PART-A: Very Short Answer Type (1 Mark Each, ~50 words)

a. Data Binding
Data binding connects a user interface (UI) element to a data source, enabling automatic data transfer

b. HTTP Request Object

c. MVC
MVC stands for Model-View-Controller. It is a design pattern used in ASP.NET for separating application logic (Model),
user interface (View), and input control (Controller).

d. WSDL
WSDL (Web Services Description Language) is an XML-based file that describes how to interact with a web service. It
specifies the available operations, data types, and access methods.

e. AJAX
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) allows web pages to update asynchronously by exchanging data with the
server in the background. In ASP.NET, it improves responsiveness by refreshing parts of a page without reloading the
entire page, enhancing user experience.

PART-B: Explanatory Type Questions (3 Marks Each, ~150 words)

Q.2 What is data binding in ASP.NET? How does it improve the user experience?

Data binding in ASP.NET is the process of linking UI elements like GridView, ListBox, DropDownList, etc., to data
sources such as databases, arrays, or collections. This allows data to be displayed dynamically without manual code
to update each item.

There are two types of data binding:

• Simple Data Binding – for single values, like a label showing a database field.

• Complex Data Binding – for controls like GridView or Repeater that display lists or tables.

User Experience Benefits:

• Saves development time with automatic data rendering.

• Allows dynamic updates without full page refresh.

• Makes data presentation consistent and user-friendly.

Q.3 Compare ADO with ADO.NET. What are the differences between them?

Feature ADO ADO.NET

Connection Connected data model Disconnected data model

Data Access Uses COM-based recordsets Uses datasets and data readers

XML Support Minimal Strong XML support

Scalability Limited Highly scalable

Concurrency Not suitable for web apps Supports multiple users easily
Q.4 How do you create a connection in ADO.NET using SQLDB?

To create a connection in ADO.NET with SQL Server, you use the SqlConnection class from the System.Data.SqlClient
namespace. A connection string is required to define the database source, credentials, and other settings.

Steps:

1. Import the namespace:

using System.Data.SqlClient;

2. Define connection string:

string connectionString = "Data Source=SERVER;Initial Catalog=DBName;Integrated Security=True;";

3. Create and open the connection:

SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(connectionString);

con.Open();

This opens a connection to the database. After operations, always close the connection using con.Close();. This
method ensures efficient use of resources.

Q.5 What is caching in ASP.NET? How does it improve application performance?

Caching in ASP.NET is a technique to store frequently accessed data in memory for faster access. Instead of fetching
data from a database or processing it every time, the data is retrieved from cache, which significantly reduces
response time and server load.

Types of Caching:

• Output Caching: Stores the entire rendered page.

• Data Caching: Stores specific data like DataTables or datasets.

• Fragment Caching: Caches parts of a page (e.g., user controls).

Benefits:

• Faster response times for users.

• Reduced database hits and CPU usage.

• Better scalability and performance during high traffic.

Q.6 What are custom controls in ASP.NET? Provide an example.

Custom controls in ASP.NET are user-defined controls that extend the functionality of existing controls or provide new
features. They can be reused across multiple pages or projects and are compiled into a DLL for deployment.

Types:

• User Controls (.ascx) – Easy to create but only usable within the same application.

• Custom Server Controls – Compiled into DLLs, reusable across apps.

Example: A custom button that logs every click:

public class LogButton : Button

{
 protected override void OnClick(EventArgs e)

File.AppendAllText("clickLog.txt", "Button clicked at: " + DateTime.Now);

base.OnClick(e);

This control can be reused across applications to track user interactions.

