DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL

Advantages of dynamic over static

❑ Works with the advertisement of the directly connected network.

❑ No need to know the destination.
❑ Update the topology changes dynamically.
❑ Administrative work is reduced.
❑ Used for large organizations.
❑ Neighbor routers exchange routing information and build the routing table
automatically.
 Comparison between Distance Vector, Link state vector and Hybrid vector

Distance vector Link state vector Hybrid vector

Works with Bellman ford's Works with Dijkstra’s Algorithm Works with DUAL algorithm
algorithm. (SPF)
Periodic update Link state update and incremented Incremented update
update
Full routing tables are exchange. Partial routing tables are exchange Partial routing tables are exchange

Class full routing protocol. Class less routing protocol. Class less routing protocol.

Update are through broadcast Updates are through multicast Updates are through multicast.

Less overhead More overhead Less overhead.

Easy to configure Difficult to configure Easy to configure
EX: RIP EX: OSPF EX: EIGRP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) Configuration

R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#version 2
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol) Configuration

R1(config)#router eigrp 10
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary
 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
➢ Its open standard protocol.

➢ It’s a link state protocol.

➢ It was Dijkstra’s algorithm.

➢ It has hop count unlimited

➢ Metric calculation cost.

➢ Administrative distance is 110.

➢ It’s a classless routing protocol.

➢ Its supports VLSMs and CIDR.

➢ Its support only equal cost load balancing.

➢ Introducing concept area to fast management and the control traffic.

➢ Updates are sends true multicast address.

➢ Fast convergence.

➢ Send “hello” packets every 10 sec.

➢ Dead time equals “hello” into 40.

➢ Incremental updates.
OSPF Area and
Single-Area OSPF
All routers are in one area. Best practice is to use area 0.

Multiarea OSPF
OSPF is implemented using multiple areas, in a hierarchical fashion. All areas must connect to the
backbone area (area 0).
OSPF AREA
• - All the routers maintain same database
• - Any changes import all the routers
• - Area is logical grouping of router
• - Minimize the size of database
• - Restrict any changes within that areas (Not flood outside areas)
• - Routers within the same area participation in algorithms.
• OSPF avoids Hierarchical network designs with multiple different
areas.
RULES
• - Must have one area called as area “zero-0” (its backbone area)
• - All the area must connect to area zer0
• - At least one area border router should be there.
• - Interface of the both routers facing must be in the same area.
 Advantage of OSPF
- Open standard
- No hop count limitation
- Loop free
- Fast convergence

Disadvantages of OSPF

- Complex designs
- Consumes more CPU discovers
- Supports only equal cost balancing
- Support only IP protocol does not work on IPX and Appletalk.
OSPF Packets Types
- Hello
- Database description =DD
- Link state request =LSR
- Link state updates =LSU
- Link state acknowledgement=LS Ack
 Wildcard Mask
▪ The wildcard mask is typically the inverse of the subnet mask configured on that interface
▪ The easiest method for calculating a wildcard mask is to subtract the network subnet mask from
255.255.255.255

How to get wildcard mask?

255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255

255.255.255.0 255.255.255.224

0 . 0. 0. 255 0. 0. 0. 31

255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.252
0. 0. 0. 127
0. 0. 0. 3
 Single Area OSPF Configurations

R1(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

Connected Wildcard Area

Network Mask
Multi Area OSPF

Autonomous system boundary

Area border router-ABR router (ASBR)
OSPF in Broadcast Multi-Access system
DROTHER
224.0.0.5

DROTHER

DR
Designated Router
224.0.0.6

BDR
Backup Designated Router

Designation router(DR) and backup designation router(BDR) election

1. Highest interface priority (Default priority -1)

2. Highest router ID
 DR/BDR Adjacencies
To verify the OSPFv2 adjacencies, use the show ip ospf neighbor command

FULL/DROTHER
DR or BDR router that is fully adjacent with a non-DR or BDR router
These two neighbors can exchange Hello packets, updates, queries, replies, and acknowledgments

FULL/DR
The router is fully adjacent with the indicated DR neighbor
These two neighbors can exchange Hello packets, updates, queries, replies, and acknowledgments

FULL/BDR
The router is fully adjacent with the indicated BDR neighbor
These two neighbors can exchange Hello packets, updates, queries, replies, and acknowledgments

2-WAY/DROTHER
The non-DR or BDR router has a neighbor relationship with another non-DR or BDR router.
These two neighbors exchange Hello packets.
OSPF Router ID
❖It’s the name of the router can configure manually using router ID
command.
❖The highest IP address of the active physical interface of the routers
router ID.
❖If logical interface configures the highest IP address of the logical
interface is router ID OSPF process

To become a neighbor hello, are, subnet mask and authentication should

be match
Verify OSPF Neighbors
show ip interface brief
This verifies that the desired interfaces are active with correct IP addressing.

show ip route
This verifies that the routing table contains all the expected routes.

Additional commands for determining that OSPF is operating as expected include

the following:

➢show ip ospf neighbor

➢show ip protocols
➢show ip ospf
➢show ip ospf interface
OSPF TABLES
1. Neighbor table
It also known as adjacency table.
Conations list of directly connected router (neighbors).
2. Database table
Typically refer to as LSDB (link state database).
Contains information about all the possible router to the networks with the area.
3. Routing table
Contain list of best ports of each destination.
OSPF packets types

- Hello
- Database description =DD
- Link state request =LSR
- Link state updates =LSU
- Link state acknowledgement=LS Ack
Cisco OSPF Cost Metric
Interface Type Reference Default bandwith in Cost
Bandwidth in bps bps
10 Gigabit Ethernet 100,000.000 ÷ 10,000,000,000 0.001=1
10 Gbps

1 Gigabit Ethernet 100,000,000 ÷ 1,000,000,000 0.01=1

1Gbps
Fast Ethernet 100,000,000 ÷ 100,000,000 1
100Mbps
Ethernet 100,000,000 ÷ 10,000,000 10
10Mbps
 Propagate a Default Static Route in OSPFv2
A Gateway of Last Resort or Default gateway is a route used by the router when no other known route
exists to transmit the IP packet.
Known routes are present in the routing table. Hence, any route not known by the routing table is
forwarded to the default route.

R2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.115.0.2

R2(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config-router)#default-information originate
R2(config-router)#exit