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React Interview Questions & Answers

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Note: This repository is specific to ReactJS. Please check Javascript Interview questions
for core javascript questions.

Table of Contents

No. Questions

Core React

1 What is React?

2 What are the major features of React?

3 What is JSX?

4 What is the difference between Element and Component?

5 How to create components in React?

6 When to use a Class Component over a Function Component?

7 What are Pure Components?

8 What is state in React?

9 What are props in React?

10 What is the difference between state and props?

11 Why should we not update the state directly?

12 What is the purpose of callback function as an argument of setState()?

13 What is the difference between HTML and React event handling?

14 How to bind methods or event handlers in JSX callbacks?

15 How to pass a parameter to an event handler or callback?

16 What are synthetic events in React?

17 What are inline conditional expressions?

18 What is "key" prop and what is the benefit of using it in arrays of elements?

19 What is the use of refs?

20 How to create refs?

21 What are forward refs?

No. Questions

22 Which is preferred option with in callback refs and findDOMNode()?

23 Why are String Refs legacy?

24 What is Virtual DOM?

25 How Virtual DOM works?

26 What is the difference between Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM?

27 What is React Fiber?

28 What is the main goal of React Fiber?

29 What are controlled components?

30 What are uncontrolled components?

31 What is the difference between createElement and cloneElement?

32 What is Lifting State Up in React?

33 What are the different phases of component lifecycle?

34 What are the lifecycle methods of React?

35 What are Higher-Order components?

36 How to create props proxy for HOC component?

37 What is context?

38 What is children prop?

39 How to write comments in React?

40 What is the purpose of using super constructor with props argument?

41 What is reconciliation?

42 How to set state with a dynamic key name?

What would be the common mistake of function being called every time the
43
component renders?

44 Is lazy function supports named exports?

45 Why React uses className over class attribute?

No. Questions

46 What are fragments?

47 Why fragments are better than container divs?

48 What are portals in React?

49 What are stateless components?

50 What are stateful components?

51 How to apply validation on props in React?

52 What are the advantages of React?

53 What are the limitations of React?

54 What are error boundaries in React v16

55 How are error boundaries handled in React v15?

56 What are the recommended ways for static type checking?

57 What is the use of react-dom package?

58 What is the purpose of render method of react-dom?

59 What is ReactDOMServer?

60 How to use InnerHtml in React?

61 How to use styles in React?

62 How events are different in React?

63 What will happen if you use setState in constructor?

64 What is the impact of indexes as keys?

65 Is it good to use setState() in componentWillMount() method?

66 What will happen if you use props in initial state?

67 How do you conditionally render components?

68 Why we need to be careful when spreading props on DOM elements??

69 How you use decorators in React?

70 How do you memoize a component?

No. Questions

71 How you implement Server-Side Rendering or SSR?

72 How to enable production mode in React?

73 What is CRA and its benefits?

74 What is the lifecycle methods order in mounting?

75 What are the lifecycle methods going to be deprecated in React v16?

76 What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method?

77 What is the purpose of getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method?

78 Do Hooks replace render props and higher order components?

79 What is the recommended way for naming components?

80 What is the recommended ordering of methods in component class?

81 What is a switching component?

82 Why we need to pass a function to setState()?

83 What is strict mode in React?

84 What are React Mixins?

85 Why is isMounted() an anti-pattern and what is the proper solution?

86 What are the Pointer Events supported in React?

87 Why should component names start with capital letter?

88 Are custom DOM attributes supported in React v16?

89 What is the difference between constructor and getInitialState?

90 Can you force a component to re-render without calling setState?

What is the difference between super() and super(props) in React using ES6
91
classes?

92 How to loop inside JSX?

93 How do you access props in attribute quotes?

94 What is React PropType array with shape?

No. Questions

95 How to conditionally apply class attributes?

96 What is the difference between React and ReactDOM?

97 Why ReactDOM is separated from React?

98 How to use React label element?

99 How to combine multiple inline style objects?

100 How to re-render the view when the browser is resized?

101 What is the difference between setState and replaceState methods?

102 How to listen to state changes?

What is the recommended approach of removing an array element in react

103
state?

104 Is it possible to use React without rendering HTML?

105 How to pretty print JSON with React?

106 Why you can't update props in React?

107 How to focus an input element on page load?

108 What are the possible ways of updating objects in state?

110 How can we find the version of React at runtime in the browser?

111 What are the approaches to include polyfills in your create-react-app?

112 How to use https instead of http in create-react-app?

113 How to avoid using relative path imports in create-react-app?

114 How to add Google Analytics for react-router?

115 How to update a component every second?

116 How do you apply vendor prefixes to inline styles in React?

117 How to import and export components using react and ES6?

118 What are the exceptions on React component naming?

119 Why is a component constructor called only once?

No. Questions

120 How to define constants in React?

121 How to programmatically trigger click event in React?

122 Is it possible to use async/await in plain React?

123 What are the common folder structures for React?

124 What are the popular packages for animation?

125 What is the benefit of styles modules?

126 What are the popular React-specific linters?

How to make AJAX call and In which component lifecycle methods should I
127
make an AJAX call?

128 What are render props?

React Router

129 What is React Router?

130 How React Router is different from history library?

131 What are the <Router> components of React Router v4?

132 What is the purpose of push and replace methods of history?

133 How do you programmatically navigate using React router v4?

134 How to get query parameters in React Router v4

135 Why you get "Router may have only one child element" warning?

136 How to pass params to history.push method in React Router v4?

137 How to implement default or NotFound page?

138 How to get history on React Router v4?

139 How to perform automatic redirect after login?

React Internationalization

140 What is React-Intl?

141 What are the main features of React Intl?

No. Questions

142 What are the two ways of formatting in React Intl?

143 How to use FormattedMessage as placeholder using React Intl?

144 How to access current locale with React Intl

145 How to format date using React Intl?

React Testing

146 What is Shallow Renderer in React testing?

147 What is TestRenderer package in React?

148 What is the purpose of ReactTestUtils package?

149 What is Jest?

150 What are the advantages of Jest over Jasmine?

151 Give a simple example of Jest test case

React Redux

152 What is Flux?

153 What is Redux?

154 What are the core principles of Redux?

155 What are the downsides of Redux compared to Flux?

What is the difference between mapStateToProps() and

156
mapDispatchToProps()?

157 Can I dispatch an action in reducer?

158 How to access Redux store outside a component?

159 What are the drawbacks of MVW pattern

160 Are there any similarities between Redux and RxJS?

161 How to dispatch an action on load?

162 How to use connect from React Redux?

163 How to reset state in Redux?

No. Questions

164 Whats the purpose of at symbol in the redux connect decorator?

165 What is the difference between React context and React Redux?

166 Why are Redux state functions called reducers?

167 How to make AJAX request in Redux?

168 Should I keep all component's state in Redux store?

169 What is the proper way to access Redux store?

170 What is the difference between component and container in React Redux?

171 What is the purpose of the constants in Redux?

172 What are the different ways to write mapDispatchToProps()?

What is the use of the ownProps parameter in mapStateToProps() and

173
mapDispatchToProps()?

174 How to structure Redux top level directories?

175 What is redux-saga?

176 What is the mental model of redux-saga?

177 What are the differences between call and put in redux-saga

178 What is Redux Thunk?

179 What are the differences between redux-saga and redux-thunk

180 What is Redux DevTools?

181 What are the features of Redux DevTools?

182 What are Redux selectors and Why to use them?

183 What is Redux Form?

184 What are the main features of Redux Form?

185 How to add multiple middlewares to Redux?

186 How to set initial state in Redux?

187 How Relay is different from Redux?

No. Questions

188 What is an action in Redux?

React Native

188 What is the difference between React Native and React?

189 How to test React Native apps?

190 How to do logging in React Native?

191 How to debug your React Native?

React supported libraries and Integration

192 What is reselect and how it works?

193 What is Flow?

194 What is the difference between Flow and PropTypes?

195 How to use font-awesome icons in React?

196 What is React Dev Tools?

197 Why is DevTools not loading in Chrome for local files?

198 How to use Polymer in React?

199 What are the advantages of React over Vue.js?

200 What is the difference between React and Angular?

201 Why React tab is not showing up in DevTools?

202 What are styled components?

203 Give an example of Styled Components?

204 What is Relay?

205 How to use TypeScript in create-react-app application?

Miscellaneous

206 What are the main features of reselect library?

207 Give an example of reselect usage?

209 Does the statics object work with ES6 classes in React?
No. Questions

210 Can Redux only be used with React?

211 Do you need to have a particular build tool to use Redux?

212 How Redux Form initialValues get updated from state?

213 How React PropTypes allow different type for one prop?

214 Can I import an SVG file as react component?

215 Why are inline ref callbacks or functions not recommended?

216 What is render hijacking in React?

217 What are HOC factory implementations?

218 How to pass numbers to React component?

Do I need to keep all my state into Redux? Should I ever use react internal
219
state?

220 What is the purpose of registerServiceWorker in React?

221 What is React memo function?

222 What is React lazy function?

223 How to prevent unnecessary updates using setState?

224 How do you render Array, Strings and Numbers in React 16 Version?

225 How to use class field declarations syntax in React classes?

226 What are hooks?

227 What rules need to be followed for hooks?

228 How to ensure hooks followed the rules in your project?

229 What are the differences between Flux and Redux?

230 What are the benefits of React Router V4?

231 Can you describe about componentDidCatch lifecycle method signature?

232 In which scenarios error boundaries do not catch errors?

233 Why do you not need error boundaries for event handlers?
No. Questions

234 What is the difference between try catch block and error boundaries?

235 What is the behavior of uncaught errors in react 16?

236 What is the proper placement for error boundaries?

237 What is the benefit of component stack trace from error boundary?

238 What is the required method to be defined for a class component?

239 What are the possible return types of render method?

240 What is the main purpose of constructor?

241 Is it mandatory to define constructor for React component?

242 What are default props?

243 Why should not call setState in componentWillUnmount?

244 What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromError?

245 What is the methods order when component re-rendered?

246 What are the methods invoked during error handling?

247 What is the purpose of displayName class property?

248 What is the browser support for react applications?

249 What is the purpose of unmountComponentAtNode method?

250 What is code-splitting?

251 What is the benefit of strict mode?

252 What are Keyed Fragments?

253 Does React support all HTML attributes?

254 What are the limitations with HOCs?

255 How to debug forwardRefs in DevTools?

256 When component props defaults to true?

257 What is NextJS and major features of it?

258 How do you pass an event handler to a component?

No. Questions

259 Is it good to use arrow functions in render methods?

260 How to prevent a function from being called multiple times?

261 How JSX prevents Injection Attacks?

262 How do you update rendered elements?

263 How do you say that props are read only?

264 How do you say that state updates are merged?

265 How do you pass arguments to an event handler?

266 How to prevent component from rendering?

267 What are the conditions to safely use the index as a key?

268 Is it keys should be globally unique?

269 What is the popular choice for form handling?

270 What are the advantages of formik over redux form library?

271 Why do you not required to use inheritance?

272 Can I use web components in react application?

273 What is dynamic import?

274 What are loadable components?

275 What is suspense component?

276 What is route based code splitting?

277 Give an example on How to use context?

278 What is the purpose of default value in context?

279 How do you use contextType?

280 What is a consumer?

281 How do you solve performance corner cases while using context?

282 What is the purpose of forward ref in HOCs?

283 Is it ref argument available for all functions or class components?

No. Questions

Why do you need additional care for component libraries while using forward
284
refs?

