists.

<li>: Defines an individual list item inside any list.

Best Practices

Semantics: Use <ul> when the order of items doesn’t matter, <ol> when it does, and <dl> for
definitions.
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Accessibility: Screen readers often announce lists as “list” followed by the count of items,
helping users understand the content structure.
Avoid large, unstyled lists: Apply styles to make lists more readable and visually appealing,
especially when presenting a lot of information.

Link Element
<a>: Creates a hyperlinks to external resources, other pages, or specific sections within a page.

href: The most important attribute, specifying the destination URL.

target: Determines where the link will open (e.g., in the same tab, new tab).

title: Provides additional information about the link, often displayed on hover.

rel: Specifies the relationship between the linking document and the destination.

download: Triggers a download of the linked resource.

Example:

<a href="https://www.example.com" target="_blank">Visit Example</a>

Best Practices for Using Links

1. Use Descriptive Link Text: The text inside the <a> tag should describe the target resource (e.g.,
"Visit our homepage" instead of just "Click here").

2. Accessibility: Ensure that the link text is clear and provides context. Use the title attribute for
additional information.

3. External Links: Use target="_blank" for links that open external websites, so users don't lose
the current page.

4. Security: When linking to external sites, use rel="noopener noreferrer" to protect against
security vulnerabilities like reverse tabnabbing.

Character Entities
Commonly Used HTML Character Entities

1. Spaces and Punctuation

&amp; → & (Ampersand)


&lt; → < (Less-than)
&gt; → > (Greater-than)
&quot; → " (Double quotation mark)
&apos; → ' (Single quotation mark)
&nbsp; → (Non-breaking space)

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2. Mathematical and Special Symbols

&plus; → + (Plus sign)


&minus; → − (Minus sign)
&times; → × (Multiplication sign)
&divide; → ÷ (Division sign)
&euro; → € (Euro symbol)
&copy; → © (Copyright symbol)
&reg; → ® (Registered trademark symbol)

3. Accents and Diacritical Marks

&eacute; → é (e with acute accent)


&agrave; → à (a with grave accent)
&ntilde; → ñ (n with tilde)
&ouml; → ö (o with umlaut)

4. Currency Symbols

&dollar; → $ (Dollar sign)


&pound; → £ (Pound sign)
&yen; → ¥ (Yen sign)

5. Mathematical Symbols

&infin; → ∞ (Infinity symbol)


&forall; → ∀ (Universal quantifier)
&exist; → ∃ (Existential quantifier)

Example:

<p>Here is an ampersand: &amp;</p>


<p>The copyright symbol: &copy;</p>
<p>The greater-than symbol: &gt;</p>

This would render as:

Here is an ampersand: &


The copyright symbol: ©
The greater-than symbol: >

Best Practices for Using Character Entities

1. Use Character Entities for Special Characters: Always use character entities for special characters that
have a reserved meaning in HTML (e.g., <, >, &).

2. Avoid Overuse: Only use character entities when necessary. If you're working with UTF-8 encoded
pages, you can directly use the characters, as modern browsers fully support this.

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3. Consistency: Be consistent with your use of character entities for characters that are not easy to type or
that might not display correctly in certain fonts or encoding systems.

HTML5 Global Attributes


id – Assigns a unique identifier to an element for styling or scripting.

<div id="header">Welcome to My Website</div>

class – Groups elements with a common name for styling or behavior.

<p class="highlight">This is highlighted text.</p>

style – Adds inline CSS styles to an element.

<h1 style="color: blue;">Hello World</h1>

title – Adds a tooltip that appears on hover.

<button title="Click to submit">Submit</button>

lang – Specifies the language of the element’s content.

<p lang="en">This is an English paragraph.</p>

dir – Sets text direction (ltr or rtl).

<p dir="rtl">This is right-to-left text.</p>

data-* – Stores custom private data for JavaScript.

<div data-user-id="12345">User Profile</div>

hidden – Hides the element from rendering.

<p hidden>This content is hidden.</p>

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tabindex – Controls keyboard tab order.

<input type="text" tabindex="1" /> <input type="text" tabindex="2" />

accesskey – Defines keyboard shortcuts to focus or activate elements.

<button accesskey="s">Save</button>

draggable – Enables drag-and-drop for an element.

<img src="image.jpg" draggable="true" />

spellcheck – Toggles spell checking on user-editable content.

