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Time Response of Second Order Systems

This document provides GATE study material focused on the time response of second order systems, essential for exam preparation. It covers key concepts such as rise time, peak time, peak overshoot, settling time, and steady state error, along with the mathematical derivations and parameters associated with second order systems. Understanding these concepts is crucial for tackling direct formula-based questions in GATE and similar exams.

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16 views5 pages

Time Response of Second Order Systems

This document provides GATE study material focused on the time response of second order systems, essential for exam preparation. It covers key concepts such as rise time, peak time, peak overshoot, settling time, and steady state error, along with the mathematical derivations and parameters associated with second order systems. Understanding these concepts is crucial for tackling direct formula-based questions in GATE and similar exams.

Uploaded by

holdingacc64
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Time Response of Second Order Systems -

GATE Study Material in PDF


To understand Time Response of Second Order Systems, you need this GATE Study
Material. In this free GATE notes, we will deal with the Time Response of Second
Order Systems with respect to a given input. For a first order system, the calculations are
pretty simple. However, with the second order system this is not the case. These GATE
Study Notes will be helpful in your exam preparation for GATE, IES, BSNL, DRDO,
BARC etc.
To analyze the time response, various parameters are calculated for the system and are
being dealt with one by one below. The above topic is important for GATE exam as direct
formula based questions are asked from this topic.
However, before moving to Second Order Systems, it is important that you know the basic
concepts of First Order Systems.
Recommended Reads –
Block Diagram Algebra in Control Systems

Signal Flow Graph

Stability of Control Systems

Routh Hurwitz Stability Criteria

Special Cases of Routh Hurwitz Criteria

Block Diagram of a Second Order System


The block diagram of a general second order system is being given as
The system in place is a closed loop control system with negative unity feedback.
The transfer function of a second order system will thus be
!(!) !!!
= .
!(!) !! !!"!! !!!!!

Here, ωn = Undamped natural frequency


ξ = Damping factor.
The characteristic equation of the system under consideration is
s ! + 2ξω! s + ω!! = 0
The roots of this characteristic equation are

s! , s! = −ξω! ± ω! 1 − ξ!
= −ξω! ± ω!

Here ω! = ω! 1 − ξ! is called damped natural frequency

Let c t = L!! C s and r t = L!! R s .

The time response of the given system will be the value of c(t) at different points of time for
a given input r(t).
We will derive time response of system for r(t) being unit step input. The output response
in this case will be called step response.
1 t≥0
r t =
0 t<0
In Laplace transform, the step response is given by
!!!
C s =
! !!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!! !!!! !!!!

!
(∵ for unit step input, R(s) = ! )
Solving and taking Inverse Laplace transform, we get
!!!!! ! !!!!
c t =1− sin ω! 1 − ξ! t + tan!! for t > 0
!!!! !

(Try to derive above equation yourself)


Now, the system can be undamped, underdamped, critically damped or over-damped.
For undamped system, ξ = 0
Similarly, other value of ξ are
0 < ξ < 1 for under-damped systems.
ξ = 1 for critically damped systems.
ξ > 1 for overdamped systems.
There are different parameters associated with time response of second order system
which will be introduced one by one
Steady state value of c t , c!! = lt !→! c t = 1
It can also be calculated from lt !→! sC s .

Parameters for Time Response of Second Order Systems


1. Rise Time (tr): It is the time required for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of
the final value for over-damped system and 0 to 100% of the final value for underdamped
systems.
!!!!
For second order system; rise time, t ! = π − tan!! !

It is calculated when c(tr) reaches the value 1 for the first time, i.e. c(tr) = 1.

2. Peak Time (tp): It is the time required for the response to reach the peak of time
response or the peak of time response or the peak overshoot.
!" !
It is calculated by !"
=0
!
For second order system, t ! =
!! !!!!
3. Peak Overshoot (Mp): It is the normalized difference between the time response
peak and the steady state output.
! !! !! !
It is given as, M! = ! !
×100%

!"
! %
!!!!
For second order system, M! = 100 e

4. Setting Time (ts): It is the time required for the response to reach and stay within a
specified tolerance load (usually 2% or 5%) of its final value.
!
For second order system, t ! = !! for 2% of final value.
!

5. Steady State Error (ess): It indicates the difference between the actual output and
desired output as t tends to infinity.
e!! = lt !→! s R s − C s

Steady state error of second order system for unit step input, e!! = lt !→! 1 − c t =0
!"
For same system and unit ramp input, e!! = lt !→! t − c t =!
!

For the given second order system; for unit step input the time response is plotted as
All the parameters described previously are being illustrated above depicting the various
aspects of response.
Liked this article on Time Response of Second Order Systems? Let us know in the
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