285 How to create react class components without ES6?

286 Is it possible to use react without JSX?

287 What is diffing algorithm?

288 What are the rules covered by diffing algorithm?

289 When do you need to use refs?

290 Is it prop must be named as render for render props?

291 What are the problems of using render props with pure components?

292 How do you create HOC using render props?

293 What is windowing technique?

294 How do you print falsy values in JSX?

295 What is the typical use case of portals?

296 How do you set default value for uncontrolled component?

297 What is your favorite React stack?

298 What is the difference between Real DOM and Virtual DOM?

299 How to add Bootstrap to a react application?

Can you list down top websites or applications using react as front end
300
framework?

301 Is it recommended to use CSS In JS technique in React?

302 Do I need to rewrite all my class components with hooks?

303 How to fetch data with React Hooks?

304 Is Hooks cover all use cases for classes?

305 What is the stable release for hooks support?

306 Why do we use array destructuring (square brackets notation) in useState?

307 What are the sources used for introducing hooks?

No. Questions

308 How do you access imperative API of web components?

309 What is formik?

What are typical middleware choices for handling asynchronous calls in

310
Redux?

311 Do browsers understand JSX code?

312 Describe about data flow in react?

313 What is react scripts?

314 What are the features of create react app?

315 What is the purpose of renderToNodeStream method?

316 What is MobX?

317 What are the differences between Redux and MobX?

318 Should I learn ES6 before learning ReactJS?

319 What is Concurrent Rendering?

320 What is the difference between async mode and concurrent mode?

321 Can I use javascript urls in react16.9?

322 What is the purpose of eslint plugin for hooks?

323 What is the difference between Imperative and Declarative in React?

324 What are the benefits of using typescript with reactjs?

How do you make sure that user remains authenticated on page refresh while
325
using Context API State Management?

326 What are the benefits of new JSX transform?

327 How is the new JSX transform different from old transform?

328 How do you get redux scaffolding using create-react-app?

329 What are React Server components?

330 What is prop drilling?

331 What is state mutation and how to prevent it?

 No. Questions

332 What is the difference between useState and useRef hook?

333 What is a wrapper component

334 What are the differences between useEffect and useLayoutEffect hooks

335 What are the differences between Functional and Class Components

Core React

1. What is React?
React is an open-source front-end JavaScript library that is used for building user
interfaces, especially for single-page applications. It is used for handling view layer for
web and mobile apps. React was created by Jordan Walke, a software engineer
working for Facebook. React was first deployed on Facebook's News Feed in 2011
and on Instagram in 2012.

Back to Top

2. What are the major features of React?

The major features of React are:

Uses JSX syntax, a syntax extension of JS that allows developers to write HTML
in their JS code.
It uses VirtualDOM instead of RealDOM considering that RealDOM
manipulations are expensive.
Supports server-side rendering.
Follows Unidirectional data flow or data binding.
Uses reusable/composable UI components to develop the view.

Back to Top

3. What is JSX?
JSX is a XML-like syntax extension to ECMAScript (the acronym stands for JavaScript
XML). Basically it just provides syntactic sugar for the React.createElement()
function, giving us expressiveness of JavaScript along with HTML like template
syntax.
 In the example below text inside <h1> tag is returned as JavaScript function to the
render function.

export default function App() {

return (
<div>
<h1>{"Welcome to React world!"}</h1>
</div>
);
}

See Class

Note: JSX is stricter than HTML

Back to Top

4. What is the difference between Element and Component?

An Element is a plain object describing what you want to appear on the screen in
terms of the DOM nodes or other components. Elements can contain other Elements
in their props. Creating a React element is cheap. Once an element is created, it is
never mutated.

The object representation of React Element would be as follows:

const element = React.createElement("div", { id: "login-btn" }, "Login");

The above React.createElement() function returns an object:

{
type: 'div',
props: {
children: 'Login',
id: 'login-btn'
}
}

And finally it renders to the DOM using ReactDOM.render() :

 <div id="login-btn">Login</div>

Whereas a component can be declared in several different ways. It can be a class

with a render() method or it can be defined as a function. In either case, it takes
props as an input, and returns a JSX tree as the output:

const Button = ({ onLogin }) => (

<div id={"login-btn"} onClick={onLogin}>
Login
</div>
);

Then JSX gets transpiled to a React.createElement() function tree:

const Button = ({ onLogin }) =>

React.createElement(
"div",
{ id: "login-btn", onClick: onLogin },
"Login"
);

Back to Top

5. How to create components in React?

There are two possible ways to create a component.

i. Function Components: This is the simplest way to create a component. Those

are pure JavaScript functions that accept props object as the first parameter and
return React elements:

function Greeting({ message }) {

return <h1>{`Hello, ${message}`}</h1>;
}

ii. Class Components: You can also use ES6 class to define a component. The
above function component can be written as:

class Greeting extends React.Component {

render() {
return <h1>{`Hello, ${this.props.message}`}</h1>;
 }
}

Back to Top

6. When to use a Class Component over a Function Component?

If the component needs state or lifecycle methods then use class component
otherwise use function component.

However, from React 16.8 with the addition of Hooks, you could use state , lifecycle
methods and other features that were only available in class component right in your
function component. So, it is always recommended to use Function components,
unless you need a React functionality whose Function component equivalent is not
present yet, like Error Boundaries.

Back to Top

7. What are Pure Components?

React.PureComponent is exactly the same as React.Component except that it
handles the shouldComponentUpdate() method for you. When props or state
changes, PureComponent will do a shallow comparison on both props and state.
Component on the other hand won't compare current props and state to next out of
the box. Thus, the component will re-render by default whenever
shouldComponentUpdate is called. In functional components we use React.memo()
API. React.memo() is a higher-order component. It takes a React component as its
first argument and returns a special type of React component that allows the renderer
to render the component while memoizing the output. Therefore, if the component’s
props are shallowly equal, the React.memo() component will bail out the updates.

Back to Top

8. What is state in React?

State of a component is an object that holds some information that may change over
the lifetime of the component. We should always try to make our state as simple as
possible and minimize the number of stateful components.

Let's create a user component with message state,

import React, { useState } from "react";

 function User() {
const [message, setMessage] = useState("Welcome to React world");

return (
<div>
<h1>{message}</h1>
</div>
);
}

See Class

State is similar to props, but it is private and fully controlled by the component ,i.e., it
is not accessible to any other component till the owner component decides to pass it.

Back to Top

9. What are props in React?

Props are inputs to components. They are single values or objects containing a set of
values that are passed to components on creation using a naming convention similar
to HTML-tag attributes. They are data passed down from a parent component to a
child component.

The primary purpose of props in React is to provide following component functionality:

i. Pass custom data to your component.

ii. Trigger state changes.
iii. Use via this.props.reactProp inside component's render() method.
For example, let us create an element with reactProp property:

<Element reactProp={"1"} />

This reactProp (or whatever you came up with) name then becomes a property
attached to React's native props object which originally already exists on all
components created using React library.

props.reactProp

Example: Props in Class Based Component

import React from "react";

import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

class ChildComponent extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<div>
<p>{this.props.name}</p>
<p>{this.props.age}</p>
</div>
);
}
}

class ParentComponent extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<div>
<ChildComponent name="John" age="30" />
<ChildComponent name="Mary" age="25" />
</div>
);
}
}

Example: Props in Functional Component

import React from "react";

import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

const ChildComponent = (props) => {

 return (
<div>
<p>{props.name}</p>
<p>{props.age}</p>
</div>
);
};

const ParentComponent = () => {

return (
<div>
<ChildComponent name="John" age="30" />
<ChildComponent name="Mary" age="25" />
</div>
);
};

Back to Top

10. What is the difference between state and props?

Both props and state are plain JavaScript objects. While both of them hold information
that influences the output of render, they are different in their functionality with respect
to component. Props get passed to the component similar to function parameters
whereas state is managed within the component similar to variables declared within a
function.

Back to Top

11. Why should we not update the state directly?

If you try to update the state directly then it won't re-render the component.

//Wrong
this.state.message = "Hello world";

Instead use setState() method. It schedules an update to a component's state

object. When state changes, the component responds by re-rendering.

//Correct
this.setState({ message: "Hello World" });
 Note: You can directly assign to the state object either in constructor or using latest
javascript's class field declaration syntax.

Back to Top

12. What
is the purpose of callback function as an argument of
setState() ?
The callback function is invoked when setState finished and the component gets
rendered. Since setState() is asynchronous the callback function is used for any
post action.

Note: It is recommended to use lifecycle method rather than this callback function.

setState({ name: "John" }, () =>

console.log("The name has updated and component re-rendered")
);

Back to Top

13. What
is the difference between HTML and React event
handling?
Below are some of the main differences between HTML and React event handling,

i. In HTML, the event name usually represents in lowercase as a convention:

<button onclick="activateLasers()"></button>

Whereas in React it follows camelCase convention:

<button onClick={activateLasers}>

ii. In HTML, you can return false to prevent default behavior:

<a
href="#"
onclick='console.log("The link was clicked."); return false;'
/>

Whereas in React you must call preventDefault() explicitly:

 function handleClick(event) {
event.preventDefault();
console.log("The link was clicked.");
}

iii. In HTML, you need to invoke the function by appending () Whereas in react
you should not append () with the function name. (refer "activateLasers"
function in the first point for example)

Back to Top

14. How to bind methods or event handlers in JSX callbacks?

There are 3 possible ways to achieve this:

i. Binding in Constructor: In JavaScript classes, the methods are not bound by

default. The same thing applies for React event handlers defined as class
methods. Normally we bind them in constructor.

class Foo extends Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}
handleClick() {
console.log("Click happened");
}
render() {
return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>Click Me</button>;
}
}

ii. Public class fields syntax: If you don't like to use bind approach then public
class fields syntax can be used to correctly bind callbacks.

handleClick = () => {
console.log("this is:", this);
};

<button onClick={this.handleClick}>{"Click me"}</button>

 iii. Arrow functions in callbacks: You can use arrow functions directly in the
callbacks.

handleClick() {
console.log('Click happened');
}
render() {
return <button onClick={() => this.handleClick()}>Click Me</butto
}

Note: If the callback is passed as prop to child components, those components might
do an extra re-rendering. In those cases, it is preferred to go with .bind() or public
class fields syntax approach considering performance.

Back to Top

15. How to pass a parameter to an event handler or callback?

You can use an arrow function to wrap around an event handler and pass parameters:

<button onClick={() => this.handleClick(id)} />

This is an equivalent to calling .bind :

<button onClick={this.handleClick.bind(this, id)} />

Apart from these two approaches, you can also pass arguments to a function which is
defined as arrow function

<button onClick={this.handleClick(id)} />;

handleClick = (id) => () => {
console.log("Hello, your ticket number is", id);
};

Back to Top

16. What are synthetic events in React?

 SyntheticEvent is a cross-browser wrapper around the browser's native event. Its
API is same as the browser's native event, including stopPropagation() and
preventDefault() , except the events work identically across all browsers.

