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Buckling of Columns - CHAPTER 9

The document discusses the mechanics of column buckling, detailing concepts such as slenderness ratio, effective length, and the Euler formula for calculating critical load. It explains that buckling is a geometric instability rather than a material failure and outlines the conditions under which columns are designed to resist lateral forces. The document also includes references for further reading on the subject.

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17 views15 pages

Buckling of Columns - CHAPTER 9

The document discusses the mechanics of column buckling, detailing concepts such as slenderness ratio, effective length, and the Euler formula for calculating critical load. It explains that buckling is a geometric instability rather than a material failure and outlines the conditions under which columns are designed to resist lateral forces. The document also includes references for further reading on the subject.

Uploaded by

sathiya_dhil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Buckling of Columns
By

NUR FARHAYU ARIFFIN


Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


Chapter Description

• Expected Outcomes
 Describe the concept of columns in term of types of column, cross-
sectional of shapes, industry standard application and slenderness
ratio of column
 Illustrate, explain and differentiate the failure mode of columns due to
buckling
 Explain the influence of support conditions
 Relationship between the effective length and radius of gyration
 Describe the compression member of long / slender column
 Applied of the Euler formula to determine the critical load for long
columns

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


9.1 Concept Of Stability Of Column

• A column in structural engineering is a vertical structural element that


transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to
other structural elements below.

• For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be


designed to resist lateral forces.

• Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the


upper parts of walls or ceilings rest.

• A column is a relatively long, slender member loaded in compression.

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


• When a perfect column is subjected to a compressive axial force, the
only deformation that takes place is a shortening of the column.
• For low values of F, if the column were to be deflected laterally by a force
perpendicular to the column, and the lateral force were thereafter
removed, the column would return to its straight position, even with the
force F remaining in place.
• This indicates a condition of stability.
• If the load F were increased, there is a value of F for which, when the
lateral load is removed, the column would remain in the deformed shape.
• This condition is referred to as buckling and the column is said to have
failed from a structural standpoint.
• Buckling can also be described in simple terms as bending or bowing of a
column due to a compressive load.

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness ratio is a measure of how long the column


is compared to its cross-section's effective width
(resistance to bending or buckling). The slenderness
ratio is the column's effective length divided by the
radius of gyration.

Where r = √(I/A)

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


9.2 Failure Mode Of Column

What is Buckling?
• When a slender member is subjected to an axial
compressive load, it may fail by a condition called
buckling.
• Buckling is not a failure of the material itself (as is
yielding and fracture), but is due to geometric instability
of the system.
• Note that buckling is not dependent on material
strength.

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


Effective Length

• How a column is supported governs its buckling


strength. The effective length Le accounts for
differences in the end supports.

What is the effective length?

• The effective length is the length the column would be


if it were to buckle as a pinned-pinned column.
• A dimensionless coefficient K, effective-length factor,
is used to calculate Le

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


9.3 Effective Lengths for Columns with Various End Conditions

End Condition Pinned-Pinned Fixed-Free Fixed-Fixed Fixed-Pinned

The effective length is


equal to the distance
between points in the
column where
moment = 0 (between
"pins"). This occurs
when the curvature of
the column changes.

The fixed-free column


is "mirrored" through
the fixed end to
visualize Le=2L.

Effective Length, Le L 2L 0.5L 0.7L

Relative Buckling
Strength 1 0.25 4 2
(~ 1/ Le2) for same L
Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin
Radius Of Gyration

• If all of the cross-sectional area A were massed a


distance r away from the bending axis, the idealized
lumped-area cross-section would have the same
moment of inertia I as the actual cross-section if:
I = Ar2
• Distance r is the radius of gyration. There generally
two bending axes to consider, and thus two radius of
gyration:

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


9.4 Magnitude Of The Load At Which Buckling
Would Occur
• Columns are long slender members subjected to an
axial compressive force. Lateral deflection on a
column is called buckling. The maximum axial load
that a column can support when it is on the verge of
buckling is called the critical load Pcr
• FOS is a safety margin given in design so that the
member will not fail when the load is increased beyond
the elastic limit or when the size in reduced.
• Normally, the factors of safety varies between 1.4 to 3

Pult  ult
FOS  FOS 
Pall  all
Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin
USE OF THE EULER FORMULA

• Euler Buckling Formula

• Both ends are pinned so they can freely rotate and cannot
resist a moment. The critical load Pcr required to buckle
the pinned-pinned column is the

 2 EI
Pcr  2
Le
Pcr  the euler buckling load
E  Young' s modulus for the materials
I  the least second moment of area of the section
L e  effective length

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


Assumptions / limitation of the Euler formula

• Axially loaded column


• Column is perfectly straight
• Isotropic and homogeneous material
• Material behaves within elastic properties
• Both ends of column support are pinned

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


Summary

• Long slender members subjected to an axial compressive


force are called columns.
• Lateral deflection is called buckling.
• Maximum axial load a column can support when on the verge
of buckling is called the critical load, Pcr.
References

• Hibbeler, R.C., Mechanics Of Materials, 9th


Edition in SI units, Prentice Hall, 2013.
• Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., John T.
DeWolf, David F. Mazurek, Mechanics of materials 5th
Edition in SI Units, McGraw Hill, 2009.

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin


MOHD FAIZAL MD. JAAFAR
MOHD AMIRULKHAIRI ZUBIR
NUR FARHAYU ARIFFIN

Buckling of Columns by Nur F Ariffin

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