Generator Protection

Niwat Sriklam
Generator Protection
„ The extent and types of protection specification
will be depend on the following factors :
„ Type of prime mover and generator construction
„ MW and voltage rating
„ Mode of operation
„ Method of connection to the power system
„ Method of earthing

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 2

Generator Protection
„ Type of prime mover
Steam turbines
„
„ Gas turbines
„ Hydro
„ Diesel
„ Generator construction
„ Cylindrical rotor
„ Salient pole
„ Mode of operation
„ Base load
„ Peak lopping
„ Stand by
„ Ratings
„ Power – from 200kVA to 1000MVA
„ Voltage-from 440V to 24 kV
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 3
Connection to The Power System
„ Direct :

„ Via Transformer :

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 4

 Typical Generator Installation

Y Generator Y Generator
Transformer Station Transformer
Transformer

Earthing
Transformer
Unit/Station Unit
~ Transformer ~ Transformer
Y Y

R
R

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 5

Generator Protection Requirements
„ To detect fault on the generator
„ To protect generator from the effects of abnormal power
system operating conditions
„ To isolate generator from system

„ Action required depends upon the nature of the fault

„ Usual to segregate function into :-
„ Urgent
„ Non Urgent
„ Alarm

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 6

Generator Faults
„ Mixture of mechanical & Electrical Problems fault
include
„ Insulation failure
„ Stator

„ Rotor

„ Excitation system failure

„ Prime mover / governor failure
„ Bearing failure
„ Excessive vibration
„ Low system pressure
„ Etc.

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 7

System Conditions
„ Short circuit
„ Overload
„ Loss of load
„ Unbalance load
„ Loss of synchronism

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 8

Generator Protection to be Considered

„ Earth Faults on stator and generator connection

„ Phase faults on stator and generator connection
„ Interturn fault on stator
„ Backup protection for :-
„External earth faults
„ External phase faults
„ Failure of prime mover
„ Unbalanced loading
„ Rotor earth faults and interturn faults
„ Overload
„ Failure of speed governing system
„ Sudden loss of load

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 9

 Stator Earth Fault Protection
„ Fault caused by failure of stator winding insulation
„ Leads to be burning of machine core welding of
lamination
„ Rebuilding of machine core can be a very expensive
process
„ Earth fault protection is therefore a principle feature
of any generator protection package

Type of protection Method of earth Method of connection

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 10

Method of Earthing
„ Machine stator windings are surrounded by a mass of
earthed metal
„ Most probable result of stator winding insulation
failure is phase–earth fault
„ Desirable to earth neutral point of generator to
prevent dangerous transient overvoltage during
arcing earth faults
„ Several methods of earth are in use
„ Damage resulting from a stator earth fault will depend
upon the earthing arrangement

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 11

Method of Earthing
„ Solidly Earth Machines
Fault current is high
„
„ Rapid damage occures
„ Burning of core iron

„ Welding of lamination

„ Used on LV machines only

„ Desirable to limit earth fault current
„ Limited damage
„ Reduces possibility of developing into phase-
phase fault

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 12

Method of Earthing (cont.)
„ Degree to which fault current is limited must take into
account
„ Detection of earth faults as near as possible to the
neutral point
„ Ease of discrimination with system earth fault
protection (directly connected machine)

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 13

Method of Earthing
„ Solidly (Direct)

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 14

Method of Earthing
„ Isolated (Unearthed)

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 Method of Earthing
„ Resistance Earthing at Generator Neutral

R low R High R

VT

Distribution Effective
R
Transformer High

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 16

Method of Earthing
„ Resistance Earthing via Earthing Transformer

Medium R

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 17

Method of Earthing
„ Resistance Earthing via Earthing Transformer

Effective
1/28/2008 Power System Protection High 18
Method of Earthing
„ Resistance Earthing via Earthing Transformer

Medium R

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 19

Method of Earthing
„ Reactance Earthing and Tuned Reactance Earthing

Distribution Tuned
Transformer

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 20

Method of Earthing : Limitation of
Earth Fault Current
„ Less than 5 A
„ Earth fault on the power system are not seen by
the generator earth fault protection
„ Discrimination not required, can limit current to
very low value

~ Y

Fault

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 21

Method of Earthing : Limitation of
Earth Fault Current
„ 20 A
„ Used and oil and gas platforms
„ Limited power supply disturbance, but still enables
grading of up to 3 Zones