Q.7

(a) Program to demonstrate use of GridView control in ASP.NET:

<body>

<form id="form1" runat="server">

<asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" AutoGenerateColumns="true"></asp:GridView>

</form>

</body>

csharp

// GridViewExample.aspx.cs

using System;

using System.Data;

using System.Web.UI;

namespace WebApp

public partial class GridViewExample : Page

protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

if (!IsPostBack)

DataTable dt = new DataTable();

dt.Columns.Add("ID");

dt.Columns.Add("Name");

dt.Columns.Add("Course");
 dt.Rows.Add("1", "John", "ASP.NET");

dt.Rows.Add("2", "Rita", "C#");

dt.Rows.Add("3", "Max", "SQL");

GridView1.DataSource = dt;

GridView1.DataBind();

(b) Program to demonstrate use of Panel control in ASP.NET:

aspx

<body>

<form id="form1" runat="server">

<asp:Panel ID="Panel1" runat="server" BorderColor="Black" BorderWidth="2px" Width="300px"

<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text="Enter Name:"></asp:Label><br />

<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"></asp:TextBox><br />

<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Submit" OnClick="Button1_Click" /><br />

<asp:Label ID="ResultLabel" runat="server" ForeColor="Green"></asp:Label>

</asp:Panel>

</form>

</body>

csharp

// PanelExample.aspx.cs

using System;

namespace WebApp

public partial class PanelExample : System.Web.UI.Page

protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

ResultLabel.Text = "Hello, " + TextBox1.Text + "!"; } } }

(a) Operators in ASP.NET (C#) and Types:

Operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables and values. ASP.NET (C#) supports several types of
operators:

1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %

o Used for basic math operations.

2. Relational (Comparison) Operators: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

o Compare two values.

3. Logical Operators: &&, ||, !

o Used for combining boolean expressions.

4. Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=

o Assign values.

5. Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>

o Work at the bit level.

6. Conditional Operator: ?:

o Ternary operator: condition ? trueValue : falseValue.

7. Null-Coalescing Operator: ??

o Returns the left-hand operand if not null, otherwise right-hand.

(b). Define the concept of Validation Controls in ASP.NET. Discuss types of validation controls used in ASP.NET with
properties.

1. RequiredFieldValidator

• Definition: This control ensures that the user does not leave the specified input field empty. It is the
simplest form of validation and is used to make sure that mandatory fields, such as name, email, or
password, are filled out before the form is submitted.

• Example:

<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ControlToValidate="txtName" ErrorMessage="Name is required" runat="server" />

2. RangeValidator

• Definition: This validator checks whether the entered value lies within a defined range of values. It can
validate numeric inputs, dates, or strings and is especially useful when you want to restrict user input to a
specific interval, like age limits or valid date ranges.

• Example:

<asp:RangeValidator ControlToValidate="txtAge" MinimumValue="18" MaximumValue="60" Type="Integer"

ErrorMessage="Age must be between 18 and 60" runat="server" />

3. RegularExpressionValidator
 • Definition: This control validates user input based on a regular expression pattern, which defines the
expected format of the input. It’s perfect for checking fields that require a specific structure, such as email
addresses, phone numbers, or postal codes.

• Example:

<asp:RegularExpressionValidator ControlToValidate="txtEmail" ValidationExpression="\w+@\w+\.\w+"

4. CompareValidator

• Definition: This validator compares the value of one input control with another or a constant value. It’s
commonly used to check if two fields have matching values, such as in password confirmation fields or to
ensure a date is after another.

• Example:

<asp:CompareValidator ControlToValidate="txtConfirmPassword" ControlToCompare="txtPassword"

5. ValidationSummary

• Definition: The ValidationSummary control is used to display a consolidated list of all validation errors on
the page. It helps to provide a better user experience by summarizing the issues at the top or in a message
box rather than displaying separate error messages for each control.

• Example:

<asp:ValidationSummary HeaderText="Please correct the following errors:" ShowMessageBox="true"

Q.9 (a). What is the use of Global.aspx file? Explain the major events defined in global.asax file

Definition and Purpose of Global.asax File:

The Global.asax file, also known as the ASP.NET application file, is used to handle application-level events raised by
ASP.NET or by HTTP modules. This file allows developers to write code for events that apply to the entire web
application, such as application startup, session start, application errors, etc.

The Global.asax file does not handle page-specific code—instead, it is used to manage global application behavior.

