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MACHHINDRA KALAN
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Beginning C Sharp Object-Oriented Programming in Hindi

Copyright © 2017 by Machhindra Kalan

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the
publisher.

Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every
occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the
benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.

Lead Editor: Machhindra Kalan

Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Web Study Lab Pvt Ltd, Location - Mumbai, Palava
city Pin 421204

E-mail: [email protected], or

Visit: www.cprogrammingbookinhindi.com

For information on translations, please contact Web Study Lab Pvt Ltd, Location -
Mumbai, Palava city Pin 421204

Phone +91 86555-67778

The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every
precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, the author shall not have any
liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to
be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this book.

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 This book
is dedicated
to those

who really wants

to be a

Beginning C Sharp
Object-Oriented
Programming in
Hindi

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 INDEX
OF
CONTENTS

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 Table of Contents

Introduction
Chapter 1: Overview of Object-Oriented Programming...........................17
The History of OOP
Why Use OOP?
The Characteristics of OOP
Objects
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Polymorphism
Inheritance
Aggregation
The History of C#
Summary
Chapter 2: Designing OOP Solutions: Identifying the Class Structure….31
Goals of Software Design
Understanding the Unified Modeling Language
Developing a SRS
Introducing Use Cases
Understanding Class Diagrams
Modeling Object Relationships
Association
Inheritance
Aggregation
Association Classes
Summary
Chapter 3: Designing OOP Solutions: Modeling the Object Interaction...49
Understanding Scenarios
Introducing Sequence Diagrams
Message Types
Recursive Messages

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 Message Iteration
Message Constraints
Message Branching
Understanding Activity Diagrams
Decision Points and Guard Conditions
Parallel Processing.
Activity Ownership
Exploring GUI Design
GUI Activity Diagrams
Interface Prototyping
Interface Flow Diagrams
Application Prototyping
Summary
Chapter 4: Designing OOP Solutions: A Case Study……………………..69
Developing an OOP Solution
Creating the System Requirement Specification
Developing the Use Cases
Diagramming the Use Cases
Developing the Class Model
Identifying the Classes
Adding Attributes to the Classes
Identifying Class Associations
Modeling the Class Behaviors
Developing the User Interface Model Design
Avoiding Some Common OOP Design Pitfalls
Summary
Chapter 5: Introducing the .NET Framework and Visual Studio…………97
Introducing the .NET Framework
Goals of the .NET Framework
Support of Industry Standards
Extensibility
Unified Programming Models
Easier Deployment

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 Improved Memory Management
Improved Security Model
Components of the .NET Framework
Common Language Runtime
Framework Base Class Library
Data Classes 80
Windows Applications
Web Applications
Application Services
Working with the .NET Framework
Understanding Assemblies and Manifests
Referencing Assemblies and Namespaces
Compiling and Executing Managed Code
Using the Visual Studio Integrated Development Environment
Customizing the IDE
Creating a New Project
Investigating the Solution Explorer and Class View
Exploring the Toolbox and Properties Window
Building and Executing the Assembly
Stepping Through Code
Setting Conditional Breakpoints
Locating and Fixing Build Errors.
Summary
Chapter 6: Creating Classes………………………………………………..115
Introducing Objects and Classes
Defining Classes
Creating Class Properties
Creating Class Methods
Defining the Employee Class
Testing the Employee Class
Using Constructors
Overloading Methods
Creating and Overloading Class Constructors

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 Testing the Employee Class Constructors
Overloading a Class Method
Testing the Overloaded Update Method
Summary
Chapter 7: Creating Class Hierarchies……………………………………128
Understanding Inheritance
Creating Base and Derived Classes
Creating a Sealed Class
Creating an Abstract Class
Using Access Modifiers in Base Classes
Overriding the Methods of a Base Class
Calling a Derived Class Method from a Base Class
Calling a Base Class Method from a Derived Class
Overloading Methods of a Base Class
Hiding Base Class Methods
Implementing Interfaces
Understanding Polymorphism
Summary
Chapter 8: Implementing Object Collaboration……………………………146
Communicating Through Messaging
Defining Method Signatures
Passing Parameters
Understanding Event-Driven Programming
Understanding Delegation
Implementing Events
Responding To Events
Windows Control Event Handling
Handling Exceptions in the .NET Framework
Using the Try-Catch Block
Adding a Finally Block
Throwing Exceptions
Nesting Exception Handling
Static Properties and Methods

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 Using Asynchronous Messaging
Summary

Chapter 9: Working with Collections……………………………………….170

Introducing the .NET Framework Collection Types
Working with Arrays and Array Lists
Using Generic Collections
Programming with Stacks and Queues
Summary
Chapter 10: Implementing the Data Access Layer………………………186
Introducing ADO.NET
Working with Data Providers
Establishing a Connection
Executing a Command
Using Stored Procedures
Using the DataReader Object to Retrieve Data
Using the DataAdapter to Retrieve Data
Working with DataTables and DataSets
Populating a DataTable from a SQL Server Database
Populating a DataSet from a SQL Server Database
Establishing Relationships between Tables in a DataSet
Editing Data in the DataSet
Working with the Entity Framework
Querying Entities with LINQ to EF
Updating Entities with the Entity Framework
Summary
Chapter 11: Developing Windows Applications…………………………219
Windows Fundamentals
Introducing XAML
Using Layout Controls
Adding Display Controls
Using the Visual Studio Designer
Handling Control Events