~ Y

Fault

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 22

Method of Earthing : Limitation of
Earth Fault Current
„ 100 A
„ As for 20 A, but higher current allows better
discrimination and sensitivity

~ Y

Fault

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 23

Method of Earthing : Limitation of
Earth Fault Current
„ Generator full load current (1200A max)
„ Most popular.
„ Used for ease of fault detection and discrimination
„ Residual connection of CT can be use.
„ Can result in serious core damage

~ Y

Fault

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 24

Stator Earth Fault Protection
Protection against earth fault on generator connections

„ Depending on the generator arrangement this can

be provided by
„ Time delay overcurrent protection
„ Time delay earth fault protection
„ Sensitive earth fault protection
„ Neutral displacement voltage relay
„ Neutral displacement voltage detection by overcurrent relay
„ High Impedance restricted earth fault protection
„ Bias differential protection
„ Directional earth fault protection
„ 100 % stator earth fault protection

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 25

Overcurrent Protection
„ For small generator this may be the only protection applied
„ With Solid Earthing it will provide some protection against earth
fault
„ For a single generator, CT must be connected to Neutral end of
stator winding

51

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 26

Overcurrent Protection
„ For parallel generators, CT can be located on line side

51

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 27

Stator Earth Fault Protection
„ Directly Connection Generators

51N

„ Earth generator : Earth fault relay must be time delay

for coordination with the other earth fault protection on
the power system

50 51N

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 28

Stator Earth Fault Protection
„ Directly Connection Generators

51N

„ Unearth generator : Other generator connected in

parallel will generally be unearthed

50 51N

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 29

Stator Earth Fault Protection
„ Directly Connection Generators
„ Protection is restricted to faults on the generator, grading
with power system earth fault is not required. A high
impedance instantaneous relay can be used ( Balance Earth
Fault protection)

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 30

Percentage Winding Protected
„ 11.5 kV 75000 KVA

250:1
33 Ω
xV
R

Is IF = xV/R
„ For operation
Is (Primary) < IF
Is (Primary) < xV/R
< x.6600/33 < x.200
Is (Secondary) < x200x1/250 < 0.8.x
For protection of 90% of winding ; x = 1-0.9 = 0.1
Relay setting = 0.8x0.1 = 0.08A = 8% of 1 A

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 31

Stator Earth Fault Protection
„ Generator connected via step-up transformer (Resistance Earthed)

~ Y
51N 50N

„ Instantaneous protection (50N)

System earth fault not seen by generator earth fault protection
„
„ Instantaneous relay may be used
„ Set 10% of resistor rating (avoids operation due to transient surges
pressed to transformer inter-winding capacitor
„ Advantage : fast
„ Time delayed protection (51N)
„ Time delay prevents operation on transient surges, more sensitive
current setting may be used
„ Advantage : sensitive
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 32
Stator Earth Fault Protection
„ For generator with high resistance earthing via distribution
transformer

Effective
Distribution High Overvoltage relay with
R 59
Transformer 3rd Harmonic rejection
Turn Ratio = N
SET > 3rd Harmonic current
51N
Or use relay with 3rd Harmonic Rejection

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 33

Stator Earth Fault Protection
„ R = Effective Primary resistance = N2R
„ To avoid Overvoltage:-
R > total 3Ø Capacitive reactance
„
„ R > 106/6¶fc
„ To avoid Ferroresonance :-
„ Earthing transformer must not saturate due to
„ Sudden loss of load

„ Field forcing

„ Flux doubling due to point on wave switching

„ Primary knee point voltage is VØØ ≥ 1.3VØØ

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 34

Restricted Earth Fault Protection
„ Instantaneous Protection

RStab

64

High Impedance Principle

R

„ Protects approximate 90-95% of generator winding

„ All CT’s should be similar, good quality, class X

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 35

Restricted Earth Fault Protection
„ For generator on 4 wire LV system

RStab
5xCT’s Required
64

High Impedance Principle

„ Earthing at generator Neutral

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 36

Restricted Earth Fault Protection
„ For generator on 4 wire LV system

Rstab
51N

4xCT’s Required

„ Earthing at busbars

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 37

Differential Protection
„ Provides high speed protection for all fault types
„ May be
High impedance type
„
„ Biased (low impedance type)
„ Good Quality CT’s required
„ CT’s Required in neutral end of winding

