• Review of Network Parameters

• Transmission Line Theory

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Review of Network Parameters
• Linear networks can be completely characterized by parameters
measured at the network ports without knowing the content of the
networks.
• Networks can have any number of ports.
• Analysis of a 2-port network is sufficient to explain the theory of
network parameters.

Fig. 1.1 Two port network

• The ports can be characterized with many parameters (Z,Y,ABCD,S). 3
Z-Parameters
• Consider the two-port network shown in Fig. 1.1.
• Since the network is linear, the superposition principle can be
applied
• Assuming that it contains no independent sources, voltage 𝑉1 and
𝑉2 can be expressed in terms of 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 as follows

• Using the matrix representation, we can write

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Cont……
• Generally , for N port network , we can express the network
parameters using the matrix representation

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Admittance Parameters
• Consider again the two-port network shown in Figure 1.1
• Since the network is linear, the superposition principle can be
applied
• Assuming that it contains no independent sources, current 𝐼1 and
𝐼2 can be expressed in terms of two voltages:

• Using the matrix representation, we can write

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• Reciprocal networks usually contain nonreciprocal media such as
ferrites or plasma, or active devices. We can show that the
impedance and admittance matrices are symmetrical, so that

• Lossless networks can be shown that 𝑍𝑖𝑗 or 𝑌𝑖𝑗 are imaginary

• The network is lossless if (1) diagonal elements are purely real, and
(2) off diagonal elements are purely imaginary

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Example
• Find the Z parameters of the two-port T -network as shown below

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Example
• Obtain the admittance parameters of the network shown below

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Cont….
Solution:

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Cont……

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Transmission(ABCD) Matrix
• The transmission matrix describes the network given in Fig 1.1 above
in terms of both voltage and current waves

• The coefficients can be calculated as follows :

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Cont…..
• Since the ABCD matrix represents the ports in terms of currents and
voltages, it is well suited for cascading elements

• The matrices can be mathematically cascaded by multiplication

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Example
• Determine the transmission parameters of the network shown in fig
below

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Cont…..

• Similarly, with a source connected at port 1 while port 2 is open (so

thatI2 is zero), 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 .

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Hybrid Parameters
• Reconsider the two-port network of Figure 1.1
• Since the network is linear, the superposition principle can be applied
• Assuming that it contains no independent sources, voltage 𝑉1 at port1
can be expressed in terms of current 𝐼1 at port 1 and voltage 𝑉2 at
port 2.
• Similarly, we can write 𝐼2 in terms of 𝐼1 and 𝑉2

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Cont…….

• ℎ11 = input impedance

• ℎ21 = forward current gain
• ℎ12 = reverse voltage gain
• ℎ22 = reverse output admittance circuit
• In transistor circuit analysis, these are generally denoted by ℎ𝑖 , ℎ𝑓 , ℎ𝑟
,and ℎ0 , respectively

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Scattering Matrices
• At "low" frequencies, we can completely characterize a linear device
or network using an impedance matrix, which relates the currents
and voltages at each device terminal to the currents and voltages at
all other terminals.
• But, at microwave frequencies, it is difficult to measure total currents
and voltages due to the following reasons.

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Cont…….
• Instead, we can measure the magnitude and phase of each of the two
transmission line waves 𝑣𝑧+ and 𝑣𝑧−
• In other words, we can determine the relationship between the
incident and reflected wave at each device terminal to the incident
and reflected waves at all other terminals
• These relationships are completely represented by the scattering
matrix.
• It completely describes the behavior of a linear, multi-port device at a
given frequency ω , and a given line impedance Z0.

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Cont……..
• S-parameters are measured by sending a single frequency signal into
the network or "black box" and detecting what waves exit from each
port.

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Cont…….

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Cont…….
• Consider a circuit or device inserted into a T-Line as shown in the Figure.
We can refer to this circuit or device as a two-port network.

• The behavior of the network can be completely characterized by its

scattering
• Scattering matrices are frequently used to characterize multiport networks,
especially at high frequencies.
• They are used to represent microwave devices, such as amplifiers and
circulators, and are easily related to concepts of gain, loss and reflection.

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Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters)
• The scattering parameters represent ratios of voltage waves entering and
leaving the ports (If the same characteristic impedance, Zo, at all ports in
the network are the same).

• In matrix form this is written

• 𝑆?? is found by driving port ? with incident wave of voltage 𝑣𝑖+ and
measuring the reflected wave amplitude 𝑣𝑖− coming out of port ?.
• All other ports should be terminated with matched loads to avoid
reflections.
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Cont……..

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What do S-parameters depend on?
• S-parameters depend upon the network and the characteristic
impedances of the source and load used to measure it, and the
frequency measured at. i.e.
• if the network is changed, the S-parameters change.
• if the frequency is changed, the S-parameters change.
• if the load impedance is changed, the S-parameters change.
• if the source impedance is changed, the S-parameters change

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Properties of S parameters
1) Reciprocity
• The two-port network is reciprocal if the transmission characteristics
are the same in both directions (i.e. S21= S12 ).
• It is a property of passive circuits (circuits with no active devices or
ferrites) that they form reciprocal networks.
• A network is reciprocal if it is equal to its transpose. Stated
mathematically, for a reciprocal network.
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑇

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Cont……
2) Lossless Networks

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Cont…..

