rRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

-2 + 3
n-2
5.21
)n(ot 1) n + 1

= -2

know
that7 - log,
We

-zlog,1
-2
+32 by incariy
= -2 log+3 log -
= (-2+ 3z) log
Z-1

4Fiad Z|sin+
n
+a = Sn COS a t cos
Sol. sin 2 2 sin a

since sin (A + B) = sin A cos B+ coOs Asin B

nn
2
COS a t cos
2 sin a
= cosa Z

by lincarity
Zsin 0
We know that Z sin n ] =
-22 cos 8+ 1

z(2 - cos )
Z cos n] -2 cos 0+ 1
5.22
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
JU
zsin 2
z
.. Z sin
2-21 cos 2 +1 +1

z(-cos)
2-2cos+1
2 2+1|
= COS a + Sina
.:. (1) >

z cOs a + sin a
2+1

5. Find z[
Sol. at+b = e

We know that Z [e]= -

Z[ea+b] = Z [ee ]

6. Find z |
Sol. We know that Z [e]
=
 TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
J. 5.23
sinh3n]
FindZ (2"

that Z [a"l=
s. We know
3n -e-3n
e
z [2" sinh 3n ] = Z 2

-2 [2 (en-eny|

-}z (a -(e1

2-23
1
2
Z-2e -3

z-2e3-z+ 2e
(2-2e)(-2e)
2(e-e
2
z- 2ze- 2ze-3 +4
e-e-3
2-22[e+e]+4|
e--3
2
2
3
ete
2

2z sinh 3
z- 4z cosh 3+ 4
5.24
TICS
8. Find Z | a" cosh a n ]

Sol. We know that Z [a") =

ean e
Z [a" cosh an ] = Z 2

za (een +ee
-;z aen +a' e en
-z [(ay +(a« " ]
z

1
+
22 z-ae 2 z- ae -a
1
= +
Z - ae

2 (-ae (2-ae e)
2z -a (e+e
2 |z- az e - aze t a
e +ea
2 - 2a
2
-a
+e +a
-2az 2

2z - 2a cosh a
22-2az cosh a+ a|
z- az cosh a
2- 2az cosh a + a
 TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 5.25
Z-T
Find Z{cos e Formula
9.
1. Z (1] Z- 1
1+ cos 2/
cos?r 2
Sol. 2. Z [cos w t]
1+ cOS 2 z Z- cos wT
z(cos] = Z 2
z- 2 cos wT+ 1
1
-
2
Z (1 t cos 21]

- z(1) +;Z (cos 21

1 1 z(z-cos 27)
122-2 c0 -2z cos 2T t 1
z (Z - cos 27)
- -22 cos 2T +1]
10. Find Z (cos t] Formula :
1 Z [cos w t]
Sol. cos = 4 (3 costt cos 3] z z - cOs w T|
2-22 cos wT +1
Z[cos ] = Z [3cost + cos 3]
4

=
Z [cost] +Z [cos 34]
3 z (Z - cos 7)
+ z (ze-cos 37)
4 T+11|
- 22z cos T+ - 2z cos 3T + 1
1. Find Z [sin t

Sol. sin l - cos 21

2

ZIsin?
jsia z -cos 2|
5.26
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
-;z)-4(cos 21
z(Z- cos 27)
|2-2z cos 2T ++1
- z(Zcos 27)
1 -2 cos 2T + 1)
12. Find Z
z in"
Sol. sin 0 l-cos 20
2

1- cOS nN
sin? 2 2

1
-Z(1-(-1)°)
-Z(1) - Z(-1))
=

z + 1- z+ 1
2-1
=

2-1
 AND pIFFERENCE EQUATIONs 5.27
TRANSFOAMS

FindZsin

in'e[3
4
sin - sin30)
Sol.
nu
3 sin 6 sin
Sin

Sin |sin

z sin Z Sin
6 2
3
42-2 cos+1 4 2-2 cos+1
6 2

12()
4
2
+1
4
2+1|
32
8(-z V3+1) 4(2+ 1)
3 1 z
82-zV3 +1 4 +1

14. Pind Z coS

Sol. cos (A + B) = COS A cos B- sin Asin B

COs
2 +44 = cos 2 cos-
4 sin 2 sin 4
nn 1 n n 1
= COS sin
2 2 V2
n n
Vcos-sin
2 2
5.28
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
n n
1 Sin
+
Z cos
2 2
2
n n| 1
1
Z cos 2 -V3 Zsin 2

1
V2 21V2
2+ P+1
1
=

P+1 +1
z(z- 1)
V2 (2+ 1)
15. Find Z [4.3" + 2 (-1)"]

Sol. We know that Z [a"] =

z 43 +2.(-9°- 4Z(3)+2Z(-1)

1
16. Find Z
1) (n + 2) [A.U., March, 1996] [A.U. ND 2006]
A B
Sol. + (1)
(n + 1) (n + 2) n +1 n+2

1 = A(n t 2) + B (n + 1)
Put n = -1 we get Put n = -2 we get
1= A 1 =- B
A = 1 B = -1