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 38

 High Impedance Scheme

R
R Stabilizing

87 87 87 Relay

High Impedance Scheme

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 39
 Bias Differential Scheme

B B

B B

B B

87 87 87 Operate

Bias Differential Scheme

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 40
Overall Differential Scheme

~ Y

50N

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 41

Stator Earth Fault Protection
„ 100 % Stator Earth Fault Protection
Standard relays cover 95% of winding
„
„ Probability of fault occurring in end 5% is low
„ On large machines 100% stator earth fault
protection may be required
„ Two methods :-
„ Low frequency injection
„ Third harmonic voltage measurements

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 42

 Low frequency injection

Earthing Overvoltage relay with

Transformer
R 59 3rd Harmonic rejection

Injection
Transformer
~
~

51 Alternative Injection point

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 43
Low frequency injection
„ Complete protection during start-up if source is independent of
generator e.g. derived from station battery
„ Independent of system V, f and load current
„ High cost due to Injection Equipmennt

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 44

Third harmonic Neutral Voltage
+V 3rd
Full load

No load

NEUTRAL TERMINAL

No load +V 3rd
Full load
NEUTRAL
Full load Normal Operation No load
-V 3rd
TERMINAL

NEUTRAL

No load
Fault at Neutral

Full load Fault at Terminal

-V 3rd
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 45
Magnitude of 3rd Harmonic Voltage

Unit Load 180 Hz RMS Voltage Voltage Ratio

MW Mvar Neutral Terminal Terminal : Neutral

0 0 2.8 2.7 1.08

7 0 2.5 3.7 1.48

35 5 2.7 3.8 1.41

105 5 4.2 5 1.19

175 25 5.5 6.2 1.13

340 25 8.0 8.0 1.00

IEEE TUTORIAL ON THE PROTECTION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 46
 Third Harmonic Neutral Voltage

Relies on > 1% Generated

3rd Harmonic Voltage

Earthing
Transformer
R 59 27 59P

27 : 3rd Harmonic Under voltage Relay

59P : Terminal Voltage Check (Allows trip if Circuit
Breaker is open but terminal voltage present)
59 : Conventional Neutral Overvoltage Protection

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 47

Third Harmonic Neutral Voltage

59P 59

27

Trip

27 Overlap

59 Fundamental Frequency Element

0 50 100
Earth Fault Position
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 48
 Neutral to Ground Fault Detection

R 59N
59D

59N 59D

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 49

Trip
Stator Phase-Phase Fault Pro
„ Phase-phase fault caused by
Insulation failure
„
„ Flashover in terminal box
„ Majority of phase-phase faults begin as earth faults
„ High fault current cause rapid damage
„ Fast protection required

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 50

Stator Phase-Phase Fault Pro
„ Single Generator

51 51 51

„ Use time delay overcurrent

„ CT’s Must be in neutral side to cover winding faults

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 51

Stator Phase-Phase Fault Pro
„ Large Machines, Parallel Operation
Require Differential Protection
„
„ Two types :-
„ High impedance-most common
„ Biased (Low impedance) – use for Generator – Generator
transformer set
„ Class X CT required

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 52

 Stator Phase-Phase Fault Pro

R
R Stabilizing

87 87 87 Relay

High Impedance Scheme

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 53

Stator Phase-Phase Fault Pro
„ Previous methods require access to winding neutral ends
„ Small machines
Star connection made in side machine
„
„ Winding neutral ends are not brought out
„ If high speed protection required, restricted earth fault
scheme should be used

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 54

Stator Interturn Fault Protection
„ Longitudinal differential system does not detect interturn
fault
„ Interturn fault protection not commonly provided because
„ Fault rare
„ Even if interturn fault occurs, will develop into earth fault
„ Possible that serious damage can occur before fault is
detect

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 55

Stator Interturn Fault Protection

VA VB VC
Fault

VA
VB
VC
R
VR
3rd Harmonic rejection required VR = VA + VB + VC
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 56
Stator Interturn Fault Protection

B B
Transverse Differential Protection
B B (Double Wound Machines)
B B
87 87 87 Operate Coils

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 57

Prime Mover Failure
„ Isolated Generator
Machine slows down and stops. Other protection initiates shut
„
down
„ Parallel Sets
„ System suppliers power – generator operates as a motor
„ Seriousness depends on type of drive
„ Steam turbine sets
„ Steam act as a coolant

„ Loss of steam cause overheating

„ Turbulence in trapped stream cause distortion of turbine blades

„ Monitoring power 0.5% to 6% rated

„ Condensing turbines, rate of heating slow, loss of steam

instantly recognized

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 58

Prime Mover Failure (cont.)