Back to Top

17. What are inline conditional expressions?

You can use either if statements or ternary expressions which are available from JS to
conditionally render expressions. Apart from these approaches, you can also embed
any expressions in JSX by wrapping them in curly braces and then followed by JS
logical operator && .

<h1>Hello!</h1>;
{
messages.length > 0 && !isLogin ? (
<h2>You have {messages.length} unread messages.</h2>
) : (
<h2>You don't have unread messages.</h2>
);
}

Back to Top

18. Whatis "key" prop and what is the benefit of using it in arrays
of elements?
A key is a special string attribute you should include when creating arrays of
elements. Key prop helps React identify which items have changed, are added, or are
removed.

Keys should be unique among its siblings. Most often we use ID from our data as key:

const todoItems = todos.map((todo) => <li key={todo.id}>{todo.text}</li>)

When you don't have stable IDs for rendered items, you may use the item index as a
key as a last resort:

const todoItems = todos.map((todo, index) => (

<li key={index}>{todo.text}</li>
));
 Note:

i. Using indexes for keys is not recommended if the order of items may change.
This can negatively impact performance and may cause issues with component
state.
ii. If you extract list item as separate component then apply keys on list component
instead of li tag.
iii. There will be a warning message in the console if the key prop is not present
on list items.

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19. What is the use of refs?

The ref is used to return a reference to the element. They should be avoided in most
cases, however, they can be useful when you need a direct access to the DOM
element or an instance of a component.

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20. How to create refs?

There are two approaches

i. This is a recently added approach. Refs are created using React.createRef()

method and attached to React elements via the ref attribute. In order to use
refs throughout the component, just assign the ref to the instance property within
constructor.

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.myRef = React.createRef();
}
render() {
return <div ref={this.myRef} />;
}
}

ii. You can also use ref callbacks approach regardless of React version. For
example, the search bar component's input element is accessed as follows,
 class SearchBar extends Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.txtSearch = null;
this.state = { term: "" };
this.setInputSearchRef = (e) => {
this.txtSearch = e;
};
}
onInputChange(event) {
this.setState({ term: this.txtSearch.value });
}
render() {
return (
<input
value={this.state.term}
onChange={this.onInputChange.bind(this)}
ref={this.setInputSearchRef}
/>
);
}
}

You can also use refs in function components using closures. Note: You can also use
inline ref callbacks even though it is not a recommended approach.

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21. What are forward refs?

Ref forwarding is a feature that lets some components take a ref they receive, and
pass it further down to a child.

const ButtonElement = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => (

<button ref={ref} className="CustomButton">
{props.children}
</button>
));

// Create ref to the DOM button:

const ref = React.createRef();
<ButtonElement ref={ref}>{"Forward Ref"}</ButtonElement>;

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22. Which
is preferred option with in callback refs and
findDOMNode()?
It is preferred to use callback refs over findDOMNode() API. Because
findDOMNode() prevents certain improvements in React in the future.

The legacy approach of using findDOMNode :

class MyComponent extends Component {

componentDidMount() {
findDOMNode(this).scrollIntoView();
}

render() {
return <div />;
}
}

The recommended approach is:

class MyComponent extends Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.node = createRef();
}
componentDidMount() {
this.node.current.scrollIntoView();
}

render() {
return <div ref={this.node} />;
}
}

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23. Why are String Refs legacy?

If you worked with React before, you might be familiar with an older API where the
ref attribute is a string, like ref={'textInput'} , and the DOM node is accessed
as this.refs.textInput . We advise against it because string refs have below
issues, and are considered legacy. String refs were removed in React v16.
 i. They force React to keep track of currently executing component. This is
problematic because it makes react module stateful, and thus causes weird
errors when react module is duplicated in the bundle.

ii. They are not composable — if a library puts a ref on the passed child, the user
can't put another ref on it. Callback refs are perfectly composable.

iii. They don't work with static analysis like Flow. Flow can't guess the magic that
framework does to make the string ref appear on this.refs , as well as its type
(which could be different). Callback refs are friendlier to static analysis.

iv. It doesn't work as most people would expect with the "render callback" pattern
(e.g. )

class MyComponent extends Component {

renderRow = (index) => {
// This won't work. Ref will get attached to DataTable rather tha
return <input ref={"input-" + index} />;

// This would work though! Callback refs are awesome.

return <input ref={(input) => (this["input-" + index] = input)} /
};

render() {
return (
<DataTable data={this.props.data} renderRow={this.renderRow} />
);
}
}

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24. What is Virtual DOM?

The Virtual DOM (VDOM) is an in-memory representation of Real DOM. The
representation of a UI is kept in memory and synced with the "real" DOM. It's a step
that happens between the render function being called and the displaying of elements
on the screen. This entire process is called reconciliation.

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25. How Virtual DOM works?

The Virtual DOM works in three simple steps.

i. Whenever any underlying data changes, the entire UI is re-rendered in Virtual

DOM representation.

ii. Then the difference between the previous DOM representation and the new one
is calculated.

iii. Once the calculations are done, the real DOM will be updated with only the things
that have actually changed.
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26. What is the difference between Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM?
The Shadow DOM is a browser technology designed primarily for scoping variables
and CSS in web components. The Virtual DOM is a concept implemented by libraries
in JavaScript on top of browser APIs.

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27. What is React Fiber?

Fiber is the new reconciliation engine or reimplementation of core algorithm in React
v16. The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like animation,
layout, gestures, ability to pause, abort, or reuse work and assign priority to different
types of updates; and new concurrency primitives.

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28. What is the main goal of React Fiber?

The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like animation, layout,
and gestures. Its headline feature is incremental rendering: the ability to split
rendering work into chunks and spread it out over multiple frames.

from documentation

Its main goals are:

 i. Ability to split interruptible work in chunks.
ii. Ability to prioritize, rebase and reuse work in progress.
iii. Ability to yield back and forth between parents and children to support layout in
React.
iv. Ability to return multiple elements from render().
v. Better support for error boundaries.

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29. What are controlled components?

A component that controls the input elements within the forms on subsequent user
input is called Controlled Component, i.e, every state mutation will have an
associated handler function.

For example, to write all the names in uppercase letters, we use handleChange as
below,

handleChange(event) {
this.setState({value: event.target.value.toUpperCase()})
}

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30. What are uncontrolled components?

The Uncontrolled Components are the ones that store their own state internally, and
you query the DOM using a ref to find its current value when you need it. This is a bit
more like traditional HTML.

In the below UserProfile component, the name input is accessed using ref.

class UserProfile extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.handleSubmit = this.handleSubmit.bind(this);
this.input = React.createRef();
}

handleSubmit(event) {
alert("A name was submitted: " + this.input.current.value);
event.preventDefault();
}
 render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<label>
{"Name:"}
<input type="text" ref={this.input} />
</label>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
);
}
}

In most cases, it's recommend to use controlled components to implement forms. In a

controlled component, form data is handled by a React component. The alternative is
uncontrolled components, where form data is handled by the DOM itself.

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31. What
is the difference between createElement and
cloneElement?
JSX elements will be transpiled to React.createElement() functions to create
React elements which are going to be used for the object representation of UI.
Whereas cloneElement is used to clone an element and pass it new props.

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32. What is Lifting State Up in React?

When several components need to share the same changing data then it is
recommended to lift the shared state up to their closest common ancestor. That
means if two child components share the same data from its parent, then move the
state to parent instead of maintaining local state in both of the child components.

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33. What are the different phases of component lifecycle?

The component lifecycle has three distinct lifecycle phases:
 i. Mounting: The component is ready to mount in the browser DOM. This phase
covers initialization from constructor() , getDerivedStateFromProps() ,
render() , and componentDidMount() lifecycle methods.

ii. Updating: In this phase, the component gets updated in two ways, sending the
new props and updating the state either from setState() or forceUpdate() .
This phase covers getDerivedStateFromProps() , shouldComponentUpdate() ,
render() , getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidUpdate() lifecycle
methods.

iii. Unmounting: In this last phase, the component is not needed and gets
unmounted from the browser DOM. This phase includes
componentWillUnmount() lifecycle method.

It's worth mentioning that React internally has a concept of phases when applying
changes to the DOM. They are separated as follows

i. Render The component will render without any side effects. This applies to Pure
components and in this phase, React can pause, abort, or restart the render.

ii. Pre-commit Before the component actually applies the changes to the DOM,
there is a moment that allows React to read from the DOM through the
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() .

iii. Commit React works with the DOM and executes the final lifecycles respectively
componentDidMount() for mounting, componentDidUpdate() for updating, and
componentWillUnmount() for unmounting.

React 16.3+ Phases (or an interactive version)

 Before React 16.3

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34. What are the lifecycle methods of React?

Before React 16.3

componentWillMount: Executed before rendering and is used for App level

configuration in your root component.
componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and here all AJAX requests,
DOM or state updates, and set up event listeners should occur.
 componentWillReceiveProps: Executed when particular prop updates to trigger
state transitions.
shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not.
By default it returns true . If you are sure that the component doesn't need to
render after state or props are updated, you can return false value. It is a great
place to improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if
component receives new prop.
componentWillUpdate: Executed before re-rendering the component when
there are props & state changes confirmed by shouldComponentUpdate() which
returns true.
componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop
or state changes.
componentWillUnmount: It will be used to cancel any outgoing network
requests, or remove all event listeners associated with the component.

React 16.3+

getDerivedStateFromProps: Invoked right before calling render() and is

invoked on every render. This exists for rare use cases where you need a derived
state. Worth reading if you need derived state.
componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and where all AJAX
requests, DOM or state updates, and set up event listeners should occur.
shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not.
By default, it returns true . If you are sure that the component doesn't need to
render after the state or props are updated, you can return a false value. It is a
great place to improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if
component receives a new prop.
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate: Executed right before rendered output is committed
to the DOM. Any value returned by this will be passed into
componentDidUpdate() . This is useful to capture information from the DOM i.e.
scroll position.
componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop
or state changes. This will not fire if shouldComponentUpdate() returns false .
componentWillUnmount It will be used to cancel any outgoing network
requests, or remove all event listeners associated with the component.

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35. What are Higher-Order Components?

 A higher-order component (HOC) is a function that takes a component and returns a
new component. Basically, it's a pattern that is derived from React's compositional
nature.

We call them pure components because they can accept any dynamically provided
child component but they won't modify or copy any behavior from their input
components.

const EnhancedComponent = higherOrderComponent(WrappedComponent);

HOC can be used for many use cases:

i. Code reuse, logic and bootstrap abstraction.

ii. Render hijacking.
iii. State abstraction and manipulation.
iv. Props manipulation.

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36. How to create props proxy for HOC component?

You can add/edit props passed to the component using props proxy pattern like this:

function HOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class Test extends Component {
render() {
const newProps = {
title: "New Header",
footer: false,
showFeatureX: false,
showFeatureY: true,
};

return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} {...newProps} />;

}
};
}

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37. What is context?

