Database

Management 11
 Introduction
Data
Requiremen
independent

ts
DBMS

Entity Relationship (E-R)

Conceptual Database Design Diagrams UML Class
Diagrams

Logical Database Design Logical data model

relatated of the chosen
choos
DBMS
e
DBM File organization and access
dependent

S Physical Database Design path, based on the options

offered by the chosen DBMS
DBMS

Database Implementation 22
How the data is stored int the DB
• The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called
tables. The table is a collection of related data entries
and it consists of columns and rows.
• Example: CUSTOMERS table

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

1 TOUNSI 32 Tunis 20000
2 Kilani 25 Beja 1500
3 Sayari 60 Bizerte 56532
4 Chaibi 45 Nabeul 600
5 Abid 30 Sousse 10000
6 Mahdoui 22 Kef 45000

3
Table Fields
• Table columns are derived from the relational schema. Table
columns represents the attributes
Example:
CUSTOMER (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)

• The fields in the CUSTOMERS table consist of ID, NAME,

AGE,
ADDRESS and SALARY.
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

• A field is a column in a table that is designed to

maintain specific information about every record in
the table.
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Record
• A record, also called a row of data, is each individual
entry that exists in a table.

• For example there are 6 records in the above

CUSTOMERS
table.

• Following is a single row of data or record in the

CUSTOMERS table:

1 TOUNSI 32 Tunis 20000

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Table column
• A column is a vertical entity in a table that
contains all information associated with a specific
field in a table.F

• or example, a column in the CUSTOMERS table is

ADDRESS, which represents location description and
would consist of the following: ADDRESS

Tunis

Beja

Bizerte

Nabeul
6
Sousse

Kef
How to manage the data ?
• Language for describing database definition,
manipulation, and applications

• Structured Query Language (SQL)

• The language includes statements that:

• specify and modify database schemas
• manipulate the database content

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Create & modify database schema
• Data Definition Language (DDL) of SQL supports the
definition of the physical structures of databases.

• The most used DDL statements in SQL are:

• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
• ALTER DATABASE - modifies an existing database
• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
• ALTER TABLE - modifies an existing table
• DROP TABLE - deletes an existing table

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insert & manage data
• Data Manipulation Language (DML) of SQL supports
queries that extract data from databases (select
statements), add new rows to tables (insert statements),
and modify attribute values of existing rows (update
statements).

• The different commands defined by the DML part of SQL

are:
• SELECT - extracts data from an existing table
• UPDATE - updates data in an existing table
• DELETE - deletes data from an existing table
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into the table 9
SQL contraints
• Constraints are the rules enforced on data columns or
tables. They are used to limit the type of data that can go
into a table. They ensures the accuracy and reliability of
the data in the database.

• Constraints can be at a column level or at a table level.

Column level constraints are applied only to one column
whereas table level constraints are applied to the whole
table.

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commonly used constraints in
SQL

• NOT NULL Constraint: Ensures that a column

cannot have NULL value.
• DEFAULT Constraint: Provides a default value for a
column
when none is specified.
• UNIQUE Constraint: Ensures that all values in a
column are different.
• PRIMARY Key: Unique identifier of each row/record in a
database table.
• FOREIGN Key: Unique identifier of a row/record in any 11
another database table.
Deep view on
DDL

12
Database statements
• To create a new database, we use:
CREATE DATABASE database_name

• To remove an existing database, we use:

DROP DATABASE database_name
•

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 Table creation
• To create a table, we have to specify the table name and the
list of attributes of this new table.
• The statement must specify a name and type for each
attribute.

• SQL supports a specific collection of attribute types, such as :

• Numeric attribute types include integers (such as int, smallint,
and long), floating point types of various lengths (for example,
float and double), and formatted numbers (such as decimal)…
• Date types include a date and a time (datetime), a date with
no time (date), and a time with no date (time)…
• Character and string types include varchar type having a
varying number of characters, up to some limit, and a char type 14
that has a specific fixed number of characters…
Table creation: Example

CREATE TABLE movie (

movie_id int(11) NOT NULL ,
title varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
genre varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
length int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (movie_id)
)

Attributes have other characteristics other than simply a name and a

type.
To declare a primary key (that is, a field that uniquely identifies a row), 15
we u se the primary key constraint
How to define a Foreign
Key
• to specify a foreign key (a representation of a relationship
type as a reference to the primary key of another table),
we create foreign key with a references clause.