<textarea spellcheck="true"></textarea>

contenteditable – Makes the element content editable in the browser.

<div contenteditable="true">You can edit this text.</div>

autofocus – Automatically focuses the element on page load.

<input type="text" autofocus />

role – Defines the element’s role for assistive technologies.

<div role="alert">This is an important message!</div>

Benefits of HTML5 Global Attributes

Consistency
Flexibility
Accessibility

Creating Table Elements


Table: Used to display tabular data.

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Example:

<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>John</td>
<td>30</td>
</tr>
</table>

Table Elements: Colspan/Rowspan Attributes, Border, Cellspacing, and


Cellpadding
colspan: Merges columns.

<td colspan="2">Merged Cell</td>

rowspan: Merges rows.

<td rowspan="2">Merged Row</td>

Border: The table has a border of width 1.

Cellspacing: The space between cells is 5px.

Cellpadding: The space between the content of each cell and its border is 10px.

Colspan: The header Employee Information spans across 2 columns.

Rowspan: The first cell in the first column (101) spans across two rows, grouping the employee ID and
name.

Example:

<table border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10">


<tr>
<td>Content</td>
</tr>
</table>

Creating Form Elements


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Forms are fundamental for collecting user input in HTML.


Various form elements like <input>, <select>, <textarea>, <button>, etc., allow for collecting
different types of data.
Attributes like type, name, id, placeholder, and required further define the behavior and validation
of the form.
Organizing forms with <fieldset> and <legend> provides structure and clarity.

Example:

<form action="/submit" method="POST">


<input type="text" name="username" />
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

Input Elements - Attributes, Color and Date Pickers, Select and Datalist
Elements
Input: Used for user input.

<input type="text" name="email" placeholder="Enter your email" />

Color Picker (<input type="color">) allows users to pick a color via a color picker dialog.

<input type="color" name="color" />

Date Picker (<input type="date">) provides an interface to select a date from a calendar.

<input type="date" name="birthdate" />

Select (<select>) creates a dropdown menu with predefined options.

<select name="country">
<option value="usa">USA</option>
<option value="india">India</option>
</select>

Datalist (<datalist>) offers an autocomplete feature, allowing users to either select from a list of
options or enter a custom value.

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<input list="browsers" id="browser" name="browser" />


<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Chrome"></option>
<option value="Firefox"></option>
<option value="Safari"></option>
<option value="Edge"></option>
</datalist>

Editing Elements
Contenteditable: Makes an element editable by the user.

Example:

<div contenteditable="true">Edit this text</div>

Media
Audio and Video: Used to embed media files.

Example:

<video src="movie.mp4" controls>


Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

Iframe
<iframe>: Embeds another HTML document within the current document.

Example:

<iframe src="https://www.example.com"></iframe>

Security Considerations with <iframe>

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): When embedding content from external sources, it’s important to
ensure that the content is safe and doesn’t introduce vulnerabilities like XSS.
Clickjacking Protection: You should be aware of the potential for clickjacking, where an attacker
can trick a user into clicking on hidden elements within an iframe. Using the X-Frame-Options
header or the sandbox attribute can help mitigate this risk.
Sandboxing: To prevent iframe content from executing malicious scripts, consider using the
sandbox attribute. You can specify which features are allowed, such as forms, scripts, and
navigation.
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Why HTML Security?


Safeguards users, applications, and content from malicious attacks

HTML forms, scripts, and embeds are potential attack vectors

Key Reasons

Protecting User Data

Forms collect sensitive data (passwords, credit cards)


Use SSL/TLS to encrypt input fields

Preventing Unauthorized Access

Secure authentication & authorization


Manage sessions and cookies securely

Maintaining Content Integrity

Prevent HTML/content manipulation


Block XSS attacks

Guarding Against CSRF

Prevents unauthorized actions via authenticated users


Use CSRF tokens and validations

Avoiding Clickjacking

Invisible iframe overlays trick users


Use X-Frame-Options & sandbox

Preventing HTML Injection

Sanitize user input (e.g., comments, reviews)


