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Introduction To Immunity

The document provides an overview of the immune system, detailing its organization into innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is characterized by its intrinsic nature and limited specificity, while acquired immunity is antigen-specific and enhances with repeated exposure. The interaction between innate and adaptive responses is crucial for effective immune defense, involving various cells and mechanisms.

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5 views35 pages

Introduction To Immunity

The document provides an overview of the immune system, detailing its organization into innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is characterized by its intrinsic nature and limited specificity, while acquired immunity is antigen-specific and enhances with repeated exposure. The interaction between innate and adaptive responses is crucial for effective immune defense, involving various cells and mechanisms.

Uploaded by

zulkifalayazllc
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNITY

Dr. Mahrukh Ayesha Ali


THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

 DESIGNED TO PRODUCE A COORDINATED RESPONSE TO THE INTRODUCTION OF


FOREIGN SUBSTANCE OR ANTIGEN INTO THE BODY
 ORGANIZATIONALLY DIVIDED INTO:
1. INNATE/NATURAL/NATIVE
2. ADAPTIVE/AQUIRED/SPECIFIC
TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
INNATE IMMUNITY

1. ANATOMIC/ PHYSICAL: SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANES


2. PHYSIOLOGICAL: TEMPERATURE, pH, CHEMICALS: LYSOZYMES, COMPLEMENT,
INTERFERONS
3. PHAGOCYTIC: MONOCYTES, NEUTROPHILS, MACROPHAGES
4. INFLAMMATORY EVENTS
INNATE IMMUNITY

 PRESENT INTRINSICALLY WITH OR WITHOUT PREVIOUS STIMULATION


 LIMITED SPECIFICITY FOR SHARED STRUCTURES OF MICROBES
 NOT ENHANCED IN ACTIVITY BY REPEATED EXPOSURES
 LIMITED DIVERSITY OF EXPRESSION
INNATE IMMUNITY
INFLAMMATORY EVENTS
CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNITY
INNNATE IMMUNITY: COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
AQUIRED IMMUNITY

 ONCE BARRIERS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE HAVE BEEN BREACHED, ADAPTIVE


RESPONSE ACTIVATED IN ANTIGEN SPECIFIC FASHION
 COMPONENTS:
1. LYMPHOCYTES: (B & T) AND PLASMA CELLS
2. ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS: MACROPHAGES, B CELLS, DENDRITIC CELLS
AQUIRED IMMUNITY

 SPECIFIC FOR A PARTICULAR ANTIGEN AND DESIGNED TO PROVIDE THE BEST


PROTECTION
 DIVERSE INTHEIR SPECIFICITY
 ENHANCED WITH EACH REPEATED EXPOSURE (IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY)
 CAPABLE OF SELF/NON SELF RECOGNITION
 SELF LIMITING
INTERACTION BETWEEN INNATE AND
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
 PHAGOCYTIC CELLS PROCESS AND DISPLAY ANTIGENS TO FACILITATE
ACTIVATION OF SPECIFIC T LYMPHOCYTES
 MACROPHAGES RELEASE IMMUNOREGULATORY MOLECULES (CYTOKINES),
INITIATION OF SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES
 T LYMPHOCYTES PRODUCE CYTOKINES WHICH ENHANCE MICROBICIDAL
ACTIVITIES OF PHAGOCYTES
 ANTIBODIES PRODUCED BY B LYMPHOCYTES BIND WITH PATHOGENS AND ASSIST
IN OPSONIZATION (COMPLEMENT)
 ANTIBODIES ACTIVATE COMPLEMENT
INNATE VS. ADAPTIVE
CELLS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
CELLS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
CELLS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
CELLS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

IL 7
GM-CSF,
IL 3

IL 5

IL 11
TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1. CELL MEDIATED:
 FOR ANTIGENIC STIMULI ARISISNG FROM INSIDE THE CELLS OF THE BODY
(VIRUSES, FUNGI, M. tuberculosis)
 HELPER T CELLS (TH1) (CD 4+, MHC II) IN LYMPH NODES AND SPLEEN
 ACTIVATE: MACROPHAGES, CTLs (CD 8+, MHC I), NK CELLS
TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

2. HUMORAL IMMUNITY:
 MEDIATED BY ANTIBODIES, SYNTHESIZED BY B LYMPHOCYTES AND SECRETED BY
THEIR FULLY DIFFERENTIATED FORM PLASMA CELLS
 EXTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS
 OPSONISE BACTERIA
 NEUTRALIZE TOXINS AND VIRUSES
 ANTIBODIES AND COMPLEMENT ENHANCE PHAGOCYTOSIS
 ANTIBODIES ACTIVATE COMPLEMENT

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