 Context provides a way to pass data through the component tree without having to
pass props down manually at every level.

For example, authenticated users, locale preferences, UI themes need to be

accessed in the application by many components.

const { Provider, Consumer } = React.createContext(defaultValue);

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38. What is children prop?

Children is a prop ( this.props.children ) that allows you to pass components as
data to other components, just like any other prop you use. Component tree put
between component's opening and closing tag will be passed to that component as
children prop.

There are several methods available in the React API to work with this prop. These
include React.Children.map , React.Children.forEach , React.Children.count ,
React.Children.only , React.Children.toArray .

A simple usage of children prop looks as below,

const MyDiv = React.createClass({

render: function () {
return <div>{this.props.children}</div>;
},
});

ReactDOM.render(
<MyDiv>
<span>{"Hello"}</span>
<span>{"World"}</span>
</MyDiv>,
node
);

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39. How to write comments in React?

The comments in React/JSX are similar to JavaScript Multiline comments but are
wrapped in curly braces.
 Single-line comments:

<div>
{/* Single-line comments(In vanilla JavaScript, the single-line comment
{`Welcome ${user}, let's play React`}
</div>

Multi-line comments:

<div>
{/* Multi-line comments for more than
one line */}
{`Welcome ${user}, let's play React`}
</div>

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40. What
is the purpose of using super constructor with props
argument?
A child class constructor cannot make use of this reference until the super()
method has been called. The same applies to ES6 sub-classes as well. The main
reason for passing props parameter to super() call is to access this.props in
your child constructors.

Passing props:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);

console.log(this.props); // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }

}
}

Not passing props:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super();

console.log(this.props); // prints undefined

 // but props parameter is still available
console.log(props); // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }
}

render() {
// no difference outside constructor
console.log(this.props); // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }
}
}

The above code snippets reveals that this.props is different only within the
constructor. It would be the same outside the constructor.

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41. What is reconciliation?

When a component's props or state change, React decides whether an actual DOM
update is necessary by comparing the newly returned element with the previously
rendered one. When they are not equal, React will update the DOM. This process is
called reconciliation.

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42. How to set state with a dynamic key name?

If you are using ES6 or the Babel transpiler to transform your JSX code then you can
accomplish this with computed property names.

handleInputChange(event) {
this.setState({ [event.target.id]: event.target.value })
}

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43. What
would be the common mistake of function being called
every time the component renders?
You need to make sure that function is not being called while passing the function as
a parameter.
 render() {
// Wrong: handleClick is called instead of passed as a reference!
return <button onClick={this.handleClick()}>{'Click Me'}</button>
}

Instead, pass the function itself without parenthesis:

render() {
// Correct: handleClick is passed as a reference!
return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>{'Click Me'}</button>
}

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44. Is lazy function supports named exports?

No, currently React.lazy function supports default exports only. If you would like to
import modules which are named exports, you can create an intermediate module that
reexports it as the default. It also ensures that tree shaking keeps working and don’t
pull unused components. Let's take a component file which exports multiple named
components,

// MoreComponents.js
export const SomeComponent = /* ... */;
export const UnusedComponent = /* ... */;

and reexport MoreComponents.js components in an intermediate file

IntermediateComponent.js

// IntermediateComponent.js
export { SomeComponent as default } from "./MoreComponents.js";

Now you can import the module using lazy function as below,

import React, { lazy } from "react";

const SomeComponent = lazy(() => import("./IntermediateComponent.js"));

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45. Why React uses className over class attribute?
class is a keyword in JavaScript, and JSX is an extension of JavaScript. That's the
principal reason why React uses className instead of class . Pass a string as the
className prop.

render() {
return <span className={'menu navigation-menu'}>{'Menu'}</span>
}

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46. What are fragments?

It's a common pattern in React which is used for a component to return multiple
elements. Fragments let you group a list of children without adding extra nodes to the
DOM.

render() {
return (
<React.Fragment>
<ChildA />
<ChildB />
<ChildC />
</React.Fragment>
)
}

There is also a shorter syntax, but it's not supported in many tools:

render() {
return (
<>
<ChildA />
<ChildB />
<ChildC />
</>
)
}

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47. Why fragments are better than container divs?
Below are the list of reasons,

i. Fragments are a bit faster and use less memory by not creating an extra DOM
node. This only has a real benefit on very large and deep trees.
ii. Some CSS mechanisms like Flexbox and CSS Grid have a special parent-child
relationships, and adding divs in the middle makes it hard to keep the desired
layout.
iii. The DOM Inspector is less cluttered.

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48. What are portals in React?

Portal is a recommended way to render children into a DOM node that exists outside
the DOM hierarchy of the parent component.

ReactDOM.createPortal(child, container);

The first argument is any render-able React child, such as an element, string, or
fragment. The second argument is a DOM element.

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49. What are stateless components?

If the behaviour of a component is independent of its state then it can be a stateless
component. You can use either a function or a class for creating stateless
components. But unless you need to use a lifecycle hook in your components, you
should go for function components. There are a lot of benefits if you decide to use
function components here; they are easy to write, understand, and test, a little faster,
and you can avoid the this keyword altogether.

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50. What are stateful components?

If the behaviour of a component is dependent on the state of the component then it
can be termed as stateful component. These stateful components are always class
components and have a state that gets initialized in the constructor .
 class App extends Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { count: 0 };
}

render() {
// ...
}
}

React 16.8 Update:

Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing classes.

The Equivalent Functional Component

import React, {useState} from 'react';

const App = (props) => {

const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

return (
// JSX
)
}

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51. How to apply validation on props in React?

When the application is running in development mode, React will automatically check
all props that we set on components to make sure they have correct type. If the type
is incorrect, React will generate warning messages in the console. It's disabled in
production mode due to performance impact. The mandatory props are defined with
isRequired .

The set of predefined prop types:

i. PropTypes.number
ii. PropTypes.string
iii. PropTypes.array
iv. PropTypes.object
 v. PropTypes.func
vi. PropTypes.node
vii. PropTypes.element
viii. PropTypes.bool
ix. PropTypes.symbol
x. PropTypes.any

We can define propTypes for User component as below:

import React from "react";

import PropTypes from "prop-types";

class User extends React.Component {

static propTypes = {
name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
age: PropTypes.number.isRequired,
};

render() {
return (
<>
<h1>{`Welcome, ${this.props.name}`}</h1>
<h2>{`Age, ${this.props.age}`}</h2>
</>
);
}
}

Note: In React v15.5 PropTypes were moved from React.PropTypes to prop-types

library.

The Equivalent Functional Component

import React from "react";

import PropTypes from "prop-types";

function User({ name, age }) {

return (
<>
<h1>{`Welcome, ${name}`}</h1>
<h2>{`Age, ${age}`}</h2>
</>
);
}
 User.propTypes = {
name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
age: PropTypes.number.isRequired,
};

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52. What are the advantages of React?

Below are the list of main advantages of React,

i. Increases the application's performance with Virtual DOM.

ii. JSX makes code easy to read and write.
iii. It renders both on client and server side (SSR).
iv. Easy to integrate with frameworks (Angular, Backbone) since it is only a view
library.
v. Easy to write unit and integration tests with tools such as Jest.

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53. What are the limitations of React?

Apart from the advantages, there are few limitations of React too,

i. React is just a view library, not a full framework.

ii. There is a learning curve for beginners who are new to web development.
iii. Integrating React into a traditional MVC framework requires some additional
configuration.
iv. The code complexity increases with inline templating and JSX.
v. Too many smaller components leading to over engineering or boilerplate.

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54. What are error boundaries in React v16?

Error boundaries are components that catch JavaScript errors anywhere in their child
component tree, log those errors, and display a fallback UI instead of the component
tree that crashed.
 A class component becomes an error boundary if it defines a new lifecycle method
called componentDidCatch(error, info) or static
getDerivedStateFromError() :

class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}

componentDidCatch(error, info) {
// You can also log the error to an error reporting service
logErrorToMyService(error, info);
}

static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
return { hasError: true };
}

render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return <h1>{"Something went wrong."}</h1>;
}
return this.props.children;
}
}

After that use it as a regular component:

<ErrorBoundary>
<MyWidget />
</ErrorBoundary>

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55. How are error boundaries handled in React v15?

React v15 provided very basic support for error boundaries using
unstable_handleError method. It has been renamed to componentDidCatch in
React v16.

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56. What are the recommended ways for static type checking?
Normally we use PropTypes library ( React.PropTypes moved to a prop-types
package since React v15.5) for type checking in the React applications. For large
code bases, it is recommended to use static type checkers such as Flow or
TypeScript, that perform type checking at compile time and provide auto-completion
features.

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57. What is the use of react-dom package?

The react-dom package provides DOM-specific methods that can be used at the
top level of your app. Most of the components are not required to use this module.
Some of the methods of this package are:

i. render()
ii. hydrate()
iii. unmountComponentAtNode()
iv. findDOMNode()
v. createPortal()

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58. What is the purpose of render method of react-dom ?

This method is used to render a React element into the DOM in the supplied container
and return a reference to the component. If the React element was previously
rendered into container, it will perform an update on it and only mutate the DOM as
necessary to reflect the latest changes.

ReactDOM.render(element, container, [callback])

If the optional callback is provided, it will be executed after the component is rendered
or updated.

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59. What is ReactDOMServer?

 The ReactDOMServer object enables you to render components to static markup
(typically used on node server). This object is mainly used for server-side rendering
(SSR). The following methods can be used in both the server and browser
environments:

i. renderToString()
ii. renderToStaticMarkup()

For example, you generally run a Node-based web server like Express, Hapi, or Koa,
and you call renderToString to render your root component to a string, which you
then send as response.

// using Express
import { renderToString } from "react-dom/server";
import MyPage from "./MyPage";

app.get("/", (req, res) => {

res.write(
"<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>My Page</title></head><body>"
);
res.write('<div id="content">');
res.write(renderToString(<MyPage />));
res.write("</div></body></html>");
res.end();
});

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60. How to use innerHTML in React?

The dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute is React's replacement for using
innerHTML in the browser DOM. Just like innerHTML , it is risky to use this attribute
considering cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. You just need to pass a __html
object as key and HTML text as value.

In this example MyComponent uses dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute for setting

HTML markup:

function createMarkup() {
return { __html: "First &middot; Second" };
}

function MyComponent() {
 return <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={createMarkup()} />;
}

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61. How to use styles in React?

The style attribute accepts a JavaScript object with camelCased properties rather
than a CSS string. This is consistent with the DOM style JavaScript property, is more
efficient, and prevents XSS security holes.

const divStyle = {
color: "blue",
backgroundImage: "url(" + imgUrl + ")",
};

function HelloWorldComponent() {
return <div style={divStyle}>Hello World!</div>;
}

Style keys are camelCased in order to be consistent with accessing the properties on
DOM nodes in JavaScript (e.g. node.style.backgroundImage ).

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62. How events are different in React?

Handling events in React elements has some syntactic differences:

i. React event handlers are named using camelCase, rather than lowercase.
ii. With JSX you pass a function as the event handler, rather than a string.

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63. What will happen if you use setState() in constructor?