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 Creating and Using Dialog Boxes
Presenting a MessageBox to the User
Creating a Custom Dialog Box
Data Binding in Windows-Based GUIs
Binding Controls Using a DataContext
Creating and Using Control and Data Templates
Summary
Chapter 12: Developing Web Applications……………………………….244
What Is Silverlight?
Creating a Silverlight Application
Using Layout Controls
Adding Display Controls
Handling Control Events
Data Binding in Silverlight
Validating and Converting Data
Summary
Chapter 13: Developing and Consuming WCF Services……………….260
What Are Services?
Creating a WCF Web Service
Consuming a WCF Web Service.
Using Data Contracts
WCF Data Services
Summary
Chapter 14: Developing the OSO Application……………………………275
Revisiting Application Design
Building the OSO Application’s Data Access and Business Logic
Layers
Creating the OSO Application UI
Summary
Chapter 15: Wrapping Up…………………………………………………..315
Improve Your Object-Oriented Design Skills
Investigate the .NET Framework Namespaces
Become Familiar with ADO.NET and the Entity Framework

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 Learn More About WPF and Silverlight
Move Toward Component-Based Development
Find Help
Join a User Group
Please Provide Feedback
Thank You and Good Luck
Appendix A: Fundamental Programming Concepts
Working with Variables and Data Types
Understanding Elementary Data Types
Integral Data Types
Non-Integral Data Types
Character Data Types
Boolean Data Type
Date Data Type
Object Data Type
Nullable Types
Introducing Composite Data Types
Structures
Arrays
Classes
Looking at Literals, Constants, and Enumerations
Literals
Constants
Enumerations
Exploring Variable Scope
Block-Level Scope
Procedure Scope
Module Scope
Understanding Data Type Conversion
Implicit Conversion.
Explicit Conversion
Widening and Narrowing Conversions
Working with Operators

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 Arithmetic Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Ternary Operator
Introducing Decision Structures
If Statements
Switch Statements
Using Loop Structures
While Statement
Do-While Statement
For Statement
For Each Statement
Introducing Methods
Appendix B: Exception Handling in C#
Managing Exceptions
Using the .NET Framework Exception Classes
Appendix C: Installing the Required Software
Installing the Sample Databases
Verifying the Database Installs
Congratulations!!!

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Introduction

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dà y¨x¨a d¨ D;k fpark vkSj fujk'kk g¨rh gS] object-oriented ç¨xzkfeax
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vko';d tkudkjh çnku djrk gSA nwljh vkSj vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ckr]
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fo'ks"kK cukus ds fy, fMt+kbu ugha dh xà gSA
u gh ;g ,d xgu v/;;u n`'; LVwfM;¨ gSA buesa ls fdlh ,d {ks=

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esa çoh.k cuus esa dkQh le; vkSj esgur yxrh gSA ;g esjh vk'kk gS
fd bl iqLrd d¨ i<+us ls] object-oriented ç¨xzkfeax esa vkidk igyk
vuqHko g¨xk lq[kn vkSj c¨/kxE; - vkSj ;s vuqHko vkxs ds v/;;u dh
bPNk iSnk djsxa sA

Target Audience

bl iqLrd ds fy, yf{kr J¨rk 'kq#vkr C# ç¨xzkej gS t¨ ,d uhao

gkfly djuk pkgrk gSA C# Hkk"kk dh ewy ckrsa ds lkFk
vkWCtsDV&vksfj,aVsM ç¨xzkfeaxA ,d ls laØe.k ç¨xzkej
çfØ;k&procedural ç¨xzkfeax e‚My ls vkWCtsDV&vksfj,aVsM e‚My Hkh
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fHkUu g¨ ldrk gS] eSaus ,d çkbej d¨ 'kkfey fd;k gS ifjf'k"V A ftlesa
dqN cqfu;knh ç¨xzkfeax vo/kkj.kkvksa ij ppkZ dh xà gS vkSj mUgsa C#
esa dSls ykxw fd;k x;k gSA eSa ;fn vki ç¨xzkfeax ds fy, u, gSa] r¨
vki bu vo/kkj.kkvksa dh leh{kk djus dk lq>ko nsaxsA

Organization of the Book

bl iqLrd d¨ rhu Hkkx¨a esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gS:

PART 1

vkWCtsDV&vksfj,aVsM ç¨xzkfeax dk;Zç.kkyh vkSj fMtkbu&vo/kkj.kk esa

ikj dj tkrk gS t¨ ikj dj tkrk gS ,d fo'ks"k ç¨xzkfeax Hkk"kkA çLrqr
vo/kkj.kkvksa d¨ fØ;kUfor Hkk"kk dh ijokg fd, fcuk ,d vkiRfrtud
ç¨xzkfeax lek/kku dh lQyrk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA bl Hkkx ds lekiu
ij] ,d dsl LVMh vkid¨ okLrfod nqfu;k esa e‚Mfyax ds dne¨a ds
ek/;e ls pyrk gSA

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PART 2

;g ns[krk gS fd C# esa vkWCtsDV vksfj,aVsM ç¨xzkfeax dSls ykxw dh tkrh

gSA vki cukrs gq, ns[ksaxs Js.kh lajpuk,a] inkuqØe cukuk vkSj baVjQ+sl
ykxw djukA ;g Hkkx oLrq dk Hkh ckrphr vkSj lg;¨x ifjp; nsrk
gSA vki ns[ksaxs fd vkWCtsDV&vksfj,aVsM ç¨xzkfeax fo"k;¨a esa dSls ppkZ
dh xà gSA Hkkx 1 C# d¨fMax fuekZ.k esa cny tkrk gSA