Validate and escape special characters

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Prevention

Stop script injection in the browser


Use CSP, input sanitization, output encoding

Preventing Malicious Embeds

Embedded resources may be compromised


Use sandbox and secure embedding practices

Protection Against Code Execution

Prevent harmful command execution


Secure coding, input/output validation

HTML Security Vulnerabilities

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HTML Injection

Injecting HTML/JS into pages


Prevention: sanitize inputs, escape characters

Clickjacking

Trick users via hidden elements


Prevention: X-Frame-Options

XSS

Inject and run scripts in users’ browsers


Prevention: encoding, CSP, input validation

CSRF

Unauthorized actions by authenticated users


Prevention: CSRF tokens, CAPTCHA

Local Storage Vulnerabilities

Data in local storage can be accessed via JS


Prevention: avoid storing sensitive info, use encryption

Best Practices

Validate inputs & encode outputs


Use HTTPS for all pages
Implement Content Security Policy (CSP)
Use SameSite attribute in cookies
Secure HTTP headers: X-Frame-Options, CSP, HSTS, X-XSS-Protection
Conduct regular audits & testing

HTML Injection
What is HTML Injection?

Injection of malicious HTML code


Alters content, layout, or behavior of a web page
Caused by lack of input sanitization

How it Works

Unsanitized user input inserted into HTML


Example: <script>alert('Hacked!');</script>

Consequences

Data Theft (cookies, session tokens)


Page Manipulation

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Spread of Malware
Phishing Attacks

Prevention

Input Sanitization
Output Encoding
< → &lt;
> → &gt;
Content Security Policy (CSP)
Use Secure Frameworks (Angular, React)

Clickjacking
What is Clickjacking?

Malicious use of hidden/transparent iframes


Tricks users into clicking unintended elements

How it Works

Overlay trusted site with transparent iframe


User clicks unknowingly on sensitive actions

Consequences

Unauthorized Actions
Account Hijacking
Financial Fraud
Reputation Damage

Prevention

X-Frame-Options Header
DENY, SAMEORIGIN
Content-Security-Policy
frame-ancestors 'none';
UI Confirmation for Critical Actions
Secure Web Design

HTML5 Events Vulnerabilities


1. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerabilities

Description: Attackers inject malicious scripts into web pages.


How it relates to events:
Input data injected into event attributes like onclick, onload, onmouseover.
Example:

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<button onclick="alert(document.cookie)">Click me!</button>

Prevention:

Sanitize input.
Use addEventListener instead of inline JavaScript.
Implement Content Security Policy (CSP).

2. Clickjacking

Description: Trick users into clicking hidden elements on iframes.

How it relates to events:

Triggering onclick, onmousedown through deception.

Example:

<iframe src="https://securewebsite.com"></iframe>

Prevention:

Use X-Frame-Options: DENY


Use CSP: frame-ancestors 'none'

3. Event Handler Injection

Description: Injecting event attributes like onclick into elements.

How it relates to events:

Using user input to dynamically assign event attributes.

Example:

<button onclick="window.location='http://malicious-site.com'">
Click me
</button>

Prevention:

Avoid inline handlers.


Use addEventListener.
Sanitize and encode input.

4. Insecure Event Listeners (Event Spoofing)

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Description: Forged or manipulated events.

How it relates to events:

Untrusted sources triggering events without validation.

Example:

Attacker manually triggers form submit event.

Prevention:

Validate event sources.


Apply authorization checks.

5. DOM-based XSS

Description: Untrusted DOM data used in scripts.

How it relates to events:

Using untrusted data in onclick, onload, etc.

Example:

let url = window.location.href;


document.getElementById("myButton").onclick = function () {
alert(url);
};

Prevention:

Sanitize user input.


Avoid using untrusted data directly.
Prefer textContent over innerHTML.

6. Event Handler Abuse (Overuse of Event Listeners)

Description: Too many listeners = performance & potential DoS risk.

How it relates to events:

Excessive event listeners degrade performance.

Prevention:

Remove unused listeners.


Use event delegation.

