Tutorials Be on Time

Attendance is Compulsory
 Recap of what we did
General Methodology
Example (0)
Solution
Example 6 Deformation and stress in a compound bar made of
two different materials
Use the FEM to determine the displacements at the joint of a compound road made of copper and
aluminum induced by a uniaxial force P = 30000 N at of the end of the rod as shown in the Figure A
below:

Figure A Compound Rod subjected to a Uniaxial Force

The compound rod has a cross-sectional area A = 650 mm2 and the Young’s moduli Ecu = 10300
MPa and Eal =69000 MPa.
Solution:
The situation shown in Figure A indicates that the rod is expected to elongate along the same
direction in the x-axis, as shown in Figure B.

Figure B FE model for a Compound Bar

Example 6 – Cont’d
The FE model in Figure B indicates the following:

(1) There are total 3 nodes in the structure

(2) Nodal coordinates:
Node 1 at x1 = 0; Node 2 at x2 = 915 mm, and Node 3 at x3 = 1220mm
(3) The length of Element 1 = L1 = 915 mm; the length of Element 2 =
L2 = 305 mm
(4) Both elements have a cross-sectional area: A1 =A2 = A = 650 mm2
(5) Displacements at the 3 nodes are: {u}T = {u1 u2 u3} with u1 = 0
Our solution begins with developing the “element equations” for both elements in the FE model:

Element 1 made of copper:

Coefficient matrix for Element 1:

(a)
Element equation for Element 1:

where p1 and p2 are forces art Node 1 and 2 respectively

 Example 6 – Cont’d
Element equation for Element 1:

Element 2 made of aluminum:

Coefficient matrix for element 2:
(b)

Element equation for Element 2:

Due to the fact that the present case involves TWO elements with Node 2 being common to both
these element, we need to assemble the coefficient matrices by following the established rule by
summing up the values of Node 2 from both element coefficient matrices.
Example 6 – Cont’d
Example 6 – Cont’d
Strain in Elements
Now that we have solved the displacements at the 3 nodes, we
may use the train-displacement relations to
determine the induced strains in both these elements:
 T   1xx  xx2 
where  1xx and  xx2 are the strains in Element 1 and 2 respectively
The strain-displacement relationship is available from the expression: {ε} = [B]{u} in Equation
(4.3), in which the matrix {B} is:
 x  x1   1 1 
Bx   d
N x   d  x  x2    
dx dx  x1  x2 x1  x2   x1  x2 x1  x2 

We have: Node 1 at x1 = 0; Node 2 at x2 = 915 mm, and Node

3 at x3 = 1220 mm, leading to: the length of Element 1 = L1 =
915 mm; the length of Element 2 = L2 = 305 mm. We may thus
express the [B(x)] for both elements to be:
B1    1 1  , and B2    1 1 

 915 915   305 305 
 Example 6 – Cont’d
From the [B] matrices for both elements, we may compute the
strains in Element 1 and 2 as follows:
 1 1 u1  0 1 1.94
 1xx      u 2   0.21% for element 1, and
 915 915  u2  915 915

 1 1 u2  u2 u 1.94 2.04 0.1

 xx2        3     0.033%
 305 305 u3  305 305 305 305 305 for element 2

Stresses in elements

We may use the Hooke’s Law to determine the stresses in each of

these two elements from their corresponding strains
For element 1 with Ecu = 10300 MPa:

 1xx  C1  1xx  Ecu 1xx  10300 x0.0021  1.03MPa

For element 2 with Eal = 69000 MPa:

 xx2  C2  xx2  Eal xx2  69000 x0.00033  22.77MPa

 Example 1
F = 1000 N

A = 20mm2
E = 210000 N/mm2 L = 50 mm

A = 50mm2 L = 50 mm
E = 210000 N/mm2
 Discrete model
We make one-dimensional elements with two
degrees of freedom
Node 3
A = 20mm 2