PART 3

Hkkx 3 doj cukuk .NET applicationA vki lh[ksaxs fd MsVk ,Dlsl

ys;j d¨ dSls fodflr fd;k tk, d{kk,a t¨ ADO.NET cukrh gSaA
useLisl dk usV lsVA vki ,d foaM¨t&vk/kkfjr ;wtj baVjQsl cuk,axs
osc&vk/kkfjr mi;¨xdrkZ baVjQ+sl] vkSj lsok&vk/kkfjr ç¨xzkesfVd
baVjQ+slA Hkkx 3 ds var esa] vki djsaxs Hkkx 1 esa fodflr dsl LVMh
d¨ fQj ls ns[ksa vkSj fMt+kbu d¨ iwjh rjg dk;kZRed C# ,fIyds'ku
esa cnysaA blesa ,d xzkfQdy ;wtj baVjQsl cukuk] fctusl y‚ftd
d¨ ykxw djuk vkSj , ds lkFk baVhxzsV djuk 'kkfey gS MsVk laxzghr
djus ds fy, relational database MsVkcslA

Activities and Software Requirements

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pykuk ugha lh[k ldrs vkSj vki d¨M d¨ ØSd a fd, fcuk ç¨xzke djuk
ugha lh[k ldrsA d¨Ã Hkh lQy çf'k{k.k program ,d fl)kar ?kVd
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eSaus bl iwjh iqLrd esa n¨u¨a ?kVd¨a d¨ 'kkfey fd;k gSA ;g esjh vk'kk
gS fd vki bls xaHkhjrk ls ysaxs ftu xfrfof/k;¨a d¨ eSaus çR;sd v/;k;
esa t¨M+k gS vkSj muds ek/;e ls iwjh rjg ls dke djrk gwa & ;gka rd
fd ckj&ckjA dqN Nk=¨a dh /kkj.kk ds foijhr fd ;s xfrfof/k;k¡
"Vkbfiax esa vH;kl" gSaA

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fl)kar d¨ B¨l cukus dk e©dk vkSj tgk¡ vo/kkj.kkvksa dk lgh
vuqdj.k g¨rk gSA eSa Hkh xfrfof/k ds ek/;e ls dke djus ds fy,
ç¨Rlkfgr djsaA d¨M esa ls dqN d¨ cnyus ls Mj¨ er ns[krs gSa D;k
g¨rk gSA lh[kus ds dqN csgrjhu vuqHko rc g¨rs gSa tc Nk= ykbu¨a
ds ckgj jax tekrs gSaA
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cukus nsrk gS mUur lqfo/kk,¡ mPp var CASE midj.k¨a ls tqM+h gSaA
UMLet ,d Ýh vksiu l¨lZ Vwy gS vkSj g¨ ldrk gS www-umlet-com

ls Mkmuy¨M fd;k x;kA xfrfof/k;¨a d¨ iwjk djus ds fy, vki Visio

tSls fdlh vU; Vwy dk Hkh mi;¨x dj ldrs gSaA gkyk¡fd] vkid¨
bu xfrfof/k;¨a d¨ iwjk djus ds fy, ,d midj.k dh Hkh vko';drk
ugha gS( dkxt vkSj isafly Bhd dke djsxkA
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,Dlçsl dh vko';drk gSA eSa vkid¨ ç¨Rlkfgr djrk gwa xfrfof/k;¨a
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mi;¨x djsaA Hkkx 3 esa xfrfof/k;k¡ Pubs vkSj u‚FkZfoaM MsVkcsl LFkkfir
ds lkFk Microsoft SQL Server 2008 dh vko';drk gSA ifjf'k"V lh
uewuk MsVkcsl d¨ Mkmuy¨M djus vkSj LFkkfir djus ds funZs'k 'kkfey
gSaA vki eq¶r ,Dlçsl ik ldrs gSa n¨u¨a fot+qvy LVwfM;¨ 2010 vkSj
SQL erver 2008 ds laLdj.k www-msdn-microsoft-com ijA

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Chapter 1

Overview of
Object
Oriented
Programming

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vkWCtsDV&vksfj,aVsM ç¨xzkfeax vkSj C# ds vius v/;;u ds fy, pj.k
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ç¨xzkfeax vkSj vkWCtsDV&vksfj,aVsM ç¨xzkfeax dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk bfrgkl
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vkS|¨fxd&'kDfr forfjr l‚¶Vos;j flLVe ds fodkl esa bruh
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,Ifyds'ku ç¨xzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa esa ls ,d esa fodflr gS A

bl v/;k; d¨ i<+us ds ckn] vki fuEufyf[kr ls ifjfpr g¨axs:

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• ,d Hkk"kk d¨ object-oriented cukus okyh fo'ks"krk,¡A
• C# dk bfrgkl vkSj fodklA

The History of OOP

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dj ldrs gSaA
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ds fy,] vki dkj vkWCtsDV ds lkFk baVjSDV djrs gSaA ,d xkMh vkWCtsDV
esa vU; vkWCtsDV~l g¨rs gSa t¨ vkid¨ çkIr djus ds dk;Z d¨ iwjk djus