CREATE TABLE video (

video_id int(11) NOT NULL,
date_acquired date DEFAULT NULL,
movie_id int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (video_id),
FOREIGN KEY (movie_id) REFERENCES movie
(movie_id) 16
)
Adding, Removing, and Modifying
Attributes
• The alter table statement is used to add, modify,
and
remove attributes.
• To add an extra column to an existing
table:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype

• To remove an exisitng column:

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name

• To change the data type of an exisitng

column:
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name datatype 17
Remove a table
• Drop table statement is used to remove a table
from a database

DROP TABLE table _name

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Deep view on
DML

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Insert Statement
• To insert a row into a table, an SQL programmer
needs to specify attributes’ values of the table.
INSERT INTO movie (movie_id, title, genre, length)
VALUES (123,'Annie Hall', 'Romantic Comedy',110)

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Insert Staement
INSERT INTO video (video_id, date_acquired, movie_id)
VALUES (100, ‘2013-07-15 ',123)

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Update Statement
• An update statement in SQL lets us change one or more
rows of an existing table.
• An update statement has three clauses:
• The update clause specifies which table to update.
• The set clause contains one or more assignments
that specify which attributes to change and what
their new values are.
• The where clause specifies which rows to change.

UPDATE movie
SET length=120
WHERE movie_id=123 22
Delete Statement
• To delete rows in a table, we must write a delete
statement that specifies the table and a selection
condition.
• Each row of the table that satisfies the condition is
deleted when the statement is executed.
• For example, the following statement deletes every row of
the Movie table where length is less than 50.

DELETE FROM movie

WHERE length<30
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Select Statement
• To extract information from a relational database, we use
the Select Statement.
• The select query produces a table as its result.
• The basic select statement includes three clauses:
• The select clause specifies the attributes that go in
the
results table.
• The from clause specifies the source tables
that the database will access in order to
execute the query.
• The where clause specifies the selection conditions,
including the join condition. 24
Select Statement

SELECT <Column names> / Function (<column

name>)
FROM <Table name>
[WHERE <condition>]
[OREDER BY <column
name>] [GROUP BY
<column name>]

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Projection
SELECT title, genre FROM movie

Note: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all

columns!

SELECT DISTINCT genre FROM movie

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 WHERE clause
• Used to extract only the records that fulfill a specified
condition.

• SQL uses single quotes around text values. However, numeric

values should not be enclosed in quotes.

• The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on

more than one condition.

• The AND operator displays a record if both the first

condition and the second condition are true.
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• The OR operator displays a record if either the first
condition or the second condition is true.
WHERE clause
• With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be used:

Operator Description
= Equal

<> Not equal

> Greaterthan

< Lessthan
>= Greaterthan or equal
<= Lessthan or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LIKE Search for a pattern
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NOT LIKE
IN To specify multiple possible values for a column
Example
• The following query selects the movies which their genre
ends with the word comedy and their length is superior
to 90.
SELECT * FROM movie
WHERE genre LIKE '%comedy' AND length>90

With the LIKE operator, two patterns (% and _ ) are

used:
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% allows you to match any string of any length (including zero
length)
_ allows you to match on a single character
 JOIN condition (or clause)

• JOIN condition combines rows from two or more tables. It

creates a set of rows in a temporary table.

• A JOIN works on two or more tables if they have at least one

common field and have a relationship between them.

• JOIN keeps the base tables (structure and data) unchanged.

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 JOIN condition (or clause)
Display the number of video per movie
Syntax:
SELECT movie_id, COUNT (video_id)
FROM movie, video
WHERE movie.movie_id = video. movie_id

OR
SELECT movie_id, COUNT (video_id)
FROM movie
FULL JOIN video ON movie.movie_id = video. movie_id 31
ORDER BY clause
• The ORDER BY clause orders or sorts the result of a query
according to the values in one or more specific columns.
More than one column can be ordered one within another.

• The default order is ascending.

SELECT * FROM movie

WHERE genre LIKE '%comedy' AND length>90
ORDER BY title, genre

SELECT * FROM movie

WHERE genre LIKE '%comedy' AND length>90 32
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ORDER BY title DESC

GROUP BY clause
• used to arrange identical data into groups with the
help of some functions.
• Two types exist:
• Group By single column: Group By single column
means, to place all the rows with same value of only
that particular column in one group.
• Group By multiple columns: This means to place all the
rows with same values of both the
columns column1 and column2 in one group

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GROUP BY clause
• GROUP BY clause is used with the SELECT
statement.

• In the query, GROUP BY clause is placed after the

WHERE clause.

• In the query, GROUP BY clause is placed before

ORDER BY clause if used any.

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GROUP BY clause
• Display total number video by each movie separately with
the acquired date between 11/03/2010 and 08/10/2013.

SELECT movie_id, COUNT (video_id)

FROM video, movie
WHERE movie.movie_id = video. movie_id
AND (date_acquired BETWEEN 11-03-2010 AND 08-
10-2013)
GROUP BY movie_id
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SQL Aggregate functions

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HAVING clause
• WHERE clause is used to place conditions on columns.

• If we want to place conditions on groups???

 This is where HAVING clause comes into use.

• We cannot use the aggregate functions like SUM(),

COUNT() etc. with WHERE clause.

• We have to use HAVING clause if we want to use any of

these functions in the conditions
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HAVING clause
• Display the list of movies having at least 3 videos

SELECT movie_id, COUNT (video_id) AS ‘number of videos’

FROM movie, video
WHERE movie.movie_id = video. movie_id
GROUP BY movie_id
Having COUNT (video_id) >= 3

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