„ Diesel Driven Sets

„ Prime mover failure due to mechanical fault

„ Serious mechanical damage if allowed to persist

„ Monitoring power from 25% rated for stiff machine, to 5 % rated

for run in machine

„ Gas turbines
„ Monitoring power 100% rated for single shaft machine, 10% to

15% rated for double shaft

„ Hydro sets
„ Mechanical precautions taken if water level drops

„ Low head type – erosion and cavitations of number can occour

„ Addition protection may be required

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 59

Prime Mover Failure (cont.)
„ Reverse Power Protection
„ Reverse power protection measuring relays used where
protection required
„ Single phase relay is sufficient as prime mover failure result
in balanced condition
„ Sensitive settings required-metering class CTs required for
accuracy

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 60

 Simplified Tripping Arrangement of
Low Forward Power Interlock
+ _

P1
86A
P2

LP-1
2

86B

86A
P1 = Protective devices tripping CB via power interlock Trip Steam
P2 = Protective devices tripping CB direct
86A,86B = Trip relays 86B
LP = Low forward power interlock relay Trip Circuit
Breaker

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 61

Loss of Excitation
„ Effect
„ Single generator :-
Loses output volt and therefore load
„
„ Parallel generator :
„ Operate as Induction generator (> Synch Speed)
„ Flux provided by reactive stator current drawn from system-
leading P.F.
„ Slip frequency current induce in rotor-Abnormal heating
„ Situation does not required immediate tripping
„ However
„ Large machines have short thermal time constants – should
be unloaded in a few seconds

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 62

 Loss of Excitation

Field
Exciter
Winding
Ie _
+
DC Relay (Setting < Ie Min)
0.2-1 Sec
T1

T2
„ Requires access to field connections 2-10 Sec Trip
Or
„ Not suitable if generator operates in normally with Alarm
low excitation (Large machines)
„ Alternative scheme monitors impedance at generator terminals
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 63
Loss of Excitation

XG XT Xs
EG ES

„ On field failure ratio EG/ES decreases and rotor angle increases

„ Machine starts to pole slip with decaying internal EMF
„ Impedance seen by relay follows locus show below :

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 64

Loss of Excitation
Load Impedance

Impedance Locus Offset : Preventing

operation
on pole slip

Diameter

Relay Characteristic
Typical :
Offset 50-75% Xd’ Time Delay
Diameter 50-100% Xs

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 65

Impedance Diagram of Various
Operating Mode Of Machine
jX

Import WATTs Export WATTs

Export VARLag Export VARLag

-R R

Import WATTs Export WATTs

Export VARlead Export VARlead

jX Exporting VarLag = Importing VarLead

Exporting VarLead = Importing VarLag
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 66
Characteristic of Field Failure
Relay
jX

R
Offset

Diameter

Relay Characteristic

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 67

System Configuration for
Derivation of Pole Slipping Char.
ES

XM XT Zs
EG

∑Z = |XM+XT+ZS | /Ө

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 68

 Voltage Diagram
EG
δ = Load angle of system voltage ES
“behind” generator voltage.
ө-Ø ө I = Load current flowing due to EG-ES
acting through ∑Z
Vector I will be at angle ө to the volt
Ø I drop in ∑Z
ES
δ

During a pole slip, the vector ES Will describe a circle about 0.