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ds fy, ,d nwljs ds lkFk ckrphr djrs gSaA vki dqath d¨ bfXu'ku
vkWCtsDV esa Mkysa vkSj bls pkyw djsAa ;g cnys esa ,d lans'k Hkstrk
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d¨ 'kq: djus ds fy, batu vkWCtsDV ds lkFk baVjSDV djrk gSA Mªkboj
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ds vuqØe d¨ vkjaHk djsaA vki fQj lQyrk ;k foQyrk dh çfrfØ;k
¼lans'k½ dh çrh{kk djsaA blh rjg] l‚¶Vos;j ç¨xzke ds mi;¨xdrkZ
fdlh dk;Z d¨ iwjk djus ds fy, vko';d rdZ ls vyx&Fkyx ds
fy;s gSaA mnkgj.k] tc vki vius oMZ ç¨lslj esa ,d ist fçaV djrs
gSa] r¨ vki ,d fçaV cVu ij Dfyd djds dkjZokà 'kq: djrs gSAa vki
vkarfjd çlaLdj.k ls vyx g¨ tkrs gSa t¨ g¨us dh vko';drk g¨rh
gS( vki cl ,d çfrfØ;k dh çrh{kk djsa vkid¨ crk jgk gS fd D;k
;g eqfær gSA vkarfjd :i ls] cVu vkWCtsDV ,d fçaVj vkWCtsDV ds
lkFk baVjSDV djrk gS] ftlds lkFk baVjSDV djrk gS i`"B d¨ fçaV djus
ds dk;Z d¨ iwjk djus ds fy, fçaVjA
vksvksih vo/kkj.kkvksa us 1960 ds n'kd ds e/; esa flewyk vkSj ,d
ç¨xzkfeax Hkk"kk ds lkFk ljQsflax 'kq: dh vkxs 70 ds n'kd esa
LekyVkd ds vkxeu ds lkFk fodflr gqvkA gkykafd l‚¶Vos;j
MsoyilZ us ugha fd;k vksvksih Hkk"kkvksa] vkWCtsDV&vksfj,aVsM dk;Zç.kkyh
esa bu 'kq#vkrh çxfr d¨ Hkkjh :i ls Lohdkj djrs gSa fodflr djuk
tkjh j[kkA 80 ds n'kd ds e/; esa object-oriented i)fr esa #fp dk
iqu#RFkku gqvkA
fo'ks"k :i ls] C vkSj Eifle ç¨xzkej tSlh OOP Hkk"kk,¡ eq[;/kkjk ds
daI;wVj ls y¨dfç; gqÃaA vksvksih 90 ds n'kd esa y¨dfç;rk esa o`f)
djrk jgk] fo'ks"k :i ls tkok vkSj ds vkxeu ds lkFk fo'kky blds
ckn vkdf"kZr gqvkA vkSj 2002 esa] ds fjyht ds lkFk la;¨tu ds :i

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esaA Microsoft us ,d uà OOP Hkk"kk] C# ¼lh&'kkiZ mPpkj.k dh½ vkSj
fot+qvy csfld d¨ fQj ls 'kq: fd;k ;g okLro esa ,d vksvksih Hkk"kk
gSA

Why Use OOP?

OOP vkt O;kolkf;d leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, brus O;kid :i

ls bLrseky fd, tkus okys çfreku esa D;¨a fodflr gqvk gS\ n©jku
70 vkSj 80 ds n'kd esa] lh] ikLdy vkSj Q¨jVªku tSlh

procedural-oriented ç¨xzkfeax Hkk"kk,a O;kid :i ls Fkha O;kikj&mUeq[k

l‚¶Vos;j flLVe fodflr djus ds fy, mi;¨x fd;k tkrk gSA

çfØ;kRed Hkk"kk,a program d¨ ,d esa O;ofLFkr djrh gSa jSf[kd QS'ku
& os Åij ls uhps rd pyrs gSaA nwljs 'kCn¨a esa] program ,d pyus
okys pj.k¨a dh ,d J`a[kyk gS nwljs ds cknA bl rjg dh ç¨xzkfeax us
N¨Vs programs ds fy, Bhd dke fd;k] ftlesa dqN l© d¨M ykbUl
'kkfey Fks] ysfdu tSls&tSls program cM+s g¨rs x,] mUgsa çcaf/kr djuk
vkSj Mhcx djuk dfBu g¨rk x;kA programs ds yxkrkj c<+rs vkdkj
d¨ çcaf/kr djus ds ç;kl esa] lajfpr ç¨xzkfeax Fkh dk;Z¨a ;k çfØ;kvksa
uked çca/kuh; [kaM¨a esa d¨M d¨ r¨M+us ds fy, 'kq: fd;k x;kA ;g
Fkk ,d lq/kkj] ysfdu tSlk fd programs us vf/kd tfVy O;kolkf;d
dk;Z{kerk dk çn'kZu fd;k vkSj muds lkFk ckrphr dh vU; ç.kkfy;k¡]
lajpukRed ç¨xzkfeax i)fr dh fuEu [kkfe;k¡ lrg ij vkus yxha:

• Program cuk, j[kuk dfBu g¨ x;kA

• e©twnk dk;Z{kerk esa lHkh d¨ çfrdwy :i ls çHkkfor fd, fcuk
flLVe dh dk;Z{kerk ifjorZu djuk dfBu FkkA
• u, programs d¨ vfuok;Z :i ls [kj¨ap ls cuk;k x;k FkkA
urhtru] fiNys ç;kl¨a ds fuos'k ij okilh cgqr de FkkA