When you use setState() , then apart from assigning to the object state React also
re-renders the component and all its children. You would get error like this: Can only
update a mounted or mounting component. So we need to use this.state to
initialize variables inside constructor.

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64. What is the impact of indexes as keys?
Keys should be stable, predictable, and unique so that React can keep track of
elements.

In the below code snippet each element's key will be based on ordering, rather than
tied to the data that is being represented. This limits the optimizations that React can
do.

{
todos.map((todo, index) => <Todo {...todo} key={index} />);
}

If you use element data for unique key, assuming todo.id is unique to this list and
stable, React would be able to reorder elements without needing to reevaluate them
as much.

{
todos.map((todo) => <Todo {...todo} key={todo.id} />);
}

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65. Is
it good to use setState() in componentWillMount()
method?
Yes, it is safe to use setState() inside componentWillMount() method. But at the
same it is recommended to avoid async initialization in componentWillMount()
lifecycle method. componentWillMount() is invoked immediately before mounting
occurs. It is called before render() , therefore setting state in this method will not
trigger a re-render. Avoid introducing any side-effects or subscriptions in this method.
We need to make sure async calls for component initialization happened in
componentDidMount() instead of componentWillMount() .

componentDidMount() {
axios.get(`api/todos`)
.then((result) => {
this.setState({
messages: [...result.data]
})
 })
}

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66. What will happen if you use props in initial state?

If the props on the component are changed without the component being refreshed,
the new prop value will never be displayed because the constructor function will never
update the current state of the component. The initialization of state from props only
runs when the component is first created.

The below component won't display the updated input value:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);

this.state = {
records: [],
inputValue: this.props.inputValue,
};
}

render() {
return <div>{this.state.inputValue}</div>;
}
}

Using props inside render method will update the value:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);

this.state = {
record: [],
};
}

render() {
return <div>{this.props.inputValue}</div>;
}
}
 Back to Top

67. How do you conditionally render components?

In some cases you want to render different components depending on some state.
JSX does not render false or undefined , so you can use conditional short-
circuiting to render a given part of your component only if a certain condition is true.

const MyComponent = ({ name, address }) => (

<div>
<h2>{name}</h2>
{address && <p>{address}</p>}
</div>
);

If you need an if-else condition then use ternary operator.

const MyComponent = ({ name, address }) => (

<div>
<h2>{name}</h2>
{address ? <p>{address}</p> : <p>{"Address is not available"}</p>}
</div>
);

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68. Why
we need to be careful when spreading props on DOM
elements?
When we spread props we run into the risk of adding unknown HTML attributes, which
is a bad practice. Instead we can use prop destructuring with ...rest operator, so it
will add only required props.

For example,

const ComponentA = () => (

<ComponentB isDisplay={true} className={"componentStyle"} />
);

const ComponentB = ({ isDisplay, ...domProps }) => (

<div {...domProps}>{"ComponentB"}</div>
);
 Back to Top

69. How you use decorators in React?

You can decorate your class components, which is the same as passing the
component into a function. Decorators are flexible and readable way of modifying
component functionality.

@setTitle("Profile")
class Profile extends React.Component {
//....
}

/*
title is a string that will be set as a document title
WrappedComponent is what our decorator will receive when
put directly above a component class as seen in the example above
*/
const setTitle = (title) => (WrappedComponent) => {
return class extends React.Component {
componentDidMount() {
document.title = title;
}

render() {
return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} />;
}
};
};

Note: Decorators are a feature that didn't make it into ES7, but are currently a stage 2
proposal.

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70. How do you memoize a component?

There are memoize libraries available which can be used on function components.

For example moize library can memoize the component in another component.

import moize from "moize";

import Component from "./components/Component"; // this module exports a

const MemoizedFoo = moize.react(Component);

 const Consumer = () => {
<div>
{"I will memoize the following entry:"}
<MemoizedFoo />
</div>;
};

Update: Since React v16.6.0, we have a React.memo . It provides a higher order

component which memoizes component unless the props change. To use it, simply
wrap the component using React.memo before you use it.

const MemoComponent = React.memo(function MemoComponent(props) {

/* render using props */
});
OR;
export default React.memo(MyFunctionComponent);

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71. How you implement Server Side Rendering or SSR?

React is already equipped to handle rendering on Node servers. A special version of
the DOM renderer is available, which follows the same pattern as on the client side.

import ReactDOMServer from "react-dom/server";

import App from "./App";

ReactDOMServer.renderToString(<App />);

This method will output the regular HTML as a string, which can be then placed inside
a page body as part of the server response. On the client side, React detects the pre-
rendered content and seamlessly picks up where it left off.

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72. How to enable production mode in React?

 You should use Webpack's DefinePlugin method to set NODE_ENV to production ,
by which it strip out things like propType validation and extra warnings. Apart from
this, if you minify the code, for example, Uglify's dead-code elimination to strip out
development only code and comments, it will drastically reduce the size of your
bundle.

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73. What is CRA and its benefits?

The create-react-app CLI tool allows you to quickly create & run React
applications with no configuration step.

Let's create Todo App using CRA:

# Installation
$ npm install -g create-react-app

# Create new project

$ create-react-app todo-app
$ cd todo-app

# Build, test and run

$ npm run build
$ npm run test
$ npm start

It includes everything we need to build a React app:

i. React, JSX, ES6, and Flow syntax support.

ii. Language extras beyond ES6 like the object spread operator.
iii. Autoprefixed CSS, so you don’t need -webkit- or other prefixes.
iv. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for coverage reporting.
v. A live development server that warns about common mistakes.
vi. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with hashes and
sourcemaps.

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74. What is the lifecycle methods order in mounting?

The lifecycle methods are called in the following order when an instance of a
component is being created and inserted into the DOM.
 i. constructor()
ii. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
iii. render()
iv. componentDidMount()

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75. What are the lifecycle methods going to be deprecated in React

v16?
The following lifecycle methods going to be unsafe coding practices and will be more
problematic with async rendering.

i. componentWillMount()
ii. componentWillReceiveProps()
iii. componentWillUpdate()

Starting with React v16.3 these methods are aliased with UNSAFE_ prefix, and the
unprefixed version will be removed in React v17.

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76. Whatis the purpose of getDerivedStateFromProps()

lifecycle method?
The new static getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method is invoked after a
component is instantiated as well as before it is re-rendered. It can return an object to
update state, or null to indicate that the new props do not require any state
updates.

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

static getDerivedStateFromProps(props, state) {
// ...
}
}

This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of
componentWillReceiveProps() .

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77. What is the purpose of getSnapshotBeforeUpdate()
lifecycle method?
The new getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method is called right before DOM
updates. The return value from this method will be passed as the third parameter to
componentDidUpdate() .

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
// ...
}
}

This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of
componentWillUpdate() .

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78. Do Hooks replace render props and higher order components?

Both render props and higher-order components render only a single child but in most
of the cases Hooks are a simpler way to serve this by reducing nesting in your tree.

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79. What is the recommended way for naming components?

It is recommended to name the component by reference instead of using
displayName .

Using displayName for naming component:

export default React.createClass({

displayName: "TodoApp",
// ...
});

The recommended approach:

export default class TodoApp extends React.Component {

// ...
 }

also

const TodoApp = () => {

//...
};
export default TodoApp;

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80. What
is the recommended ordering of methods in component
class?
Recommended ordering of methods from mounting to render stage:

i. static methods
ii. constructor()
iii. getChildContext()
iv. componentWillMount()
v. componentDidMount()
vi. componentWillReceiveProps()
vii. shouldComponentUpdate()
viii. componentWillUpdate()
ix. componentDidUpdate()
x. componentWillUnmount()
xi. click handlers or event handlers like onClickSubmit() or
onChangeDescription()

xii. getter methods for render like getSelectReason() or getFooterContent()

xiii. optional render methods like renderNavigation() or renderProfilePicture()
xiv. render()

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81. What is a switching component?

A switching component is a component that renders one of many components. We
need to use object to map prop values to components.
 For example, a switching component to display different pages based on page prop:

import HomePage from "./HomePage";

import AboutPage from "./AboutPage";
import ServicesPage from "./ServicesPage";
import ContactPage from "./ContactPage";

const PAGES = {
home: HomePage,
about: AboutPage,
services: ServicesPage,
contact: ContactPage,
};

const Page = (props) => {

const Handler = PAGES[props.page] || ContactPage;

return <Handler {...props} />;

};

// The keys of the PAGES object can be used in the prop types to catch de
Page.propTypes = {
page: PropTypes.oneOf(Object.keys(PAGES)).isRequired,
};

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82. Why we need to pass a function to setState()?

The reason behind for this is that setState() is an asynchronous operation. React
batches state changes for performance reasons, so the state may not change
immediately after setState() is called. That means you should not rely on the
current state when calling setState() since you can't be sure what that state will be.
The solution is to pass a function to setState() , with the previous state as an
argument. By doing this you can avoid issues with the user getting the old state value
on access due to the asynchronous nature of setState() .

Let's say the initial count value is zero. After three consecutive increment operations,
the value is going to be incremented only by one.

// assuming this.state.count === 0

this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });
this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });
 this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });
// this.state.count === 1, not 3

If we pass a function to setState() , the count gets incremented correctly.

this.setState((prevState, props) => ({

count: prevState.count + props.increment,
}));
// this.state.count === 3 as expected

(OR)

Why function is preferred over object for setState() ?

React may batch multiple setState() calls into a single update for performance.
Because this.props and this.state may be updated asynchronously, you
should not rely on their values for calculating the next state.

This counter example will fail to update as expected:

// Wrong
this.setState({
counter: this.state.counter + this.props.increment,
});

The preferred approach is to call setState() with function rather than object. That
function will receive the previous state as the first argument, and the props at the time
the update is applied as the second argument.

// Correct
this.setState((prevState, props) => ({
counter: prevState.counter + props.increment,
}));

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83. What is strict mode in React?

 React.StrictMode is a useful component for highlighting potential problems in an
application. Just like <Fragment> , <StrictMode> does not render any extra DOM
elements. It activates additional checks and warnings for its descendants. These
checks apply for development mode only.

import React from "react";

function ExampleApplication() {
return (
<div>
<Header />
<React.StrictMode>
<div>
<ComponentOne />
<ComponentTwo />
</div>
</React.StrictMode>
<Header />
</div>
);
}

In the example above, the strict mode checks apply to <ComponentOne> and
<ComponentTwo> components only.

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84. What are React Mixins?

Mixins are a way to totally separate components to have a common functionality.
Mixins should not be used and can be replaced with higher-order components or
decorators.

One of the most commonly used mixins is PureRenderMixin . You might be using it
in some components to prevent unnecessary re-renders when the props and state are
shallowly equal to the previous props and state:

const PureRenderMixin = require("react-addons-pure-render-mixin");

const Button = React.createClass({

mixins: [PureRenderMixin],
// ...
});
 Back to Top

85. Whyis isMounted() an anti-pattern and what is the proper

solution?
The primary use case for isMounted() is to avoid calling setState() after a
component has been unmounted, because it will emit a warning.

if (this.isMounted()) {
this.setState({...})
}

Checking isMounted() before calling setState() does eliminate the warning, but
it also defeats the purpose of the warning. Using isMounted() is a code smell
because the only reason you would check is because you think you might be holding
a reference after the component has unmounted.