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 69
Impedance Loci
jX

0’
Zs S
T

XT ∑Z = |XM+XT+ZS | /ө

-R New axis F’ R
Relaying Point R EG > 1.0
F’ ES
Xm
EG = 1.0
jX
ө ES
A
0’ EG < 1.0
ES
-jX
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 70
Impedance Locus of the pole
Slipping Generator System

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 71

Rotor and Power Angle

Relay Location
Xd
I
~

E
IXd
E V
V

σ Ø I

δ = Rotor angle
Ø = Power Factor Angle

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 72

Power Limit Impedance Diagram
jX

Ø V2/C R

V.I.Cos Ø = C
I. Cos Ø = C
V V2
Z = V2 Cos Ø
C

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 73

Loci of Constant Rotor Angle σ

jX

Xd 120° 90° σ=30°

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 74

Loci of Constant Rotor Angle σ
Relay Characteristic Required
to allow Generator operation jX Constant Power
with rotor angle up to ‘σ’

Offset 0.75Xd’

Diameter Limiting Generation point

Constant σ

Relay Characteristic

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 75

Unbalance Loading
„ Effect
„ Gives rise to negative phase sequence (NPS) current -
results in contra-rotating magnetic field
„ Stator flux cuts rotor at twice synchronous speed
„ Induces double frequency current in field system and rotor
body
„ Resulting eddy current cause severe over heating

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 76

Unbalance Loading
„ Protection
„ Machines are assigned NPS current withstand values :-
„ Continuous NPS rating, I2R

„ Short time NPS rating, I2R

„ If possible level of system unbalance approaches machine

continuous withstand, protection is required
„ Use negative sequence overcurrent relay
„ Relay should have inverse time characteristic to match
generator I22t withstand
„ Relay pickup setting should be just below I2R rating
„ Can use an alarm setting of 70% to 100% pickup

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 77

Unbalance Loading
Machine NPS Withstand Values
Type of Machine Rotor Cooling I2R I22t = K
(PU MCR)
Typical Salient Conventional Air 0.4 60
pole
Cylindrical rotor Conventional 0.2 20
Hydrogen
0.5PSI
Cylindrical rotor Conventional 0.15 15
Hydrogen
15PSI
Cylindrical rotor Conventional 0.15 12
Hydrogen
30PSI
Cylindrical rotor Direct 0.1 3
Hydrogen
40-60PSI
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 78
MCR=Maximum Continuous Rating
Negative Phase Sequence Protection
A

ZA R

PF 0.5
46
Ia IaVZA +VZC

VZA VZA

VZC

Ic VZC Ib Ib Ic

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 79

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence

Rotor Earth Fault Protection
„ Field circuit is and isolated DC system
„ Insulation failure at a single point
„ No fault current, therefore no danger

„ Increase chance of second fault occurring

„ Insulation failure at second point

„ Short out part of field winding

„ Heating (burning of conductor)

„ Flux distortion causing vibration of rotor

„ Desirable to detect presence of first earth fault and give and

alarm

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 80

 Rotor Earth Fault Protection
Potentiometer Method

Field
Exciter
Winding

„ Required sensitivity approximate 5% excitation voltage

„ No auxiliary supply required
„ “Blind spot” require manual operated push button to vary
tapping point
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 81
 Rotor Earth Fault Protection
AC Injection Method

Field
Exciter
Winding

~ AC. auxiliary
supply
R

„ Brushless Machines
„ No access to rotor circuit
„ Require special slip ring for measurement
„ If slip rings not present, must use tele-metering technique
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 82
 Overload protection

High load current

Heating of stator and rotor

Insulation Failure

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 83

Overload protection
„ Governor Setting
Should prevent serious overload automatically.
„
„ Generator may lose speed if required load not be met by
other sources.
„ High reactive power flow can give high stator current not
effected by governor setting
„ Direct Temperature Measuring Devices
„ Resistance temperature detectors (RTD), thermocouples,
etc, embedded in winding
„ Provide alarm and/or trip via auxiliary relays

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 84

Overload protection
„ Overcurrent Protection
Set just above max load current
„
„ Intended for short circuit protection
„ Thermal Replica Relays
„ Current operated. May have ambient temperature
compensation

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 85

Generator Back-up Protection
„ Overcurrent Protection
Provide back-up protection for both generator and system
„
fault
„ Time delay required for coordination
„ Single generator
„ Required CTs in winding neutral ends, to cover winding
faults

51

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 86

Generator Back-up Protection
„ Overcurrent Protection
„ Parallel Machines
„ CTs can be located on the line side of the winding
„ Current for stator fault fed back from the system
„ Directional relays may be required for some applications

