CS1101: Foundations of Programming

Additional topics

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Patna

IIT Patna 1
 Topics covered
• Input - scanf
• Output - printf
• Scope of variables
• enum specification
• Bitwise operation
• Multifile programming

IIT Patna 2
 scanf - 1
• Conversion character, we have seen d, f, s, c. Please consult books for
more information

e,f,g floating point value

h short int
i decimal, hexadecimal, octal
o octal
u unsigned decimal integer
X hexadecimal
[...] data item is a string which may include white spaces

IIT Patna 3
 scanf - 2
• The following prevents any previously entered extraneous characters from be-
ing assigned
scanf(" %c %d %f", &c, &x, &y);

IIT Patna 4
 scanf - 3
• Reading a string that can contain spaces and upper cases letters, eg. name of
person
char str[80];
scanf(" %[ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ]s", str);
• Input: IIT Patna — only IIT P will get stored in str

IIT Patna 5
 scanf - 4
• Reading a string that can contain spaces and upper cases letters, eg. name of
person
char str[80];
scanf(" %[^\n]s", str);
• Input: IIT Patna — everything will get stored
• ^ — denotes negation

IIT Patna 6
 scanf - 5
int a, b, c;
scanf(" %3d %3d %3d", &a, &b, &c);

Case-1: Case-2:
123 123 456 789
a=1, b=2, c=3 a=123, b=456, c=789

Case-3: Case-4:
123456789 1234 5678 9
a=123, b=456, c=789 a=123, b=4, c=567

IIT Patna 7
 scanf - 6
float x;
char c;
scanf(" %5f %c", &x, &c);
printf("x=%f, c=%c", x, c);

Input:
256.875 T
Output:
x=256.8, c=7

IIT Patna 8
 scanf - 7
int mm, dd, yyyy; Input:
scanf(" %d/%d/%d", &dd, &mm, &yyyy); 10/11/2024
printf("Date: %d/%d/%d", dd, mm, yyyy); Output:
Date: 10/11/2024

int x; float y; Input:

scanf(" %d A %f", &x, &y); 8 A 3.4
printf("x=%d y=%f", x, y); Output:
x=8 y=3.4000000

IIT Patna 9
 scanf - 8
char c1, c2, c3; Input:
scanf(" %c%c%c", &c1, &c2, &c3); abc
printf("c1=%c c2=%c c3=%c\n", c1, c2, c3); Output:
c1=a c2= c3=b

char c1, c2, c3; Input:

scanf(" %c%1s%1s", &c1, &c2, &c3); abc
printf("c1=%c c2=%c c3=%c\n", c1, c2, c3); Output:
c1=a c2=b c3=c

IIT Patna 10
 printf - 1
• Conversion character, we have seen d, f, s, c. Please consult books for
more information

e floating point with exponent

f floating point without exponent
g floating point with no trailing zeros
i signed decimal integer
o octal without leading zeros
u unsigned decimal integer
X hexadecimal without leading 0x
% no argument, print %

IIT Patna 11
 printf - 2
float x=5000, y=0.0025;
printf("%f %f \n", x, y);
printf("%e %e \n", x, y);

Output:
5000.000000 0.002500
5.000000e+03 2.500000e-03

IIT Patna 12
 printf - 3
char str[80];
scanf("%[^\n]s",str);
printf("%s\n", str);

Input:
Happy Diwali!!
Output:
Happy Diwali!!

IIT Patna 13
 printf - 4
int i=12345; float x=345.687;
printf(":%3d:%8d:\n",i, i);
printf(":%3f:%8f:\n",x, x);
printf(":%7f:%7.3f:%7.1f:\n",x, x, x);

Output:
:12345: 12345:
:345.678000:345.678000:
:345.678000:345.678: 345.7:

IIT Patna 14
 printf - 5
• Printing ”Hello, world” (12 characters)

:%s: :hello, world:

:%10s: :hello, world:
:%.10s: :hello, wor:
:%-10s: :hello, world:
:%.15s: :hello, world:
:%-15s: :hello, world :
:%15.10s: : hello, wor:
:%-15.10s: :hello, wor :

IIT Patna 15
 Storage class
• auto int a, b, c; — This is similar to local variables.
• register int a; — To store the value in (if possible) fast registers of the
machine. Applicable to automatic variables
• static int a; — A static variable inside a function is similar to other local
variables but unlike automatics, they remain in existence rather than coming
and going each time the function is activated. Private but permanent storage
• extern int a; — Usually referred as global variable. Used for external link-
age, more meaningful for multifile programming

IIT Patna 16
 enum specification
• This is a kind of specification of constant integer
• Example:
• enum {NO, YES}; // NO is 0, and YES is 1
int x = 0;
if(x == NO){ ... }
• enum {Jan=1, Feb=2, ..., Dec=12};
int x = 12;
if(x == Dec){ ... }

IIT Patna 17
 Bitwise operations
• In computer, all numbers are binary. C provides some support to perform bit-
wise manipulations
• & — bitwise AND, | — bitwise OR, ^ — bitwise XOR,
<< — left shift, >> — right shift, ~ — bitwise complement
unsigned int x; scanf("%u", &x); printf("%u = ",x);
unsigned int mask = 1 << 31; // left shift, multiplication by 231
for(int i=0; i<32; i++){
putchar(x & mask ? '1' : '0' );
x <<= 1; // shift left by 1
if( i % 8 == 0) putchar(' ');
}

IIT Patna 18
 myheader.h
Multifile programming file1.c
#ifndef __MYHEADER_H__ #include "myheader.h"
#define __MYHEADER_H__ int gVar=1;
#include<stdio.h> void f1(int x){
typedef struct { gVar++;
int x; int y; printf("File: file1.c\n");
} point; printf("x=%d\n",x);
void f1(int); printf("gVar=%d\n",gVar);
void f2(point); }
#endif
file2.c
main.c #include "myheader.h"
#include "myheader.h" extern int gVar;
extern int gVar; void f2(point x){
int main(){ printf("gVar=%d\n",gVar);
point z = (point) {2, 3}; printf("x=%d y=%d\n",x.x, x.y);
f1(3); gVar++;
f2(z); }
printf("gVar=%d\n",gVar);
} $> gcc main.c file1.c file2.c

IIT Patna 19