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 • ç¨xzkfeax Vhe ds fodkl ds fy, vuqdy
w ugha FkkA ç¨xzkej d¨
djuk iM+k ,d program dSls dke djrk gS vkSj muds ç;kl¨a
d¨ vyx ugha dj ldrk gS ds gj igyw d¨ tkusa ,d ç.kkyh
dk ,d igywA
• ;olk; e‚My d¨ ç¨xzkfeax e‚My esa vuqokn djuk dfBu FkkA
• blus vyxko esa vPNk dke fd;k ysfdu vU; ç.kkfy;¨a ds lkFk
vPNh rjg ls ,dhÑr ugha fd;kA bu dfe;¨a ds vykok]
daI;wfVax flLVe ds dqN fodkl ds dkj.k vkxs ruko iSnk g¨
x;k lajpukRed program n`f"Vd¨.k] tSls fd:
• u‚uç¨xzkelZ us ekax dh vkSj programs ds ek/;e ls lh/ks igqap
nh xà xzkfQdy ;wtj baVjQsl vkSj muds MsLdV‚i daI;wVj dk
lekos'kA
• mi;¨xdrkZvksa us ckrphr djus ds fy, vf/kd lgt] de
lajfpr n`f"Vd¨.k program dh ekax dhA
• daI;wVj flLVe ,d forfjr e‚My esa fodflr gqvk] tgka O;kikj
rdZ] mi;¨xdrkZ baVjQ+sl] vkSj cSd,aM MsVkcsl d¨ cqjh rjg ls
;qfXer fd;k x;k vkSj baVjusV vkSj baVªkusV ij ,Dlsl fd;k
x;kA
ifj.kkeLo:i] dà O;kolkf;d l‚¶+Vos;j Msoyij
vkWCtsDV&vksfj,aVsM dk;Zç.kkyh esa cny x, vkSj ç¨xzkfeax Hkk"kk bu
leL;kvksa d¨ gy djus ds fy,A ykHk¨a esa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey Fks:
• O;kikj fo'ys"k.k e‚My ls l‚¶Vos;j rd ,d vf/kd lgt
laØe.k
dk;kZUo;u e‚MyA
• programs esa ifjorZu¨a d¨ vf/kd dq'kyrk ls cuk, j[kus vkSj

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 ykxw djus dh {kerk vkSj rsth lsA
• Vhe çfØ;k dk mi;¨x djds l‚¶+Vos;j flLVe d¨ vf/kd
çHkkoh <ax ls cukus dh {kerk] fo'ks"kK¨a d¨ flLVe ds dqN
fgLl¨a ij dke djus dh vuqefr nsukA
• vU; programs vkSj [kjhn esa d¨M ?kVd¨a dk iqu: mi;¨x djus
dh {kerk dh dk;Z{kerk c<+kus ds fy, r`rh;&i{k MsoyilZ }kjk
fy[ks x, ?kVd Fk¨M+s ç;kl ls muds programA
• f'kfFky ;qfXer daI;wfVax flLVe ds lkFk csgrj ,dhdj.kA
• vk/kqfud vkWijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk csgrj ,dhdj.kA
• mi;¨xdrkZvksa ds fy, vf/kd lgt fp=e; mi;¨xdrkZ
baVjQ+sl cukus dh {kerkA

The Characteristics of OOP

bl [kaM esa vki lHkh vksvksih Hkk"kkvksa ds fy, dqN ewyHkwr vo/kkj.kkvksa
vkSj 'krZ¨a d¨ ns[kus tk jgs gSaA fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k ç¨xzkfeax Hkk"kk esa bu
vo/kkj.kkvksa d¨ dSls ykxw fd;k tk,] blds ckjs esa fpark u djsa( og
ckn esa vk,xkA
esjk y{; vkid¨ dsoy vo/kkj.kkvksa ls ifjfpr djuk gS vkSj mUgsa vius
j¨tejZk ds vuqHko¨a ls bl rjg ls t¨M+uk gS fd os ckn esa vkSj vf/kd
le> esa vkrs gSa tc vki vksvksih fMtkbu vkSj dk;kZUo;u d¨ ns[krs
gSaA

Objects

tSlk fd eSaus igys mYys[k fd;k gS] ge ,d object-oriented nqfu;k

esa jgrs gSaA vki ,d oLrq gSaA vki vU; oLrqvksa ds lkFk ckrphr djrs
gSaA okLro esa] vki MsVk ds lkFk ,d oLrq gSa tSls fd Å¡pkà vkSj cky¨a

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dk jaxA vkids ikl ,sls rjhds Hkh gSa t¨ vki ij çn'kZu djrs gSa ;k
vki ij fd, tkrs gSa] tSls fd [kkuk vkSj pyukA

r¨ oLrq,a D;k gS\a OOP 'kCn¨a esa] ,d vkWCtsDV MsVk d¨ 'kkfey djus
vkSj ml MsVk ds lkFk dke djus dh çfØ;kvksa ds fy, ,d lajpuk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn vki bUosaVªh esa mRikn¨a ls tqM+s MsVk d¨ VªSd
djus esa #fp j[krs gSa] r¨ vki ,d mRikn oLrq cuk,axs t¨ mRikn¨a
ls lacaf/kr MsVk d¨ cuk, j[kus vkSj dke djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
;fn vki vius vkosnu esa eqæ.k {kerk pkgrs gSa] r¨ vki ,d fçaVj
vkWCtsDV ds lkFk dke djsxa s t¨ vkids fçaVj ds lkFk ckrphr djus
ds fy, mi;¨x fd, tkus okys MsVk vkSj method;¨a ds fy, ftEesnkj
gSA