Major Events Defined in Global.asax:

1. Application_Start

o Fires when the application first starts.

o Used to initialize global resources (like database connections or caching).

csharp

void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)

// Code to run on application startup

2. Session_Start

o Fires when a new user session starts.

csharp

void Session_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)

// Code to run when a new session starts

3. Application_BeginRequest

o Occurs at the beginning of each request.

o Can be used for custom URL rewriting or request logging.

csharp

void Application_BeginRequest(object sender, EventArgs e)

// Code to run at the beginning of each request

4. Application_Error

o Triggered when an unhandled exception occurs.

o Useful for global error logging and custom error handling.

csharp

void Application_Error(object sender, EventArgs e)

Exception ex = Server.GetLastError();

// Log the error

5. Session_End

o Fires when a user session ends (only in InProc session mode).

o Can be used to clean up session-specific resources.

csharp

void Session_End(object sender, EventArgs e)

// Code to run when a session ends

6. Application_End

o Occurs when the application is shutting down.

o Used for cleanup tasks like closing DB connections or releasing memory.

mvoid Application_End(object sender, EventArgs e)

// Code to run on application shutdown

(b). What is Configuration File in ASP.NET? Define the types of Configuration File with any two settings

Definition of Configuration File:

In ASP.NET, a configuration file is an XML-based file used to define application-level settings and behaviors. It allows
developers and administrators to control and customize how the web application works without modifying the
source code.

The most commonly used configuration file is Web.config, and at the system level, there is Machine.config. These
files store settings such as database connections, security, session state, custom error pages, etc.

Types of Configuration Files in ASP.NET:

1. Web.config

o This is the application-level configuration file.

o Each ASP.NET web application can have its own Web.config file.

o You can have multiple Web.config files in subdirectories to override settings locally.

o Commonly used for: database connection strings, authentication modes, custom errors, session
state, etc.

2. Machine.config

o This is the system-level configuration file.

o It contains default settings for all ASP.NET applications on a server.

o Found in the .NET Framework installation directory.

o You should not modify it directly unless necessary, as changes affect all applications on the machine.

Two Common Settings in Web.config:

1. Connection Strings:

Used to define how the application connects to a database.

xm

<connectionStrings>

<add name="MyDB" connectionString="Server=.;Database=TestDB;Trusted_Connection=True;"

</connectionStrings>

2. Custom Error Handling:

Used to show custom error pages instead of default error messages.

xml
<system.web>

<customErrors mode="On" defaultRedirect="ErrorPage.aspx">

<error statusCode="404" redirect="NotFound.aspx" />

</customErrors>

</system.web>

Q.10 (a). What is Session? Define the types of session in ASP.NET. Write a code to accept value as a university
name from the user in a textbox and display it on another page using Session.

Definition of Session:

A Session in ASP.NET is a server-side storage mechanism that allows you to store and retrieve user-specific
information for the duration of the user's visit (session) to a web application. Each user who accesses a web
application is given a unique session ID, and their data is stored separately using this ID.

Session variables help preserve user data across multiple web pages during the user's visit.

Types of Session State in ASP.NET:

1. InProc (In-Process):

o Stores session data in the memory of the web server.

o Fastest option but data is lost if the server restarts.

2. StateServer:

o Stores session data in a separate process called ASP.NET State Service.

o Useful for web farms where sessions need to persist across multiple servers.

3. SQLServer:

o Stores session data in a SQL Server database.

o Offers reliability and scalability.

4. Custom Session State:

o Allows storage of session data in a custom-defined store, like Redis or file system.

5. Off:

o Disables session state management.