.. (1) ’
(n + 1)(n + 2) n t1 n +2

1
Z =2
+ 1)(n t 2)
 AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 5.29
TRANSFORMS
1
=z lo8,-1 - 5

= zlog,-1
3

zlog,--iog(1
- zlog_+log

- zlogtlog +Z

=(2-)log-1 +2
2n +3
2007]
Bind the Z-transform of f()=(n + 1) (n + 2) [A.U ND
2n +3
Solution : Given j (") = n +1) (n +2)
21 +3
A. B (1)
n+1 n+2
(n+ 1) (n +2)
B(n + 1)
2n +3 = A(n + 2) +
Put n = -1 we get Put n -2 We get

-2+3 = A -4 +3 = -B
-1= -B
A = 1

B= 1

1 1
(1) > 2n +3
n+2
(n+1)(n + 2) n +1
2n +3
(n + 1) (n + 2)|
5.30
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Z
W.K.T
(3)
1
n+2
n=0
2

-#- (- -
=

=
... (4)

: ()> Z ())= zlog,itlog,i by (3) & (4)

=
zlog1(1+]-z
= z(2+ 1) lo8,1
5.1.3 First Shifting theorem :

) I z V0} = F), hen Z e f(O} = Fze

() rz f ()} = F), then Z etf ()} - Fze}
Damping rule :

(ü) IF Z ¯0} = F¢), then Z af(o} = F a

(iv) If Z f(n)} = F(2), then Z = F

Proof : (i) Given F(2) = Z {f(0} = f(n)z

n=0

zfero) n=0
 EQUATIONS 5.31
TRANSFORMSAND DIFFERENCE
1.
- n=0
f(a7) (ze
= Zf)] z’zeal
= F zej
= z where z ’ ze

F() = Z V0} = 2 f(nT) z"n

Given n=0

- ~nT f(nT) z

D=0

= Z f(O,ze

-aT
F2) where z ’ ze

() Given : F() = Z f)} = n=0 f(nT) z

n=0

= f(1T)
D=0

= F

= F2] where z ’ 2
(m) Given F(2) = Z f
(n)}
=n=0 fn) z"
5.32 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

n=0

n=0

= F

= F2] where z’

V. Problems based on first shifting theorem

(Based on 1, a", e -att
Find the Z-transform of the following :

(1) e (2) e (3) eat cos

cos bt (4) ea sin bt
(5) sinn0 (6) a cosn 0 (7) a sin bt (8) an

(9) n!
(10) n
(11) " cos n (12) a

(15) n²a (16)eiat

(13) aeat (14) (n- 1) -1

1. Find Z [e

Sol. We know that Zef(0) =Zf01

z
Tz
z(0) =
Jzze e-1
TzeaT
(zel- 1
 TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 5.33
.
FindZ le!

know that Z
Sol.We

Tz
-¥T
z ’ ze

TzeaT
(2e aT.- 1²

3. Find Z le a cos bt)

thatZ
Sol. We know

z ecos be - |Z (cs bl].

z(2- c0s bT)
|2-2 cos bT +1|
zel ze- cos bT]
=

a12z e cos bT + 1

4Find Z e sin bu
Sol. We know that 2eso = Zf)ze?

z sin bT
2-2 cos bT +1,+1el
zesin bT
=

22aT-2zel cos bT t 1
5.34 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
5. Find Z (a" sin n8]

Sol. We know that Z|af(n)] =

-
zsin 0

Lsin
-24 cos + 1 +1
az sin
-2az cos 0+ a

Find Z [a" cos n 0] [A.U. MIJ 20071

6.

Sol. We know that Z (a"f(n)) =

z (a cosn 6] =
z(z- cos )
P-2zcos 0 + a

_cos 6+1

z 2 -a cos )
z- 2az cos 0+ a
 TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 5.35

bt)
Find Z [a"sin

[a"f()]= F
cl. We know that Z

zsin b T
- 2z cos bT + 1Jz/a

Z sin bT
|
-2 cos bT + 1
2
az sin bT
-2az cos bT +

[A.U, 19981, [A.U. April, 2001j

& Find Z[an]
[(A.UN/D 2007] [A.U. AM 2008]

Sol. We knowthatZ

:z()=

(2-a)
5.36
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
9. Find Z
[A.U. NID 2005] [A.U
Trichy NID 2009
Sol. We know that Z(a"f(1) =- F

= ez

10. Find Z

Sol. We know that Z

JzVa

Z
a 0
log = log
Za

= log
-

|Z-a
 TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
5.37

Find z[a"Pcos n 0]
I1.

la"f(n)] =F
8al. We know that 2
z a"P cosne -
zZ-rcos ]
- 2z cos 0
+,2 a

rcos

-2, cos +

z (Z - ar cos )
-2arz cos @
+ a'2
12. Find Z [a"

Sol. We know that Z

,,
Z = (Z ()lz/a
Tz 7

|(-1"va

Taz
(2-a)'
5.38
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICs
13. Find z [a e

Sol. We know that Z (a"f(0] = F

Z-T

Z~apaT

14. Find z [(n- 1) a"]

Sol. We know that Z ("] =

z [(n- 1) a = Z[(1 - 1) a a]