Abstraction

tc vki nqfu;k esa oLrqvksa ds lkFk ckrphr djrs gSa] r¨ vki vDlj
muds xq.k¨a ds lclsV ls fpafrr g¨rs gSaA oLrqvksa ds ckgjh xq.k¨a d¨
abstract ;k fQ+YVj djus dh bl {kerk ds fcuk] vkid¨ lwpuk ceckjh

dh vf/kdrk d¨ lalkf/kr djus vkSj gkFk esa dke ij /;ku dsafær djus
esa eqf'dy g¨xhA abstraction ds ifj.kkeLo:i] tc n¨ vyx&vyx
y¨x ,d gh oLrq ds lkFk ckrphr djrs gSa] r¨ os vDlj fo'ks"krkvksa
ds ,d vyx lclsV ds lkFk O;ogkj djrs gSaA
tc eSa viuh dkj pykrk gwa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] eq>s dkj dh xfr vkSj
ml fn'kk dh fn'kk d¨ tkuuk g¨xkA D;¨afd dkj ,d Lopkfyr gS]
blfy, eq>s batu ds vkjih,e d¨ tkuus dh vko';drk ugha gS]
blfy, eSa bl tkudkjh d¨ fQ+YVj djrk gwaA nwljh vksj] ;g tkudkjh
,d jsldkj pkyd ds fy, egRoiw.kZ g¨xh] t¨ bls fQ+YVj ugha djsxkA
vksvksih applicatins esa oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k djrs le;] abstraction dh

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bl vo/kkj.kk d¨ 'kkfey djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA ;fn vki ,d f'kfiax
,Ifyds'ku dk fuekZ.k dj jgs Fks] r¨ vki vkdkj vkSj otu tSlh
fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk ,d mRikn vkWCtsDV dk fuekZ.k djsaxsA
vkbVe dk jax ckgjh tkudkjh vkSj fQ+YVj fd;k gqvk g¨xkA nwljh
vksj] vkWMZj&,aVªh ,Ifyds'ku dk fuekZ.k djrs le;] jax egRoiw.kZ vkSj
g¨ ldrk gS mRikn oLrq dh fo'ks"krk ds :i esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA

Encapsulation

vksvksih dh ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ,udSIlqys'ku gSA ,udSIlqys'ku

og çfØ;k gS ftlesa d¨Ã çR;{k ugha g¨rk gSA MsVk rd igqap nh tkrh
gS( blds ctk;] ;g fNik gqvk gSA ;fn vki MsVk rd igqap çkIr djuk
pkgrs gSa] r¨ vkid¨ djuk g¨xk MsVk ds fy, ftEesnkj oLrq ds lkFk
ckrphrA fiNys bUosaVªh mnkgj.k esa] ;fn vki pkgrs Fks mRikn¨a ij
tkudkjh ns[kus ;k v|ru djus ds fy,] vkid¨ mRikn vkWCtsDV ds
ek/;e ls dke djuk g¨xkA MsVk i<+sa] vki mRikn oLrq d¨ ,d lans'k
HkstsaxsA mRikn oLrq rc i<+h tk,xh eku vkSj ;g crkdj lans'k Hkstsa
fd ewY; D;k gSA mRikn vkWCtsDV ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS fd d©u ls
lapkyu mRikn MsVk ij çn'kZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn vki MsVk
vkSj mRikn vkWCtsDV d¨ la'k¨f/kr djus ds fy, ,d lans'k Hkstrs gSa
fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd ;g ,d oS/k vuqj¨/k gS] ;g vkids fy, vkWijs'ku
djsxk vkSj blds lkFk ,d lans'k ifj.kke okil HkstsxkA
vki vius nSfud thou esa gj le; budSIlqys'ku dk vuqHko djrs
gSaA ,d ekuo lalk/ku foHkkx ds ckjs esa l¨p¨A os deZpkfj;¨a ds ckjs
esa tkudkjh fNikrs gSaA os fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa fd ;g MsVk dSls gS bLrseky
fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj gsjQsj fd;k tk ldrk gSA deZpkjh MsVk ds
fy, d¨Ã Hkh vuqj¨/k ;k MsVk d¨ viMsV djus dk vuqj¨/k djuk g¨xk
muds ek/;e ls pyk x;kA ,d vU; mnkgj.k usVodZ lqj{kk gSA lqj{kk
tkudkjh ;k , ds fy, d¨Ã vuqj¨/k usVodZ lqj{kk O;oLFkkid ds ek/;e