E = 210000 N/mm2 Element 2

L = 50 mm
Node 2
A = 50mm2
E = 210000 N/mm2 Element 1
L = 50 mm
Node 1
 Element stiffness matrices
For one element, the stiffness relation is

 AE AE 
 L 
k L 
AE AE 
 
 L L 

Each of the element matrices then becomes:

 84  84  210  210

k1     1000 N / mm 2
k2    1000 N / mm2
 84 84   210 210 
 Global stiffness matrix
The Global stiffness matrix is assembled by
combining the matrices at the appropriate degrees of
freedom for each node

 84  84 0 0 0 0 
K   84 84 0 1000 N / mm  0 210  210 1000 N / mm
 0 0 0 0  210 210 

 84  84 0 
K   84 294  210 1000 N / mm
 0  210 210 
 Apply boundary conditions
Node 1’s DOF is constrained, and is therefore a
nulled, giving the effective stiffness matrix

 x1  0
x   x2  x   x2 
 x3   x3 

Load Vector
The only force is acting at Node 3, giving the Load
Vector

 0 
F   0  N
 1000
 Solve the matrix equation
The simple equation is now solved, giving the
deformations
F   K  x
 0   84  84 0  0
 0    84 294  210   x 1000 N
     2
 1000  0  210 210   x3 
 x1   0 
 x    0.012 mm
 2  
 x3   0.017
 Calculate element forces and
stresses
Using well known formula, the strains
and stresses are calculated for each
element

L  0.012  0
1    0.00024
L 50
L  0.017  (0.012)
2    0.00010
L 50
 1  E  1  50.4 N / mm2
 2  E   2  21.0 N / mm2
 Example 2

E 2E

a A b A P

L L

Determine displacements of materials a and b if

the load P is applied to the end of the bar given
the above information.
 Example cont’d.
1) Discretize the domain with appropriate elements.

Element a Element b

f1 f3 = P
1 2 3
u1 u2 u3

f1 1 2 f21 f22 2 3 f3 = P

u1 u2 u2 u3
 Example cont’d.
3) Define stress/displacement and stress/strain relationships
σx = Eεx εx = du/dx
4) Derive the element stiffness matrix and element equations
{F} = [k]{d} [k] = stiffness matrix

{F} = Force [k] = EA 1 -1

L
{d} = displacement -1 1
a b
f1 EA 1 -1 u1 f22 EA 2 -2
= L , u2
f21 u2 f3 = L
-1 1 -2 2 u3
 Example cont’d
5) Construct Global equation and introduce boundary
conditions and known variables.

f1 1 -1 0
= EA u1 Global Equation
f21+f22 L -1 3 -2 u2
f3 u3
0 -2 2

B.C.: (x =0) u1 = 0
Known variables: f3 = P and f2 = f21+f22 = 0
 Example cont’d.
6) Solve for unknowns.

f1 1 -1 0
= EA 0
0 L -1 3 -2 u2
P u3
0 -2 2

f1 = -EAu2 0 = EA(3u2-2u3) P = EA(2u3-2u2)

L L L

u2 = PL u3 = 3PL
EA f1 = -P
2EA
 Example cont’d.
7) Solve for the element strains and stresses.
εa = P = u2 σa = Eεa = P
EA L A
εb = 3P = u3 σa = 2E εb = P
2EA L 3 A

8) Interpret the Results

•After solving for the displacements, the coefficients of the

displacement function can be determined.
Example 9
Element 1 Element 2

u1 u2 u2 u3
AE  1  1 AE  1  1
 K1     K2   
L  1 1 L  1 1
Stress in element 1
 u1   1 1   u1 
1  E1  EB    E     
u2   L L  u2 
u 2  u1 4 1.5  0
=E  2.0  10  200N / mm 2

L 150
Stress in element 2
u2   1 1  u2 
2  E2  EB    E     
u3   L L  u3 
u3  u2 4 1.2  1.5
=E  2.0  10  40N / mm 2

L 150