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SAMPLING &
Identification of COLLECTING
Organisms Organisms
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COLLECTING ORGANISMS METHODS OF COLLECTION

Organisms must never be collected or destroyed
unnecessarily. As few as possible should be
collected and returned to their original positions Pooter-
if possible, and their habitat should be left as small animals,
undisturbed as possible. especially in small
places
Safe collecting tools: Pooters, pitfall traps, nets,
plankton nets and a Tullgren funnel.
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OBSERVATION
The ecosystem should first be observed and the
common species of plants and animals
recorded.
SAMPLING
Any adaptations that enable the organisms to
techniques survive in the ecosystem should be noted,
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the organisms.
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QUADRAT LINE TRANSECT

Quadrats are used to study the distribution and Line transects are useful where there is a
abundance of plants and stationary or slow- transition of organisms across the ecosystem,
moving animals in uniform ecosystems, e.g. an e.g. down a rocky seashore. They give a quick
area of grassland. idea of the species present and how they change
across the ecosystem.

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BELT TRANSECT
A belt transect is a strip of fixed width, e.g. 0.5 m
or 1 m, made by placing two parallel line
transects across an ecosystem.
Estimating
The species found between the lines are
recorded. POPULATION
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sizes

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USING RESULTS FROM QUADRATS USING RESULTS FROM QUADRATS

Species density Total population
This is the average number of individuals of This is the total number of individuals of a
a given species per m2. given species in the area under study.
If the quadrat is 1 m2, it is obtained by It is obtained by multiplying the species
dividing the total number of individuals of density by the total area of the ecosystem
the species by the number of quadrats used. studied.
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USING RESULTS FROM QUADRATS USING RESULTS FROM QUADRATS

Species cover Species frequency
This is the percentage of ground covered by a
given species. It is used if the percentage of the This is the percentage of quadrats in which
quadrat area covered was estimated. the given species was found.
If the quadrat is 1 m2, it is obtained by dividing
the total percentage of ground that the species
covered by the number of quadrats used.
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Results obtained for four species using a 1 m quadrat

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USING RESULTS FROM QUADRATS USING RESULTS FROM

CAPTURE–RECAPTURE METHOD
Capture–recapture is used to estimate population sizes of moving
➢ Species density animals.
➢ Total population • A representative sample of animals of a species is collected
• The animals are counted and each one is marked
➢ Species cover • The animals are released back into the same area and given time
➢ Species frequency to mix with the original population.
• A second sample is collected, counted and the number of marked
organisms counted.
• The population size is then estimated
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USING RESULTS FROM USING RESULTS FROM OBSERVATION

CAPTURE–RECAPTURE METHOD
DAFOR SCALE
Rating Description What it means
5 Dominant Found all the time in great numbers.
4 Abundant Found all the time
3 Frequent Found often
2 Occasional Sometimes found, but not often
1 Rare Hardly ever found
0 Absent Not found at all
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USING RESULTS FROM OBSERVATION

DAFOR SCALE applied to coral reef fishes
Rating Abundance
5 >200 individuals, forms the major part of the overall biomass
4 30 to 200 individuals seen at all times
3 7 to 50 individuals seen
2 2 to 6 individuals seen
1 1 individual seen
0 None found

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