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ls lqj{kk uhfr esa ifjorZu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lqj{kk MsVk gS usVodZ
ds mi;¨xdrkZvksa ls le>k;k x;kA
MsVk ,udSIlqysV djds vki vius flLVe ds MsVk d¨ vf/kd lqjf{kr
vkSj fo'oluh; cukrs gSaA rqEgs irk gS dSlS MsVk ,Dlsl fd;k tk jgk
gS vkSj MsVk ij d©u ls vkWijs'ku fd, tk jgs gSaA ;g program cukrk
gS j[kj[kko cgqr vklku gS vkSj fMcfxax çfØ;k d¨ Hkh ljy djrk
gSA vki la'k¨f/kr Hkh dj ldrs gSa MsVk ij dke djus ds fy, mi;¨x
dh tkus okyh methods] vkSj ;fn vki ifjorZu ugha djrs gSa fd
method dk vuqj¨/k dSls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fdl çdkj dk gS çfrfØ;k

okil Hksth xÃ] fQj vkid¨ method dk mi;¨x djds vU; vkWCtsDV
d¨ cnyus dh vko';drk ugha gSA dc ds ckjs esa l¨p¨ vki esy esa
,d i= Hkstrs gSaA vki i= nsus ds fy, Mkd?kj ls vuqj¨/k djrs gSaA
i¨LV dSlh\
dk;kZy; bls iwjk ugha djrk gSA ;fn ;g i= d¨ Hkstus ds fy, bldk
mi;¨x djus okys ekxZ d¨ cnyrk gS] r¨ ;g ugha djrk gS çHkkfor
djsa fd vki i= Hkstus dh igy dSls djrs gSaA vkid¨ Mkd?kj dk
vkarfjd irk djus dh vko';drk ugha gS i= nsus ds fy, mi;¨x dh
tkus okyh çfØ;k,aA

Polymorphism

Polymorphism vius vki esa ,d gh vuqj¨/k lans'k dk tokc nsus ds

fy, n¨ vyx&vyx vu¨[kk rjhdk oLrqvksa dh {kerk gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] eSa vius dqÙks d¨ dekaM dh Nky vkSj esjs i{kh d¨ çfrfØ;k
nsus ds fy, dekaM fpji d¨ çf'kf{kr dj ldrk FkkA nwljh vksj] eSa
mUgsa n¨u¨a dekaM dekaM ds tokc ds fy, çf'kf{kr dj ldrk FkkA
Polymorphism ds ek/;e ls eq>s irk gS fd dqÙkk ,d bark ds lkFk

çfrfØ;k djsxk vkSj i{kh ,d chirp ds lkFk tokc nsxkA ;g vksvksih

ls dSls lacaf/kr gS\ vki mu oLrqvksa d¨ cuk ldrs gSa t¨ vius vki

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esa ,d gh vf}rh; dk;kZUo;u lans'k dk tokc nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] vki fdlh fçaVj vkWCtsDV ij fçaV lans'k Hkst ldrs gSa fçaVj ij
VsDLV fçaV djsa] vkSj vki ,d LØhu vkWCtsDV ds fy, ,d gh lans'k
Hkst ldrs gSa t¨ fçaV djsxk vkids daI;wVj LØhu ij ,d foaM¨ ds fy,
ikBA
Polymorphism dk ,d vkSj vPNk mnkgj.k vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa 'kCn¨a dk

mi;¨x gSA 'kCn dà vyx&vyx vFkZ] ysfdu okD; ds lanHkZ ds ek/;e

ls vki ;g ?kVk ldrs gSa fd d©u lk vFkZ gS bjknk gSA rqEgsa irk gS
fd d¨Ã dgrk gS fd “eq>s NqV~Vh n¨!” vkid¨ mldk iSj r¨M+us ds fy,
ugha dg jgk gS!
vksvksih esa vki bl çdkj ds Polymorphism d¨ ,d çfØ;k ds ek/;e
ls ykxw djrs gSa ftls vksojy¨fMax dgk tkrk gSA vki ,slk dj ldrs
gSa ,d oLrq ds fofHkUu rjhd¨a d¨ ykxw djuk ftudk ,d gh uke g¨A
oLrq rc crk ldrh gS t¨ lanHkZ ds vk/kkj ij ykxw djus dh method
¼nwljs 'kCn¨a esa] la[;k vkSj çdkj ds rdZ lans'k dk ikfjr½A mnkgj.k
ds fy,] vki bUosaVªh vkWCtsDV ds n¨ rjhd¨a d¨ ns[k ldrs gSAa
,d mRikn dh dherA bu n¨u¨a methods d¨ getPrice uke fn;k
tk,xkA d¨Ã vU; oLrq bl method d¨ d‚y dj ldrh gS vkSj ;k
r¨ mRikn dk uke ;k mRikn vkÃMh ikl djsaA bUosaVªh vkWCtsDV t¨
crk ldrk gS getPrice method ls vuqj¨/k djus ds fy, LfVªax eku
;k iw.kkZad eku ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA

Inheritance

vf/kdka'k oLrqvksa d¨ Js.khc)rk ds vuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy,] vki lHkh dqÙk¨a d¨ ,d lkFk oxhZÑr dj ldrs gSa
pkj iSj vkSj Qj tSls dqN lkekU; y{k.k g¨usA mudh uLysa vkxs
oxhZÑr djrh gSAa mUgsa mi&Jsf.k;¨a esa vkdkj vkSj fMe¨jj tSls lkekU;
fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFkA vki oLrqvksa dk oxhZdj.k Hkh djrs gSa muds dk;Z