An optimal solution would be to find places where setState() might be called after
a component has unmounted, and fix them. Such situations most commonly occur
due to callbacks, when a component is waiting for some data and gets unmounted
before the data arrives. Ideally, any callbacks should be canceled in
componentWillUnmount() , prior to unmounting.

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86. What are the Pointer Events supported in React?

Pointer Events provide a unified way of handling all input events. In the old days we
had a mouse and respective event listeners to handle them but nowadays we have
many devices which don't correlate to having a mouse, like phones with touch surface
or pens. We need to remember that these events will only work in browsers that
support the Pointer Events specification.

The following event types are now available in React DOM:

i. onPointerDown
ii. onPointerMove
iii. onPointerUp
iv. onPointerCancel
v. onGotPointerCapture
vi. onLostPointerCapture
 vii. onPointerEnter
viii. onPointerLeave
ix. onPointerOver
x. onPointerOut

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87. Why should component names start with capital letter?

If you are rendering your component using JSX, the name of that component has to
begin with a capital letter otherwise React will throw an error as an unrecognized tag.
This convention is because only HTML elements and SVG tags can begin with a
lowercase letter.

class SomeComponent extends Component {

// Code goes here
}

You can define component class which name starts with lowercase letter, but when it's
imported it should have capital letter. Here lowercase is fine:

class myComponent extends Component {

render() {
return <div />;
}
}

export default myComponent;

While when imported in another file it should start with capital letter:

import MyComponent from "./myComponent";

What are the exceptions on React component naming?

The component names should start with an uppercase letter but there are few
exceptions to this convention. The lowercase tag names with a dot (property
accessors) are still considered as valid component names. For example, the below
tag can be compiled to a valid component,
 render() {
return (
<obj.component/> // `React.createElement(obj.component)`
)
}

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88. Are custom DOM attributes supported in React v16?

Yes. In the past, React used to ignore unknown DOM attributes. If you wrote JSX with
an attribute that React doesn't recognize, React would just skip it.

For example, let's take a look at the below attribute:

<div mycustomattribute={"something"} />

Would render an empty div to the DOM with React v15:

<div />

In React v16 any unknown attributes will end up in the DOM:

<div mycustomattribute="something" />

This is useful for supplying browser-specific non-standard attributes, trying new DOM
APIs, and integrating with opinionated third-party libraries.

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89. What is the difference between constructor and getInitialState?

You should initialize state in the constructor when using ES6 classes, and
getInitialState() method when using React.createClass() .

Using ES6 classes:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
 /* initial state */
};
}
}

Using React.createClass() :

const MyComponent = React.createClass({

getInitialState() {
return {
/* initial state */
};
},
});

Note: React.createClass() is deprecated and removed in React v16. Use plain

JavaScript classes instead.

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90. Can
you force a component to re-render without calling
setState?
By default, when your component's state or props change, your component will re-
render. If your render() method depends on some other data, you can tell React
that the component needs re-rendering by calling forceUpdate() .

component.forceUpdate(callback);

It is recommended to avoid all uses of forceUpdate() and only read from

this.props and this.state in render() .

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91. What
is the difference between super() and super(props)
in React using ES6 classes?
When you want to access this.props in constructor() then you should pass
props to super() method.

Using super(props) :
 class MyComponent extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
console.log(this.props); // { name: 'John', ... }
}
}

Using super() :

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super();
console.log(this.props); // undefined
}
}

Outside constructor() both will display same value for this.props .

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92. How to loop inside JSX?

You can simply use Array.prototype.map with ES6 arrow function syntax.

For example, the items array of objects is mapped into an array of components:

<tbody>
{items.map((item) => (
<SomeComponent key={item.id} name={item.name} />
))}
</tbody>

But you can't iterate using for loop:

<tbody>
for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
<SomeComponent key={items[i].id} name={items[i].name} />
}
</tbody>
 This is because JSX tags are transpiled into function calls, and you can't use
statements inside expressions. This may change thanks to do expressions which
are stage 1 proposal.

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93. How do you access props in attribute quotes?

React (or JSX) doesn't support variable interpolation inside an attribute value. The
below representation won't work:

<img className="image" src="images/{this.props.image}" />

But you can put any JS expression inside curly braces as the entire attribute value. So
the below expression works:

<img className="image" src={"images/" + this.props.image} />

Using template strings will also work:

<img className="image" src={`images/${this.props.image}`} />

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94. What is React proptype array with shape?

If you want to pass an array of objects to a component with a particular shape then
use React.PropTypes.shape() as an argument to React.PropTypes.arrayOf() .

ReactComponent.propTypes = {
arrayWithShape: React.PropTypes.arrayOf(
React.PropTypes.shape({
color: React.PropTypes.string.isRequired,
fontSize: React.PropTypes.number.isRequired,
})
).isRequired,
};

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95. How to conditionally apply class attributes?
You shouldn't use curly braces inside quotes because it is going to be evaluated as a
string.

<div className="btn-panel {this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}">

Instead you need to move curly braces outside (don't forget to include spaces
between class names):

<div className={'btn-panel ' + (this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden')}>

Template strings will also work:

<div className={`btn-panel ${this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}`}>

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96. What is the difference between React and ReactDOM?

The react package contains React.createElement() , React.Component ,
React.Children , and other helpers related to elements and component classes.
You can think of these as the isomorphic or universal helpers that you need to build
components. The react-dom package contains ReactDOM.render() , and in react-
dom/server we have server-side rendering support with
ReactDOMServer.renderToString() and
ReactDOMServer.renderToStaticMarkup() .

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97. Why ReactDOM is separated from React?

The React team worked on extracting all DOM-related features into a separate library
called ReactDOM. React v0.14 is the first release in which the libraries are split. By
looking at some of the packages, react-native , react-art , react-canvas , and
react-three , it has become clear that the beauty and essence of React has nothing
to do with browsers or the DOM.
 To build more environments that React can render to, React team planned to split the
main React package into two: react and react-dom . This paves the way to writing
components that can be shared between the web version of React and React Native.

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98. How to use React label element?

If you try to render a <label> element bound to a text input using the standard for
attribute, then it produces HTML missing that attribute and prints a warning to the
console.

<label for={'user'}>{'User'}</label>
<input type={'text'} id={'user'} />

Since for is a reserved keyword in JavaScript, use htmlFor instead.

<label htmlFor={'user'}>{'User'}</label>
<input type={'text'} id={'user'} />

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99. How to combine multiple inline style objects?

You can use spread operator in regular React:

<button style={{ ...styles.panel.button, ...styles.panel.submitButton }}>

{"Submit"}
</button>

If you're using React Native then you can use the array notation:

<button style={[styles.panel.button, styles.panel.submitButton]}>

{"Submit"}
</button>

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100. How to re-render the view when the browser is resized?

 You can listen to the resize event in componentDidMount() and then update the
dimensions ( width and height ). You should remove the listener in
componentWillUnmount() method.

class WindowDimensions extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.updateDimensions = this.updateDimensions.bind(this);
}

componentWillMount() {
this.updateDimensions();
}

componentDidMount() {
window.addEventListener("resize", this.updateDimensions);
}

componentWillUnmount() {
window.removeEventListener("resize", this.updateDimensions);
}

updateDimensions() {
this.setState({
width: window.innerWidth,
height: window.innerHeight,
});
}

render() {
return (
<span>
{this.state.width} x {this.state.height}
</span>
);
}
}

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101. What
is the difference between setState() and
replaceState() methods?
 When you use setState() the current and previous states are merged.
replaceState() throws out the current state, and replaces it with only what you
provide. Usually setState() is used unless you really need to remove all previous
keys for some reason. You can also set state to false / null in setState()
instead of using replaceState() .

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102. How to listen to state changes?

The componentDidUpdate lifecycle method will be called when state changes. You
can compare provided state and props values with current state and props to
determine if something meaningful changed.

componentDidUpdate(object prevProps, object prevState)

Note: The previous releases of ReactJS also uses componentWillUpdate(object

nextProps, object nextState) for state changes. It has been deprecated in latest
releases.

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103. Whatis the recommended approach of removing an array

element in React state?
The better approach is to use Array.prototype.filter() method.

For example, let's create a removeItem() method for updating the state.

removeItem(index) {
this.setState({
data: this.state.data.filter((item, i) => i !== index)
})
}

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104. Is it possible to use React without rendering HTML?

It is possible. Below are the possible options:
 render() {
return false
}

render() {
return true
}

render() {
return null
}

React version >=16.0.0:

render() {
return []
}

render() {
return ""
}

React version >=16.2.0:

render() {
return <React.Fragment></React.Fragment>
}

render() {
return <></>
}

React version >=18.0.0:

render() {
return undefined
}
 Back to Top

105. How to pretty print JSON with React?

We can use <pre> tag so that the formatting of the JSON.stringify() is retained:

const data = { name: "John", age: 42 };

class User extends React.Component {

render() {
return <pre>{JSON.stringify(data, null, 2)}</pre>;
}
}

React.render(<User />, document.getElementById("container"));

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106. Why you can't update props in React?

The React philosophy is that props should be immutable and top-down. This means
that a parent can send any prop values to a child, but the child can't modify received
props.

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107. How to focus an input element on page load?

You can do it by creating ref for input element and using it in
componentDidMount() :

class App extends React.Component {

componentDidMount() {
this.nameInput.focus();
}

render() {
return (
<div>
<input defaultValue={"Won't focus"} />
<input
ref={(input) => (this.nameInput = input)}
defaultValue={"Will focus"}
/>
</div>
 );
}
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById("app"));

Also in Functional component (react 16.08 and above)

import React, { useEffect, useRef } from "react";

const App = () => {

const inputElRef = useRef(null);

useEffect(() => {
inputElRef.current.focus();
}, []);

return (
<div>
<input defaultValue={"Won't focus"} />
<input ref={inputElRef} defaultValue={"Will focus"} />
</div>
);
};

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById("app"));

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108. What are the possible ways of updating objects in state?

i. Calling setState() with an object to merge with state:

Using Object.assign() to create a copy of the object:

const user = Object.assign({}, this.state.user, { age: 42 });

this.setState({ user });

Using spread operator:

const user = { ...this.state.user, age: 42 };

this.setState({ user });
 ii. Calling setState() with a function:

this.setState((prevState) => ({
user: {
...prevState.user,
age: 42,
},
}));

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110. How
can we find the version of React at runtime in the
browser?
You can use React.version to get the version.

const REACT_VERSION = React.version;

ReactDOM.render(
<div>{`React version: ${REACT_VERSION}`}</div>,
document.getElementById("app")
);

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111. What
are the approaches to include polyfills in your create-
react-app ?
There are approaches to include polyfills in create-react-app,

i. Manual import from core-js :

Create a file called (something like) polyfills.js and import it into root
index.js file. Run npm install core-js or yarn add core-js and import
your specific required features.

import "core-js/fn/array/find";
import "core-js/fn/array/includes";
import "core-js/fn/number/is-nan";

ii. Using Polyfill service:

 Use the polyfill.io CDN to retrieve custom, browser-specific polyfills by adding this
line to index.html :

<script src="https://cdn.polyfill.io/v2/polyfill.min.js?features=defa

In the above script we had to explicitly request the Array.prototype.includes

feature as it is not included in the default feature set.

