Unit:01

Introduction & Operating System

Structures

Dr. M. B PATIL
Associate Professor in CSE & Head of AI &DS
N K Orchid College of Engineering & Technology, Solapur

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 Content

1. Definition
2. Types of OS
1. Simple Batch System
2. Multi Programmed Batch System
3. Time Sharing System
4. Personal Computer System
5. Parallel System
3. Real Time OS
4. System Components
1. System Services
2. System Calls
5. System Programs
6. System Structure
7. Virtual Machines
8. System Design & Implementation
9. System Generations

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1.1 Definition

• An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer

hardware and software resources and provides
common services for computer programs.
• OS is the low-level software that supports a computer's basic functions,
such as scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals.

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 1.1 contd.

3. An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially

loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other
programs in a computer.
▪ The other programs are called applications or application programs. The
application programs make use of the OS by making requests for services
through a defined Application Program Interface (API). In addition, users
can interact directly with OS through a user interface such as a command
line or a graphical user interface (GUI).

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Abstract View of the Components of a Computer System

User User User User

1 2 3 n

Compiler Assembler Text Editor …… Database System

System and Application Programs

Operating System

Computer Hardware
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1.2 Types of OS

•OS can be one of the following types:

1. Simple Batch System
2. Multi Programmed Batch System
3. Time Sharing System
4. Personal Computer System
5. Parallel System

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1.2.1 Simple Batch System

• Also called as batch Systems

• User programs / jobs submitted to system for execution are bundled
together forming a batch
• When a job is processed, the system transfers the entire control over to it.
Once it is done, the control shifts to the next job, and so on.

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 1.2.1 contd.

• Advantages:
1. maximum processor utilization
2. the setup time for jobs is saved
3. performance increases, since the jobs are sequenced together

• Disadvantages:
1. difficult to debug
2. one job affects all the pending jobs.
3. job could enter an infinite loop, and other jobs will never be processed.

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1.2.2 Multi Programmed Batch System

• Aim is to maximize CPU utilization

• When a job needs to wait for an I/O instruction, the processor switches to
another job executing it until the first job finishes its waiting I/O instructions,
the processor continue to swap between jobs as it reaches an I/O operation.
• Multiprogramming batch system must rely on certain hardware capabilities
such as process switching when swapping between program execution.
• Interrupt-driven I/O or DMA helps in multiprogramming environments,
allowing the processor to issue an I/O command and proceed executing
another program.

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1.2.3 Time Sharing Systems

• Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at

various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the
same time.
• Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
• Processor's time which is shared among multiple users is termed as
time-sharing.

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1.2.4 Personal Computer System

• It is a multi-purpose electronic computer whose size, capabilities, and price

make it affordable for individual use.

• PCs are intended to be operated directly by an end-user, rather than by a

computer expert or technician.

• Since early 1990s: Microsoft OS (MS-DOS / Windows) and Intel hardware

have dominated much of the personal computer market

• Alternatives to Microsoft's Windows OS: Apple's macOS / Linux.

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1.2.5 Parallel System
• Parallel operating systems are a type of computer processing platform
that breaks large tasks into smaller pieces that are done at the same time
in different places and by different mechanisms.
• They are sometimes also described as “multi-core” processors. This type
of system is usually very efficient at handling very large files and
complex numerical codes.
• It’s most commonly seen in research applications where central server
systems are handling a lot of different jobs at once

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1.3 Real Time System

1. A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS)

intended to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes
in, typically without buffer delays. Processing time requirements
(including any OS delay) are measured in tenths of seconds or shorter
increments of time.
2. RTOS is a computing environment that reacts to input within a
specific time period.