Z[n aa - a y
 TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 5.39

1 z/a 11
2

1 1
(2-a)
1
(2- a)
a-(2-a)
(e-a

2a-z
(e-a)
1S. Find Z[ a
d
Sol. Z (n a] = -z dz

=-2
(2- a)
(-a)'a -za2(2 - a)

[ea) a- 2az
(e-a)
-Z
az -a-2az
(e-a
5.40 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
-Z
- - a3
(z- a)
at+z za(2 +a]
(z-a)3 (2-a

16. Find Z [e ] using z-Transform. [A.U. N/D 20051

Solution : Z[e1at.1] = [Z (1]|), zeaT
[ Z[1] =
iaT
J z ’ ze

zeiaT

-iaT
Z -e

VI. Find, the Z-transform of the following :

(4) sinh at sin bt
(1) ecos t (2) e'sin 2t (3) acos nT

1. Find Z le cos t]

Sol. We know that Z [ef(O] = Z f (OL+ze ál

cost- Z(cos
z (z - cos T)
-2z cos T +1,e-T
-3T -3T
Ze (ze - cos T)
=

2,-6T_2e-3T COs T t 1

z (Z-cos aT)
Formula Z [cos at] z-2% cos aT +1
 TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 5.41
Z-

[e'sin 2)
2 Find Z

cal We know that Z ef)) = Z If(). -aT

z(e'sin 2] =Z|sin 241],*u-T ( a=1]

zsin 2T
z-22 cos 2T +1JzzeT

sin 2T
z'e-2T - 22e -T cos 2T +1

Z sin aT
Formula Z(sin at
-2z cos aT +1
3. Find Z [a" cos nz]

Sol. We know that Z a"f(n)) = F

z (a cos nr] = Z (cos na],

z(z - cos )
z- 22 cos I t
z(z + 1)
+22 +
1|/a
(2+ 21)|
(2+ 1)z+z/a

Jz Va

Z
Zta zt a
+ 1
5.42
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
4. Find sinh at sin bt

eat -e-at
Sol. sinh at= 2

at)
sinh at sin bt =
eat e
sin bt
2

at sin bt - eat sin bt

z |sinh at sin be] -z ett sin ba-Z(e-" sin b]

2 2

=
zsin bT z sin bT
2-2z cos bT +1,-T -2zcos bT +
-aT sin bT
zeT sin bT
ze

2 2e-2aT -2%e~aT cos bT +1 -2 2aT 22e21 cos bT +1

5.1.4. Differentiation in the Z-Domain

) Z [nf ()] = -zFz)

dz

d
(ü) Z (nf (n)] = -z-dz F(2)) [A.U. April, 2000]
Proof :

i) Given : F() = Z f(0]

F(2) = Ef(n T)z
n=0

dz F()) =n=0 -nf(nT)2-1

=-2
n=0
nf (nT)
 TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 5.43

dF
= -E
n=0
nf (nT) z
=
-Z nf (0)

z [nf()]= -zF())
dz

Fe) = Z f(n)] [A.U. April, 2000]

( Given:
F2) = 2 f(n) z"n
n=0

de
d2FO) E (-n) f(n) za-1
=n=0
= - nf)
n=0

d
F)= -~ nf(n)za
n=0

=
-Z (nf(n)]

ZInf()] ==-zFe)
following :
VIL. Find the Z-transform of the
(Differentiation in the Z-Domain)
(5) an' + bn + c
()
ncos 0
n (9) n(n - 1)(n - 2)
(6) n(n - 1) (7) nCz (8)
> |a| find f (n) and
for |z|
(10) Given that F(Z) =log (1 + az),
also find z(nfn)] 2) +
(1) nC, (12) k+n Cn (13) (n + 1)(r
[A.U, Nov/Dec. 1996]
1. Find Z()
d
We know that Z(nf(n)) = -zF)
dz
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

5.44
d
-z(Z (n))
n] =
Zn?) - Z(n
dz

d
= -dz

-1)'() -z/2(2-1)
-Z (z-1)*
|z - 1-22
-Z
(e-1)
(2 + 1) = 2+z
(e-1) (e-1)

2.
Find Z(a)
-Z d F()
[nf (n)) =
Sol. We know that Z
dz

= -Z
d z (n1
dz

=
d 2+z
dz
1y|
-1(2 + 1) -( +2) 3(2 -
-Z
(2-1)

-Z
(2- 1) (2z + 1) - 3(2+z)|
(z-1)*
22- 22 +z-1-3232
=-Z
(2- 1)
- -4z 1
(z - 1)*

=
z(z + 4z + 1)
(e-1)
 TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONs 5.45
Z.

Find Z(n
3.

Z (nf (n)) d
We know that -zF(z)
Sol.

-Z
d
dz
formula.
Which is a recurrence

4.
Find Z()
that
Sol. We know

Zf)) =n=0 f(n)z

z) = E (nT) zn
n=0

= nk Tkn
n=0

n=0

dz

= -Tz
dz
zy
Note Z(:] = -Tzdz Z|
(1]

= -Tz
dz