Code Example: Accepting and Displaying University Name Using Session

Step 1: On Page1.aspx (Input Page)

html

<asp:TextBox ID="txtUniversity" runat="server" />

<asp:Button ID="btnSubmit" runat="server" Text="Submit" OnClick="btnSubmit_Click" />

Page1.aspx.cs (Code-Behind):

csharp

protected void btnSubmit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

Session["UniversityName"] = txtUniversity.Text;

Response.Redirect("Page2.aspx");

Step 2: On Page2.aspx (Display Page)

html

<asp:Label ID="lblUniversity" runat="server" />

Page2.aspx.cs (Code-Behind):

csharp

protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

lblUniversity.Text = "University Name: " + Session["UniversityName"].ToString();

Q.10 (b). What are the differences between SqlCommand and SqlConnection class? Write a code to insert and
update data into a SQL Server database from an ASP.NET web page.

Difference Between SqlCommand and SqlConnection:

Feature SqlCommand SqlConnection

Purpose Executes SQL queries or commands Establishes connection with SQL Server

Namespace System.Data.SqlClient System.Data.SqlClient

Common Methods ExecuteReader(), ExecuteNonQuery(), etc. Open(), Close()

Usage Required to perform insert, update, delete Required to connect to the database

Code to Insert and Update Data in SQL Server from ASP.NET Web Page

Step 1: Add Textboxes and Buttons in InsertUpdate.aspx

html

<asp:TextBox ID="txtID" runat="server" Placeholder="Enter ID" /><br />

<asp:TextBox ID="txtName" runat="server" Placeholder="Enter Name" /><br />

<asp:Button ID="btnInsert" runat="server" Text="Insert" OnClick="btnInsert_Click" /><br />

<asp:Button ID="btnUpdate" runat="server" Text="Update" OnClick="btnUpdate_Click" /><br />

<asp:Label ID="lblMessage" runat="server" />

Step 2: Code-Behind – InsertUpdate.aspx.cs

using System;

using System.Data.SqlClient

public partial class InsertUpdate : System.Web.UI.Page

protected void btnInsert_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

string connStr = "Data Source=.;Initial Catalog=MyDB;Integrated Security=True;";

using (SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connStr))

string query = "INSERT INTO Students (ID, Name) VALUES (@ID, @Name)";

SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(query, conn);

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@ID", txtID.Text);

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Name", txtName.Text);

conn.Open();

int rows = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();

lblMessage.Text = rows > 0 ? "Record Inserted Successfully" : "Insert Failed";

protected void btnUpdate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

string connStr = "Data Source=.;Initial Catalog=MyDB;Integrated Security=True;";

using (SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connStr))

string query = "UPDATE Students SET Name = @Name WHERE ID = @ID";

SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(query, conn);

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@ID", txtID.Text);

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Name", txtName.Text);

conn.Open();

int rows = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();

lblMessage.Text = rows > 0 ? "Record Updated Successfully" : "Update Failed";

Q.11 (a). Define the concept of Web Service and types of Web Service. Draw the generic architecture of a Web
Service.

Definition of Web Service:

A Web Service is a software component that allows different applications to communicate and share data over the
internet using standardized protocols such as HTTP, XML, and SOAP. It enables interoperability between different
platforms and technologies (like Java, .NET, PHP).

Web services follow a client-server model where the service provider publishes the service, and the consumer or
client accesses it using web protocols.

Web services are platform-independent, which means a service written in one language can be used by an
application written in another

Key Characteristics of Web Services:

• XML-based data exchange.

• Platform and language independent.

• Based on standard protocols like HTTP, SOAP, and WSDL.

• Can be hosted on any web server.

Types of Web Services in ASP.NET:

1. SOAP Web Services (ASMX)

o Based on the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP).

o Uses XML to format data.

o Defined using a .asmx file.

o Provides strong typing, error handling, and support for complex data types.

2. RESTful Web Services

o Based on REST (Representational State Transfer) architecture.

o Data is often transferred in JSON or XML format.

o Lightweight and faster than SOAP.

o Can be built using ASP.NET Web API.

3. WCF Services (Windows Communication Foundation)

o A more advanced framework for building service-oriented applications.

o Supports SOAP, REST, and more protocols.

o Offers features like transactions, security, and multiple transport options (HTTP, TCP).

o Used in enterprise-level applications for secure and scalable communication.