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Cont……
3) Matched
• A matched device is another way of saying that the input impedance
at each port is equal to Z0 when all other ports are terminated in
matched loads.
 As a result, the reflection coefficient of each port is zero which means no
signal will be come out of a port if a signal is incident on that port
 𝑆𝑖𝑖 = 0 for all I if matched
• A matched device will exhibit a scattering matrix where all diagonal
elements are zero

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Example
Given the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is 50 Ω,
find the scattering matrix [𝑆].

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Solution

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Cont…….
• To determine 𝑍i𝑛, we write our circuit as

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Cont…..

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Cont…….

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Cont…….

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Cont……

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Cont….

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Cont….

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Example
A certain two-port network is measured and the following scattering
matrix is obtained:

From the data , determine whether the network is reciprocal or

lossless. If a short circuit is placed on port 2, what will be the resulting
return loss at port 1?
Solution
Since [S] is symmetry, the network is reciprocal. To be lossless, the S
parameters must satisfy

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Cont……

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Transmission Line Theory
• Transmission line is a distributed-parameter network, where voltages
and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over the length of the
line.
Lumped Element Model for a Transmission Line
• Transmission lines usually consist of2 parallel conductors
• A short segment Δz of transmission line can be modeled as a lumped-
element circuit.

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Cont……

Figure 1.4. Voltage and current definitions and equivalent circuit for an
incremental length of transmission line.
(a) Voltage and current definitions. (b) Lumped-element equivalent circuit .

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Transmission line parameters
• R=Series resistance per unit length for both conductors
• L= Series inductance per unit length for both conductors
• G= Shunt conductance per unit length
• C= Shunt capacitance per unit length
• Applying KVL and KCL,

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Cont…….
• Dividing (1.1) by Δz and limit Δz→0,

• This equation for time-domain form of the transmission line, or

telegrapher, equation
• For the sinusoidal steady-state condition with cosine-based phasors

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Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line

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Cont…….
Traveling wave solution
V Z = V0+ e−γz + Vo− e+γz ,V Z = Io+ e−γz + Io− e+γz (1.6)

Applying (1.3a) to the voltage of (1.6),

𝛾
I Z = I0+ e−γz − Io− e+γz
𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿

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Cont…….

• Converting the phasor voltage of (1.6) to the time domain:

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Cont…….

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Lossless Transmission Lines
• 𝑅 = 𝐺 = 0 gives
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = 𝑗𝜔 𝐿𝐶
Or
𝛽 = 𝜔 𝐿𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 0 1.12
𝐿
𝑍𝑜 = (1.13)
𝐶
• The general solutions for voltage and current on a lossless
transmission line:
V Z = V0+ e−jβz + Vo− e+jβz ,

𝐼 Z = Io+ e−jβz − Io− e+jβz (1.14)

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Cont…….
• The wavelength on the line:
2𝜋 2𝜋
λ= = (1.15)
𝛽 𝜔 𝐿𝐶
• The phase velocity on the line:
𝜔 1
𝑣𝑝 = = (1.16)
𝛽 𝐿𝐶

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The Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines

Fig 1.5 Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines

V Z = V0+ e−jβz + Vo− e+jβz ,

(1.17)
V0+ −jβz V0− +jβz
𝐼 Z = e − e
𝑍𝑜 𝑍𝑜

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Cont…….
• The total voltage and current at the load are related by the load
impedance, so at z= 0

• The voltage reflection coefficient:

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Cont…….
• It is seen that the voltage and current on the line consist of a
superposition of an incident and reflected wave. → Standing waves
• When Γ= 0 → matched.
• For the time-average power flow along the line at the point z:

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Cont…….
• When the load is mismatched, not all of the available power from the
generator is delivered to the load.
• This loss is return loss (RL):
𝑅𝐿 = −20 𝑙𝑜𝑔|Γ| 𝑑𝐵
• If the load is matched to the line, Γ= 0 and |𝑉(𝑧)| =
|𝑉𝑜+ | (constant)→flat when the load is mismatched,

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Cont…….
• A measure of the mismatch of a line, called the voltage standing wave
ratio(VSWR)
1 + Γ0
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = (1 < 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 < ∞) 1.21
1 − Γ0
• From (1.20), the distance between 2 successive voltage maxima (or
minima) is 𝑙 = 2𝜋/2𝛽 = 𝜆/2 (2𝛽𝑙 = 2𝜋), while the distance
between a maximum and a minimum is 𝑙 = 𝜋/2𝛽 = 𝜆/4.
• At a distance 𝑙 = −𝑧,
𝑉(−𝑙) 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = = 𝑍𝑜 (1.22)
𝐼(−𝑙) 𝑍𝑜 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝑙

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Cont…….
• Transmission line impedance equation
• Short-circuited line
𝑉 𝑧 = −2𝑗𝑉𝑜+ sin 𝛽𝑧
𝑉𝑜+
𝐼 𝑧 = 2 cos 𝛽𝑧
𝑍𝑜
𝑍𝐿 = 0 → Γ = −1

Zin = jZo tanβl (1.23)

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Cont…….
• Open-circuited line
𝑉 𝑧 = 2𝑉𝑜+ cos 𝛽𝑧
𝑉𝑜+
𝐼 𝑧 = −2𝑗 si𝑛 𝛽𝑧
𝑍𝑜
𝑍𝐿 = ∞ → Γ = 1

Zin = jZo cot βl (1.24)

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Cont…….

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Cont…….

Figure 1.8 Transmission line circuit for mismatched load and generator

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Cont…….

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