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1.4 System Components

• Following points are covered:

1. System Services
2. System Calls

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1.4.1 System Services

1. Program Execution: Allows the users to execute programs in an efficient manner.

2. I/O Operations: All input / output operations
3. File System Manipulation: Like opening a file, saving a file, updating a file, and
deleting a file from the storage disk.
4. Communication: communication among various types of processes in the form of
shared memory
5. Error Detection: deals with hardware problems
6. Resource Allocation: Efficiently allocates system resources among competing
processes
7. Protection System: Protects processes from one another's activities
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1.4.2 System Calls

• A System Call is the programmatic way in which a computer

program requests a service from the kernel of the OS
• Provides an essential interface between a process and the OS
• System calls may include:
1. Hardware-related services (for example, accessing a hard disk drive)
2. Creation and execution of new processes
3. Communication with integral kernel services such as process scheduling.

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System Calls

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System Calls

System call sequence to copy the contents of one file to another file

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1.5 System Programs

• System program provide convenient environment for program

development and execution.

Program Used for

File management Create, delete, copy, rename, print files

Status Information Date, time, amount space available memory

File modification Text editor to modify the content of file

Programming Language support Compilers, interpreter, assembler debugger

Program loader and execution Program loading into memory using loader linkers etc.

Communication Sending msgs and IPC 19

1.6 System Structure

Different OS structures available are :

1. Simple structure
2. Layered Approach
3. Monolithic Kernel based OS
4. Microkernel based OS

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 Simple structure

• System being small, simple and limited

• No proper structure.
• MS-DOS – written to provide the most
functionality in the least space Not divided
into modules.
• Although MS-DOS has some structure, its
interfaces and levels of functionality are not
well separated

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 Layered Approach

• The operating system is divided into a

number of layers (levels), each built on top
of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0),
is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the
user interface.
• With modularity, layers are selected such
that each uses functions (operations) and
services of only lower-level layers
• Errors are limited to particular layer can be
debugged at the layer does not effect other
layer

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Monolithic Kernel based OS

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Microkernel based OS

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Compare Monolithical and Microlithical

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1.7 Virtual Machines

• VM is emulation of a computer system

• VMs are based on computer architectures

• VM provide functionality of a physical computer.

• VM implementations involves specialized hardware, software, or a

combination.

• VMs are of two types, each with different functions:

1. System VM

2. Process VM

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 1.7 VM contd.

1. System VM (also called full virtualization VMs)

• Provide a substitute for a real machine
• Provide functionality needed to execute entire OS
• Allows multiple environments, isolated from one another, co-exists on
same physical machine

2. Process virtual machines

• Designed to execute computer programs in a platform-independent
environment

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1.8 System Design & Implementation

• OS system design & Implementation consists of:

1. Processes & CPU Scheduling

2. Process Synchronization

3. Deadlocks

4. Memory Management

5. Virtual Memory

6. I/O Hardware

7. File Management

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1.9 System Generations

• Version History of following OS discussed:

1. Microsoft

2. Apple

3. Android

4. AT&T Unix

Operating Systems TE CSE I 29

 1.9 contd.
Microsoft OS Version History

MS-DOS Windows 1.x, 2.x, 3.0 Windows NT

Windows 95 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 98

Windows 2000 Windows ME Windows XP & Server 2003

Windows Vista & Server Windows 7 & Server 2008

Windows 8 & Server 2012 Windows 10 & Server 2016

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 1.9 contd.
Apple OS Version History

Apple TV
Apple Computers

tv OS

Apple II Apple Lisa Apple III

Other Apple OS iOS

Macintosh Computers
watchOS

Classis MacOS MacOS

audioOS
Operating Systems TE CSE I 31
 1.9 contd.
Android OS Version History

Android 1.0 to 1.6 (2008-09) Cupcake, Donut

Android 3.0.1 to 3.18 (2011-15) Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb

Android 2.0 to 2.3.7 (2009-10) Ice cream sandwich, Kitkat

Android 4.4 to 4.14.42 (2016-18) Lollipop, Pie

Operating Systems TE CSE I 32
 1.9 contd.
AT&T Unix OS Version History

System III (1981) System IV (1982) System V (1983)

System V release 2.0 to 4.2 (1984 to 1992)

UnixWare 1.1 (1993) UnixWare 2.0 (1995) UnixWare 7.0 (1998)

UnixWare 7.1 (1999) OpenUnix 8 (2001) UnixWare 7.1.3 (2002)

Operating Systems TE CSE I 33