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112. How to use https instead of http in create-react-app?

You just need to use HTTPS=true configuration. You can edit your package.json
scripts section:

"scripts": {
"start": "set HTTPS=true && react-scripts start"
}

or just run set HTTPS=true && npm start

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113. How to avoid using relative path imports in create-react-app?

Create a file called .env in the project root and write the import path:

NODE_PATH=src/app

After that restart the development server. Now you should be able to import anything
inside src/app without relative paths.

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114. How to add Google Analytics for React Router?

Add a listener on the history object to record each page view:

history.listen(function (location) {
window.ga("set", "page", location.pathname + location.search);
 window.ga("send", "pageview", location.pathname + location.search);
});

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115. How to update a component every second?

You need to use setInterval() to trigger the change, but you also need to clear
the timer when the component unmounts to prevent errors and memory leaks.

componentDidMount() {
this.interval = setInterval(() => this.setState({ time: Date.now() }),
}

componentWillUnmount() {
clearInterval(this.interval)
}

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116. How do you apply vendor prefixes to inline styles in React?

React does not apply vendor prefixes automatically. You need to add vendor prefixes
manually.

<div
style={{
transform: "rotate(90deg)",
WebkitTransform: "rotate(90deg)", // note the capital 'W' here
msTransform: "rotate(90deg)", // 'ms' is the only lowercase vendor pr
}}
/>

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117. How to import and export components using React and ES6?
You should use default for exporting the components

import React from "react";

import User from "user";
 export default class MyProfile extends React.Component {
render() {
return <User type="customer">//...</User>;
}
}

With the export specifier, the MyProfile is going to be the member and exported to this
module and the same can be imported without mentioning the name in other
components.

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119. Why is a component constructor called only once?

React's reconciliation algorithm assumes that without any information to the contrary,
if a custom component appears in the same place on subsequent renders, it's the
same component as before, so reuses the previous instance rather than creating a
new one.

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120. How to define constants in React?

You can use ES7 static field to define constant.

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

static DEFAULT_PAGINATION = 10;
}

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121. How to programmatically trigger click event in React?

You could use the ref prop to acquire a reference to the underlying
HTMLInputElement object through a callback, store the reference as a class
property, then use that reference to later trigger a click from your event handlers using
the HTMLElement.click method.

This can be done in two steps:

i. Create ref in render method:

 <input ref={(input) => (this.inputElement = input)} />

ii. Apply click event in your event handler:

this.inputElement.click();

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122. Is it possible to use async/await in plain React?

If you want to use async / await in React, you will need Babel and transform-async-
to-generator plugin. React Native ships with Babel and a set of transforms.

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123. What are the common folder structures for React?

There are two common practices for React project file structure.

i. Grouping by features or routes:

One common way to structure projects is locate CSS, JS, and tests together,
grouped by feature or route.

common/
├─ Avatar.js
├─ Avatar.css
├─ APIUtils.js
└─ APIUtils.test.js
feed/
├─ index.js
├─ Feed.js
├─ Feed.css
├─ FeedStory.js
├─ FeedStory.test.js
└─ FeedAPI.js
profile/
├─ index.js
├─ Profile.js
├─ ProfileHeader.js
├─ ProfileHeader.css
└─ ProfileAPI.js
 ii. Grouping by file type:

Another popular way to structure projects is to group similar files together.

api/
├─ APIUtils.js
├─ APIUtils.test.js
├─ ProfileAPI.js
└─ UserAPI.js
components/
├─ Avatar.js
├─ Avatar.css
├─ Feed.js
├─ Feed.css
├─ FeedStory.js
├─ FeedStory.test.js
├─ Profile.js
├─ ProfileHeader.js
└─ ProfileHeader.css

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124. What are the popular packages for animation?

React Transition Group and React Motion are popular animation packages in React
ecosystem.

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125. What is the benefit of styles modules?

It is recommended to avoid hard coding style values in components. Any values that
are likely to be used across different UI components should be extracted into their
own modules.

For example, these styles could be extracted into a separate component:

export const colors = {

white,
black,
blue,
};
 export const space = [0, 8, 16, 32, 64];

And then imported individually in other components:

import { space, colors } from "./styles";

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126. What are the popular React-specific linters?

ESLint is a popular JavaScript linter. There are plugins available that analyse specific
code styles. One of the most common for React is an npm package called eslint-
plugin-react . By default, it will check a number of best practices, with rules
checking things from keys in iterators to a complete set of prop types.

Another popular plugin is eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y , which will help fix common

issues with accessibility. As JSX offers slightly different syntax to regular HTML,
issues with alt text and tabindex , for example, will not be picked up by regular
plugins.

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127. How
to make AJAX call and in which component lifecycle
methods should I make an AJAX call?
You can use AJAX libraries such as Axios, jQuery AJAX, and the browser built-in
fetch . You should fetch data in the componentDidMount() lifecycle method. This is
so you can use setState() to update your component when the data is retrieved.

For example, the employees list fetched from API and set local state:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
employees: [],
error: null,
};
}

componentDidMount() {
fetch("https://api.example.com/items")
 .then((res) => res.json())
.then(
(result) => {
this.setState({
employees: result.employees,
});
},
(error) => {
this.setState({ error });
}
);
}

render() {
const { error, employees } = this.state;
if (error) {
return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;
} else {
return (
<ul>
{employees.map((employee) => (
<li key={employee.name}>
{employee.name}-{employee.experience}
</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}
}
}

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128. What are render props?

Render Props is a simple technique for sharing code between components using a
prop whose value is a function. The below component uses render prop which returns
a React element.

<DataProvider render={(data) => <h1>{`Hello ${data.target}`}</h1>} />

Libraries such as React Router and DownShift are using this pattern.
React Router

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129. What is React Router?

React Router is a powerful routing library built on top of React that helps you add new
screens and flows to your application incredibly quickly, all while keeping the URL in
sync with what's being displayed on the page.

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130. How React Router is different from history library?

React Router is a wrapper around the history library which handles interaction with
the browser's window.history with its browser and hash histories. It also provides
memory history which is useful for environments that don't have global history, such
as mobile app development (React Native) and unit testing with Node.

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131. What are the <Router> components of React Router v4?

React Router v4 provides below 3 <Router> components:

i. <BrowserRouter>
ii. <HashRouter>
iii. <MemoryRouter>

The above components will create browser, hash, and memory history instances.
React Router v4 makes the properties and methods of the history instance
associated with your router available through the context in the router object.

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132. What
is the purpose of push() and replace() methods of
history ?
A history instance has two methods for navigation purpose.

i. push()
ii. replace()
 If you think of the history as an array of visited locations, push() will add a new
location to the array and replace() will replace the current location in the array with
the new one.

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133. How do you programmatically navigate using React Router v4?

There are three different ways to achieve programmatic routing/navigation within
components.

i. Using the withRouter() higher-order function:

The withRouter() higher-order function will inject the history object as a prop
of the component. This object provides push() and replace() methods to
avoid the usage of context.

import { withRouter } from "react-router-dom"; // this also works wit

const Button = withRouter(({ history }) => (

<button
type="button"
onClick={() => {
history.push("/new-location");
}}
>
{"Click Me!"}
</button>
));

ii. Using <Route> component and render props pattern:

The <Route> component passes the same props as withRouter() , so you will
be able to access the history methods through the history prop.

import { Route } from "react-router-dom";

const Button = () => (

<Route
render={({ history }) => (
<button
type="button"
onClick={() => {
history.push("/new-location");
 }}
>
{"Click Me!"}
</button>
)}
/>
);

iii. Using context:

This option is not recommended and treated as unstable API.

const Button = (props, context) => (

<button
type="button"
onClick={() => {
context.history.push("/new-location");
}}
>
{"Click Me!"}
</button>
);

Button.contextTypes = {
history: React.PropTypes.shape({
push: React.PropTypes.func.isRequired,
}),
};

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134. How to get query parameters in React Router v4?

The ability to parse query strings was taken out of React Router v4 because there
have been user requests over the years to support different implementation. So the
decision has been given to users to choose the implementation they like. The
recommended approach is to use query strings library.

const queryString = require("query-string");

const parsed = queryString.parse(props.location.search);

You can also use URLSearchParams if you want something native:

 const params = new URLSearchParams(props.location.search);
const foo = params.get("name");

You should use a polyfill for IE11.

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135. Why
you get "Router may have only one child element"
warning?
You have to wrap your Route's in a <Switch> block because <Switch> is unique in
that it renders a route exclusively.

At first you need to add Switch to your imports:

import { Switch, Router, Route } from "react-router";

Then define the routes within <Switch> block:

<Router>
<Switch>
<Route {/* ... */} />
<Route {/* ... */} />
</Switch>
</Router>

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136. How
to pass params to history.push method in React
Router v4?
While navigating you can pass props to the history object:

this.props.history.push({
pathname: "/template",
search: "?name=sudheer",
state: { detail: response.data },
});

The search property is used to pass query params in push() method.

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137. How to implement default or NotFound page?

A <Switch> renders the first child <Route> that matches. A <Route> with no path
always matches. So you just need to simply drop path attribute as below

<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home} />
<Route path="/user" component={User} />
<Route component={NotFound} />
</Switch>

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138. How to get history on React Router v4?

Below are the list of steps to get history object on React Router v4,

i. Create a module that exports a history object and import this module across
the project.

For example, create history.js file:

import { createBrowserHistory } from "history";

export default createBrowserHistory({

/* pass a configuration object here if needed */
});

ii. You should use the <Router> component instead of built-in routers. Import the
above history.js inside index.js file:

import { Router } from "react-router-dom";

import history from "./history";
import App from "./App";

ReactDOM.render(
<Router history={history}>
<App />
</Router>,
holder
);
 iii. You can also use push method of history object similar to built-in history
object:

// some-other-file.js
import history from "./history";

history.push("/go-here");

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139. How to perform automatic redirect after login?

The react-router package provides <Redirect> component in React Router.
Rendering a <Redirect> will navigate to a new location. Like server-side redirects,
the new location will override the current location in the history stack.

import React, { Component } from "react";

import { Redirect } from "react-router";

export default class LoginComponent extends Component {

render() {
if (this.state.isLoggedIn === true) {
return <Redirect to="/your/redirect/page" />;
} else {
return <div>{"Login Please"}</div>;
}
}
}

React Internationalization

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140. What is React Intl?

The React Intl library makes internationalization in React straightforward, with off-the-
shelf components and an API that can handle everything from formatting strings,
dates, and numbers, to pluralization. React Intl is part of FormatJS which provides
bindings to React via its components and API.

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141. What are the main features of React Intl?
Below are the main features of React Intl,

i. Display numbers with separators.

ii. Display dates and times correctly.
iii. Display dates relative to "now".
iv. Pluralize labels in strings.
v. Support for 150+ languages.
vi. Runs in the browser and Node.
vii. Built on standards.