Local Storage Vulnerabilities


1. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Attacks
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Local storage accessible via JavaScript


If attacker injects malicious script:
Can access, modify, or delete local storage data
Example:

var userData = localStorage.getItem("user_credentials");


console.log(userData);

Prevention:
Sanitize inputs
Use Content Security Policy (CSP)
Avoid storing sensitive info in local storage

2. Lack of Encryption

Data is not encrypted


Easily accessible via browser developer tools
Example:

localStorage.setItem("session_token", "12345abcde");

Prevention:

Encrypt data using libraries (e.g., crypto-js)


Prefer secure cookies or server-side storage

3. Insufficient Access Control

No access control for local storage

Any script on the page can access it

Risky in multi-origin environments

Prevention:

Enforce same-origin policy


Avoid cross-site sharing of sensitive data

4. Persistent Data

Data persists after browser is closed

Risk if device is compromised

Example:

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localStorage.removeItem("session_token");
localStorage.clear();

Prevention:

Clear sensitive data on logout/session expiry

5. Lack of User Awareness

Users may not realize risks

Malicious websites can exploit this

Prevention:

Educate users
Use secure alternatives

6. Browser-Specific Vulnerabilities

Implementation varies by browser

May contain bugs or security flaws

Prevention:

Keep browsers updated


Use security headers like CSP

HTML5 - Cross-browser Support


1. What is Cross-Browser Support?

Consistent user experience across:


Google Chrome
Mozilla Firefox
Microsoft Edge
Safari
Opera
Internet Explorer
Issues:
Inconsistent appearance or behavior
Accessibility concerns

2. Features Introduced by HTML5

New Semantic Elements


<article>, <section>, <header>, <footer>, <nav>, <figure>, <main>
Multimedia
<audio>, <video>, <source>

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Form Elements
email, tel, date, range, color, number
Canvas
Local Storage
localStorage, sessionStorage
Geolocation API
Offline Web Apps
manifest attribute
Web Workers
WebSockets
Drag and Drop API

3. Challenges of Cross-Browser Support

Legacy Browsers
Internet Explorer 8 and below
Partial Support
Example: localStorage in Safari vs Chrome
Vendor Prefixes
-webkit-, -moz-, -ms-
Behavior Differences
Canvas rendering differences
Mobile Browser Support
Varies by OS and device

4. Checking HTML5 Support

Can I Use
MDN Web Docs

5. Strategies to Ensure Cross-Browser Support

1. Feature Detection

Use JavaScript (e.g., Modernizr)

if (Modernizr.localstorage) {
// Supported
} else {
// Fallback
}

#### 2. Provide Fallbacks

* Example:

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```html
<video controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<p>Your browser does not support HTML5 video. <a href="movie.mp4">View
video</a>.</p>
</video>

3. Use Polyfills

Polyfill.io
Video.js

4. Ensure Mobile Compatibility

Responsive Design
Test on iOS/Android native browsers

5. Handle Browser-Specific Issues

CSS Prefixes

.box {
-webkit-border-radius: 10px;
-moz-border-radius: 10px;
border-radius: 10px;
}

JavaScript Workarounds

6. Best Practices

Minimize reliance on non-essential features


Use polyfills & feature detection
Regular browser/device testing
Progressive enhancement
Follow HTML5 specifications

HTML Best Practices


1. Use Semantic HTML

Use tags like: header, footer, main, section, article, nav, aside, figure
Avoid div and span when semantic elements are available
Example:
article with header, section, and footer

2. Maintain Accessibility (a11y)

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Use alt attributes for images


Ensure keyboard navigation
Use ARIA roles and attributes
Ensure text/background contrast

3. Organize and Structure HTML Properly

Use consistent indentation


Avoid inline styles; use external CSS
Group related elements with section, div, article

4. Optimize HTML for Performance

Minify HTML
Lazy load images with loading="lazy"
Use external JS/CSS
Prefer HTML5 video/audio

5. Validate HTML

Use W3C Markup Validation Service

6. Keep Code Clean and Commented

Add comments for complex sections


Avoid over-commenting

7. Use Relative Links for Internal Navigation

Relative for internal: /about.html


Absolute for external: https://example.com

8. Avoid Deprecated/Obsolete Elements

Don’t use: font, center, marquee


Use CSS instead

9. Use alt Attribute for All Images

Always describe the image meaningfully

10. Make Forms Accessible

Use label tags for form inputs


Group fields with fieldset and legend
Use appropriate input types: email, password, number, etc.

11. Implement Security Best Practices

Sanitize user inputs (prevent XSS, HTML Injection)


Use HTTPS

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Add meta: X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff

12. Ensure Responsive Web Design

Add viewport meta tag


Use srcset for responsive images

Conclusion

Improves accessibility, performance, maintainability, and security


Write clean, semantic, scalable HTML

Connect
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LinkedIn omteja

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