51

~ ∆ Y

51
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 87
Generator Back-up Protection
„ Overcurrent Protection
„ Typical use :-
„ Very or extremely inverse for LV machines
„ Normal Inverse for HV machines
„ Must consider generator voltage decrement characteristic for close-in
faults
„ With reliable AVR system, “Conventional” overcurrent relay may be
used
„ Otherwise, voltage controlled / restrained relay are required

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 88

 Generator Back-up Protection

10xFL

With AVR
Full
Load

No AVR

Cycle
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 89
Generator Back-up Protection
„ Overcurrent Protection
„ Voltage Restrained
„ Operating characteristic is continuously varied depending

on measured voltage
„ Preferred option when generator is connected via step up

transformer
„ Alternatively use impedance relay

„ Voltage controlled
„ Relay switches between fault characteristic and load

characteristic depending on measured voltage

„ Preferred solution when generator is directly connected

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 90

Generator Back-up Protection

t
Overload characteristic
(Normal voltage)

10
Fault
Characteristic
(Low voltage)
10 I

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 91

Voltage Controlled Overcurrent
t ΔIs

overload
fault

Is Is+ΔIs i

V
Vs setting range

1/28/2008 Is Is+ ΔSystem

Power Is Protection i 92
Voltage Restrained Overcurrent
t kΔIs

overload
fault

Is Is+kΔIs i

V
k= V/ Vn-0.55/.35

1/28/2008 Is Is+ ΔSystem

Power Is Protection i 93
Generator Decrement

6.6 kV bus
5 MVA
115%Xs

~
200:5
500:5

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 94

Generator Decrement
6.6 kV bus
5 MVA
115%Xs
100
~
200:5
500:5
10
Overload Characteristic
t Sec

Fault Characteristic
1.0 Longest Outgoing Feeder

0.1
Generator Decrement curve

0.01
Amp
100 200 600 1000 3000 10,000
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 95
Impedance Relay

iX

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 96

 Impedance Relay

Relay

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 97

Typical Impedance Relay
‰ Set to operate at 70% Rated load impedance
‰ When voltage drop to Zero, Current required to operate relay is
10 % rated current
‰ Build in time for coordination purpose

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 98

Under & Over Frequency Conditions
„ Over Frequency
„ Result from generator over speed caused by sudden loss of
load
„ In isolated generators may be due to failure of speed
governing system
„ Over speed protection may be provide by mechanical
means.
„ Desirable to have over frequency relay with more sensitive
setting

Over Frequency Setting

Alarm : 51 Hz 30 Sec
Trip : 53 Hz 10 Sec

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 99

Under & Over Frequency Conditions
„ Under Frequency
„ Result from loss of synchronous speed due to excessive
overload
„ In isolated generators may be due to failure of speed
governing system
„ Under frequency condition gives rise to :-
„ Overfluxing of stator core at normal voltage

„ Plant drives operating at low speed – can affect

generator output
„ Mechanical resonant condition in turbine

„ Desirable to supply and under frequency relay

„ Protection may be arranged to initiate load shedding as a
first step
Under Frequency Setting
Alarm : 49 Hz 20 sec
Trip : 48 Hz or less 0.5 Sec
1/28/2008 Power System Protection 100
Under & Over Voltage Conditions
„ Protection
„ Under & Over voltage protection usually provided as part of
excitation system
„ For most application an additional high set over voltage relay
is sufficient
„ Time delayed under and over voltage protection may be
provided

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 101

Under & Over Voltage Conditions
„ Over Voltage
Results from generator over speed caused by sudden loss of
„
load
„ May be due to failure of voltage regulator
„ An over voltage condition
„ Causes overfluxing at nominal frequency

„ Endangers integrity of insulation

„ Under Voltage
„ No danger to generator, may cause stalling of motors
„ Prolonged under voltage indicates abnormal conditions

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 102

Under & Over Voltage Conditions
„ Over Voltage
Setting
„
„ Stage 1 U>107 % of rated voltage 10 Sec.

„ Stage 2 U>> 120 % of rated voltage 0 Sec.( 130%

saturation limited)
„ Under Voltage
„ No danger to generator, may cause stalling of motors
„ Prolonged under voltage indicates abnormal conditions

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 103

Protection Arrangement for a Direct
Connection Generator

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 104

Tripping Arrangement for
Generator-Transformer Unit

1/28/2008 Power System Protection 105