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ds vuqlkjA mnkgj.k ds fy,] okf.kfT;d okgu vkSj eu¨jatd okgu
gSaA ogk¡ Vªd vkSj ;k=h dkj gSaA vki dkj¨a d¨ muds esd vkSj e‚My
ds vuqlkj oxhZÑr djrs gSaA dh le> cukus ds fy, nqfu;k] vkid¨
vkWCtsDV inkuqØe vkSj oxhZdj.k dk mi;¨x djus dh vko';drk gSA
vki vius programs esa oLrqvksa d¨ lkekU; ds vuqlkj oxhZÑr djus
ds fy, OOP esa fo'ks"krk,a vkSj dk;Z inheritance dk mi;¨x djrs gSAa
;g oLrqvksa ds lkFk dke djuk vklku vkSj vf/kd lgt cukrk gSA
;g Hkh ç¨xzkfeax d¨ vklku cukrk gS D;¨afd ;g vkid¨ ,d ekrk&firk
esa lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa d¨ la;¨ftr djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
vkWCtsDV vkSj bu vkWCtsDV~l d¨ pkbYM vkWCtsDV~l esa bugsfjV djsAa
mnkgj.k ds fy,] vki ,d deZpkjh d¨ ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa vkWCtsDV
t¨ vkidh daiuh esa deZpkfj;¨a dh lHkh lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa d¨
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA fQj vki ,d ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa çca/kd
vkWCtsDV t¨ deZpkjh vkWCtsDV dh fo'ks"krkvksa d¨ inheritance esa nsrk
gS ysfdu fo'ks"krkvksa d¨ Hkh t¨M+rk Gs vkidh daiuh esa çca/kd¨a ds fy,
vf}rh;A çca/kd vkWCtsDV Lopkfyr :i ls fdlh Hkh ifjorZu d¨
deZpkjh oLrq dk dk;kZUo;u çfrfcafcr djsxkA

Aggregation

Aggregation rc g¨rk gS tc ,d oLrq esa vU; oLrqvksa dk ,d lEfeJ.k

g¨rk gS t¨ ,d lkFk dke djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkidh y‚u
?kkl dkVus dh e'khu ifg;k vkWCtsDV~l] batu vkWCtsDV] CysM vkWCtsDV]
vkSj blh rjg dk ,d la;qDr ij gSA okLro esa] batu vkWCtsDV dÃ
vU; oLrqvksa dk ,d la;¨tu gSA ds dà mnkgj.k gSa gekjs vklikl
dh nqfu;k esa AggregationA OOP esa Aggregation dk mi;¨x djus dh
{kerk ,d 'kDfr'kkyh fo'ks"krk Gs vkid¨ vius programs esa O;olk;
çfØ;kvksa d¨ lgh <ax ls ykxw djus vkSj dk;kZUfor djus esa l{ke
cukrk gSA

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THE HISTORY OF C#

1980 ds n'kd esa] foaM¨t vkWijsfVax flLVe ij pyus ds fy, fy[ks

x, vf/kdka'k ,Ifyds'ku C esa fy[ks x, FksA Hkys gh C++ ,d OOP
Hkk"kk gS] ysfdu ;dhuu ;g ekLVj djus ds fy, ,d dfBu Hkk"kk gS
vkSj ç¨xzkej gSA Memory çca/ku vkSj lqj{kk tSls gkmldhfiax dk;Z¨a
ls fuiVus ds fy, ftEesnkjA bu gkmldhfiax dk;Z¨a d¨ ykxw djuk
eqf'dy gS vkSj vDlj misf{kr fd;k tkrk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
N¨Vh xkM+h ds vkosnu feyrs gSa fd ijh{k.k vkSj cuk, j[kus ds fy,
eqf'dy gSaA

1990 ds n'kd esa] tkok ç¨xzkfeax Hkk"kk y¨dfç; g¨ xÃA D;¨afd ;g

,d çcaf/kr ç¨xzkfeax Hkk"kk gS] ;g ç¨xzkej d¨ gkmldhfiax d¨M ds
ckjs esa fpark djus ls jkgr nsrh gSA çcaf/kr Hkk"kk,a ,d lkekU;hÑr
rjhdk çnku djrh gSa ¼lkekU; d{kkvksa ds vk/kkj lsV ds ek/;e ls½
Memory çca/ku vkSj dpjk laxzg tSls gkmldhfiax fooj.kA ;g

ç¨xzkej d¨ vuqefr nsrk gS O;kikj rdZ ij /;ku dsafær djus vkSj

=qfV&ço.krk ds ckjs esa fpark djus ls mUgsa eqDr djrk gS gkmldhfiax
d¨MA ifj.kkeLo:i] ç¨xzke vf/kd d‚EiSDV] fo'oluh; vkSj Mhcx
djus esa vklku g¨rs gSaA
tkok dh lQyrk vkSj baVjusV dh c<+rh y¨dfç;rk d¨ ns[krs gq,]
Microsoft us viuk fodkl fd;k çcaf/kr ç¨xzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa dk lsVA

Microsoft Windows osc&vk/kkfjr n¨u¨a application¨a d¨ fodflr djuk

vklku cukuk pkgrk FkkA ;s çcaf/kr Hkk"kk,a bl ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA

.NET Framework lHkh application¨a esa vko';d gkmldhfiax d¨M d¨

fu"ikfnr djus ds fy, cgqr vf/kd dk;Z{kerk çnku djrk gSA

¼ -NET Framework½usV ÝseodZ] fodkl ds n©jku class libraries d¨
C# uked ,d uà Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k FkkA C# dk çeq[k fMt+kbuj

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d¨ iwjk djus ds fy,] lQy applications d¨ lko/kkuhiwoZd ;¨tukc)
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