C++ Data Types

simple structured

integral enum floating array struct union class

char short int long bool

float double long double address

pointer reference
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 Structures
• In addition to the simple data types (int,
char, double, ...) there are composite data
types which combine more than one data
element.
• Structs
• Union
• Arrays
• Classes
 Structured Data Type
A structured data type is a type in which
each value is a collection of component
items
– The entire collection has a single name
– Each component can be accessed individually
– Used to bundle together related data of various types
for convenient access under the same identifier

For example . . .

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 thisAnimal
5000

.id 2037581

.name “giant panda”

.genus “Ailuropoda”

.species “melanoluka”

.country “China”

.age 18

.weight 234.6

.health Good

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 anotherAnimal
6000

.id 5281003

.name “llama”

.genus “Lama”

.species “peruana”

.country “Peru”

.age 7

.weight 278.5

.health Excellent

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 struct AnimalType
enum HealthType { Poor, Fair, Good, Excellent };
struct AnimalType // Declares a struct data type
{ // does not allocate memory
long id;
string name;
string genus;
string species; struct members
string country;
int age;
float weight;
HealthType health;
};
// Declare variables of AnimalType
AnimalType thisAnimal;
AnimalType anotherAnimal;
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 struct type Declaration
SYNTAX
struct TypeName // Does not allocate memory
{
MemberList
};

MemberList SYNTAX

DataType MemberName;
DataType MemberName;
.
.
.
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 More About Struct Declarations
struct TypeName
{
Memebr list Optional
} VariableList;

struct StudentRec
{ struct
String firstName; {
String lastName; int firstMember;
Float gpa; float secondMember;
Int programGrade; } someVar;
Int quizeGrade;
GradeType courseGrade; //Anonyous type
}; //Such types cannot be used
// Variable declarations //in aggregate operations
StudentRec firstStudent;
StudentRec student;
 struct type Declaration
The struct declaration names a type and
names the members of the struct

It does not allocate memory for any variables

of that type!

You still need to declare your struct variables

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 Accessing struct Members
Dot (period) is the member selection operator

After the struct type declaration, the various members

can be used in your program only when they are
preceded by a struct variable name and a dot

EXAMPLES
thisAnimal.weight
anotherAnimal.country

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 Operations on struct Members

The type of the member determines the allowable

operations

thisAnimal.age = 18;
thisAnimal.id = 2037581;
cin >> thisAnimal.weight;
getline (cin, thisAnimal.species);
thisAnimal.name = “giant panda”;
thisAnimal.genus[0] = toupper(thisAnimal.genus[0]);
thisAnimal.age++;

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 Aggregate Operation

An aggregation operation is an
operation on a data structure as a
whole, as opposed to an operation on
an individual component of the data
structure

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 Aggregate struct
Operations
• Operations valid on struct type variables are
▪ Assignment to another struct variable of the same
type
▪ Pass as an argument (by value or by reference)

▪ Return as value of a function

• I/O, arithmetic, and comparisons of entire
struct variables are NOT ALLOWED!

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 Aggregate struct Operations

anotherAnimal = thisAnimal; // Assignment

WriteOut(thisAnimal); // Value parameter

ChangeWeightAndAge(thisAnimal); // Reference parameter

thisAnimal = GetAnimalData(); // Function return value

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void WriteOut( /* in */ AnimalType thisAnimal)
// Prints out values of all members of thisAnimal
// Precondition: all members of thisAnimal are assigned
// Postcondition:all members have been written out
{
cout << “ID # “ << thisAnimal.id
<< thisAnimal.name << endl;

cout << thisAnimal.genus << thisAnimal.species

<< endl;

cout << thisAnimal.country << endl;

cout << thisAnimal.age << “ years “ << endl;

cout << thisAnimal.weight << “ lbs. “ << endl;

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Passing a struct Type by Reference

void ChangeAge(/* in out */ AnimalType& thisAnimal)

thisAnimal.age++;
}

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AnimalType GetAnimalData ()

{
AnimalType thisAnimal;
char response;
do
{
// Have user enter members until they are correct
.

.
} while (response != ‘Y’);
return thisAnimal;
}

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 Hierarchical Structures
• The type of a struct member can be
another struct type

• This is called nested or hierarchical

structures

• Hierarchical structures are very useful

when there is much detailed
information in each record

For example . . . 18
 struct MachineRec
Information about each machine in a shop contains:

an idNumber,

a written description,

the purchase date,

the cost,

and a history (including failure rate, number of

days down, and date of last service)

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struct DateType
{
int month;
int day;
int year;
};
struct StatisticsType
{
float failRate;
DateType lastServiced; // DateType is a struct type
int downDays;
};
struct MachineRec
{
int idNumber;
string description;
StatisticsType history; // StatisticsType is a struct
DateType purchaseDate;
float cost;
};
MachineRec machine; 20
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 struct type variable machine

7000

5719 “DRILLING…” .02 1 25 1999 4 3 21 1995 8000.0

.month .day.year
.failrate .lastServiced .downdays .month .day .year

.idNumber .description . history .purchaseDate .cost

machine.history.lastServiced.year has value 1999

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 Unions in C++
DEFINITION
A union is a struct that holds only one of its members
at a time during program execution.

EXAMPLE
union WeightType
{
long wtInOunces;
int wtInPounds; Only one at a time
float wtInTons;
}; 22
 Unions
• Just like structs but holds only one member in
memory at a time during program execution
• Purpose: It’s purpose it to conserve memory by
forcing several values to use the same memory
space one at a time
• It is quite reasonable to say that a Union is not a
data structure at all. It does not represent a
collection of values; it represents a single value
from among several potential values.
 Arrays of Records
Const int MAX_STUDENTS =150;
enum GradeType {A,B,C,D,F};
struct StudentRec
{
string stuName;
float gpa;
int examScore[4];
GradeType courseGrade;
};
StudentRec gradeBook[MAX_STUDENTS];
 Arrays of Records
Index 0 First record of type StudentRec

Index 1 Second record of type StudentRec

Index 2

gradeBook[2].stuName

gradeBook[2].gpa

gradeBook[2].examScore
gradeBook[2].courseGrade

gradeBook[149].stuName

gradeBook[149].gpa
Index 149 gradeBook[149].examScore

gradeBook[149].courseGrade
 Arrays of Records
• gradeBook[2].courseGrade
• gradeBook[2].examScore[0]
• To print the name of each student in the class
for (count=0; count <MAX_STUDENTS;count++)
cout <<gradeBook[count].stuName <<endl;
 Problem
1) Get as input the following details from the user using
struct and enumeration of any five students and
then print these details:
firstName;
lastName;
GPA;
courseGrade (A,B,C,D,F)
Grade Criteria
(A>=3; B<3 && >2.5;C<2.5&&>2;D<2&&>1.5;F<1.5;)