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142. What are the two ways of formatting in React Intl?

The library provides two ways to format strings, numbers, and dates:

i. Using react components:

<FormattedMessage
id={"account"}
defaultMessage={"The amount is less than minimum balance."}
/>

ii. Using an API:

const messages = defineMessages({

accountMessage: {
id: "account",
defaultMessage: "The amount is less than minimum balance.",
},
});

formatMessage(messages.accountMessage);

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143. How to use <FormattedMessage> as placeholder using React

Intl?
 The <Formatted... /> components from react-intl return elements, not plain
text, so they can't be used for placeholders, alt text, etc. In that case, you should use
lower level API formatMessage() . You can inject the intl object into your
component using injectIntl() higher-order component and then format the
message using formatMessage() available on that object.

import React from "react";

import { injectIntl, intlShape } from "react-intl";

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => {

const placeholder = intl.formatMessage({ id: "messageId" });
return <input placeholder={placeholder} />;
};

MyComponent.propTypes = {
intl: intlShape.isRequired,
};

export default injectIntl(MyComponent);

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144. How to access current locale with React Intl?

You can get the current locale in any component of your application using
injectIntl() :

import { injectIntl, intlShape } from "react-intl";

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => (

<div>{`The current locale is ${intl.locale}`}</div>
);

MyComponent.propTypes = {
intl: intlShape.isRequired,
};

export default injectIntl(MyComponent);

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145. How to format date using React Intl?

 The injectIntl() higher-order component will give you access to the
formatDate() method via the props in your component. The method is used
internally by instances of FormattedDate and it returns the string representation of
the formatted date.

import { injectIntl, intlShape } from "react-intl";

const stringDate = this.props.intl.formatDate(date, {

year: "numeric",
month: "numeric",
day: "numeric",
});

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => (

<div>{`The formatted date is ${stringDate}`}</div>
);

MyComponent.propTypes = {
intl: intlShape.isRequired,
};

export default injectIntl(MyComponent);

React Testing
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146. What is Shallow Renderer in React testing?

Shallow rendering is useful for writing unit test cases in React. It lets you render a
component one level deep and assert facts about what its render method returns,
without worrying about the behavior of child components, which are not instantiated or
rendered.

For example, if you have the following component:

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<span className={"heading"}>{"Title"}</span>
<span className={"description"}>{"Description"}</span>
</div>
 );
}

Then you can assert as follows:

import ShallowRenderer from "react-test-renderer/shallow";

// in your test
const renderer = new ShallowRenderer();
renderer.render(<MyComponent />);

const result = renderer.getRenderOutput();

expect(result.type).toBe("div");
expect(result.props.children).toEqual([
<span className={"heading"}>{"Title"}</span>,
<span className={"description"}>{"Description"}</span>,
]);

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147. What is TestRenderer package in React?

This package provides a renderer that can be used to render components to pure
JavaScript objects, without depending on the DOM or a native mobile environment.
This package makes it easy to grab a snapshot of the platform view hierarchy (similar
to a DOM tree) rendered by a ReactDOM or React Native without using a browser or
jsdom .

import TestRenderer from "react-test-renderer";

const Link = ({ page, children }) => <a href={page}>{children}</a>;

const testRenderer = TestRenderer.create(

<Link page={"https://www.facebook.com/"}>{"Facebook"}</Link>
);

console.log(testRenderer.toJSON());
// {
// type: 'a',
// props: { href: 'https://www.facebook.com/' },
// children: [ 'Facebook' ]
// }
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148. What is the purpose of ReactTestUtils package?

ReactTestUtils are provided in the with-addons package and allow you to perform
actions against a simulated DOM for the purpose of unit testing.

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149. What is Jest?

Jest is a JavaScript unit testing framework created by Facebook based on Jasmine
and provides automated mock creation and a jsdom environment. It's often used for
testing components.

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150. What are the advantages of Jest over Jasmine?

There are couple of advantages compared to Jasmine:

Automatically finds tests to execute in your source code.

Automatically mocks dependencies when running your tests.
Allows you to test asynchronous code synchronously.
Runs your tests with a fake DOM implementation (via jsdom ) so that your tests
can be run on the command line.
Runs tests in parallel processes so that they finish sooner.

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151. Give a simple example of Jest test case

Let's write a test for a function that adds two numbers in sum.js file:

const sum = (a, b) => a + b;

export default sum;

Create a file named sum.test.js which contains actual test:

import sum from "./sum";

 test("adds 1 + 2 to equal 3", () => {
expect(sum(1, 2)).toBe(3);
});

And then add the following section to your package.json :

{
"scripts": {
"test": "jest"
}
}

Finally, run yarn test or npm test and Jest will print a result:

$ yarn test
PASS ./sum.test.js
✓ adds 1 + 2 to equal 3 (2ms)

React Redux
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152. What is flux?

Flux is an application design paradigm used as a replacement for the more traditional
MVC pattern. It is not a framework or a library but a new kind of architecture that
complements React and the concept of Unidirectional Data Flow. Facebook uses this
pattern internally when working with React.

The workflow between dispatcher, stores and views components with distinct inputs
and outputs as follows:
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153. What is Redux?

Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps based on the Flux design
pattern. Redux can be used together with React, or with any other view library. It is
tiny (about 2kB) and has no dependencies.

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154. What are the core principles of Redux?

Redux follows three fundamental principles:

i. Single source of truth: The state of your whole application is stored in an object
tree within a single store. The single state tree makes it easier to keep track of
changes over time and debug or inspect the application.
ii. State is read-only: The only way to change the state is to emit an action, an
object describing what happened. This ensures that neither the views nor the
network callbacks will ever write directly to the state.
iii. Changes are made with pure functions: To specify how the state tree is
transformed by actions, you write reducers. Reducers are just pure functions that
take the previous state and an action as parameters, and return the next state.

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155. What are the downsides of Redux compared to Flux?

Instead of saying downsides we can say that there are few compromises of using
Redux over Flux. Those are as follows:

i. You will need to learn to avoid mutations: Flux is un-opinionated about

mutating data, but Redux doesn't like mutations and many packages
complementary to Redux assume you never mutate the state. You can enforce
this with dev-only packages like redux-immutable-state-invariant ,
Immutable.js, or instructing your team to write non-mutating code.
ii. You're going to have to carefully pick your packages: While Flux explicitly
doesn't try to solve problems such as undo/redo, persistence, or forms, Redux
has extension points such as middleware and store enhancers, and it has
spawned a rich ecosystem.
iii. There is no nice Flow integration yet: Flux currently lets you do very
impressive static type checks which Redux doesn't support yet.
 Back to Top

156. What
is the difference between mapStateToProps() and
mapDispatchToProps() ?
mapStateToProps() is a utility which helps your component get updated state
(which is updated by some other components):

const mapStateToProps = (state) => {

return {
todos: getVisibleTodos(state.todos, state.visibilityFilter),
};
};

mapDispatchToProps() is a utility which will help your component to fire an action

event (dispatching action which may cause change of application state):

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => {

return {
onTodoClick: (id) => {
dispatch(toggleTodo(id));
},
};
};

It is recommended to always use the “object shorthand” form for the

mapDispatchToProps .

Redux wraps it in another function that looks like (…args) => dispatch(onTodoClick(…
args)), and pass that wrapper function as a prop to your component.

const mapDispatchToProps = {
onTodoClick,
};

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157. Can I dispatch an action in reducer?

 Dispatching an action within a reducer is an anti-pattern. Your reducer should be
without side effects, simply digesting the action payload and returning a new state
object. Adding listeners and dispatching actions within the reducer can lead to
chained actions and other side effects.

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158. How to access Redux store outside a component?

You just need to export the store from the module where it created with
createStore() . Also, it shouldn't pollute the global window object.

store = createStore(myReducer);

export default store;

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159. What are the drawbacks of MVW pattern?

i. DOM manipulation is very expensive which causes applications to behave slow
and inefficient.
ii. Due to circular dependencies, a complicated model was created around models
and views.
iii. Lot of data changes happens for collaborative applications(like Google Docs).
iv. No way to do undo (travel back in time) easily without adding so much extra
code.

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160. Are there any similarities between Redux and RxJS?

These libraries are very different for very different purposes, but there are some
vague similarities.
 Redux is a tool for managing state throughout the application. It is usually used as an
architecture for UIs. Think of it as an alternative to (half of) Angular. RxJS is a reactive
programming library. It is usually used as a tool to accomplish asynchronous tasks in
JavaScript. Think of it as an alternative to Promises. Redux uses the Reactive
paradigm because the Store is reactive. The Store observes actions from a distance,
and changes itself. RxJS also uses the Reactive paradigm, but instead of being an
architecture, it gives you basic building blocks, Observables, to accomplish this
pattern.

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161. How to dispatch an action on load?

You can dispatch an action in componentDidMount() method and in render()
method you can verify the data.

class App extends Component {

componentDidMount() {
this.props.fetchData();
}

render() {
return this.props.isLoaded ? (
<div>{"Loaded"}</div>
) : (
<div>{"Not Loaded"}</div>
);
}
}

const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({

isLoaded: state.isLoaded,
});

const mapDispatchToProps = { fetchData };

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(App);

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162. How to use connect() from React Redux?

You need to follow two steps to use your store in your container:
 i. Use mapStateToProps() : It maps the state variables from your store to the
props that you specify.

ii. Connect the above props to your container: The object returned by the
mapStateToProps function is connected to the container. You can import
connect() from react-redux .

import React from "react";

import { connect } from "react-redux";

class App extends React.Component {

render() {
return <div>{this.props.containerData}</div>;
}
}

function mapStateToProps(state) {
return { containerData: state.data };
}

export default connect(mapStateToProps)(App);

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163. How to reset state in Redux?

You need to write a root reducer in your application which delegate handling the
action to the reducer generated by combineReducers() .

For example, let us take rootReducer() to return the initial state after USER_LOGOUT
action. As we know, reducers are supposed to return the initial state when they are
called with undefined as the first argument, no matter the action.

const appReducer = combineReducers({

/* your app's top-level reducers */
});

const rootReducer = (state, action) => {

if (action.type === "USER_LOGOUT") {
state = undefined;
}
 return appReducer(state, action);
};

In case of using redux-persist , you may also need to clean your storage. redux-
persist keeps a copy of your state in a storage engine. First, you need to import the
appropriate storage engine and then, to parse the state before setting it to undefined
and clean each storage state key.

const appReducer = combineReducers({

/* your app's top-level reducers */
});

const rootReducer = (state, action) => {

if (action.type === "USER_LOGOUT") {
Object.keys(state).forEach((key) => {
storage.removeItem(`persist:${key}`);
});

state = undefined;
}

return appReducer(state, action);

};

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164. Whats
the purpose of at symbol in the Redux connect
decorator?
The @ symbol is in fact a JavaScript expression used to signify decorators.
Decorators make it possible to annotate and modify classes and properties at design
time.

Let's take an example setting up Redux without and with a decorator.

Without decorator:

import React from "react";

import * as actionCreators from "./actionCreators";
import { bindActionCreators } from "redux";
import { connect } from "react-redux";

function mapStateToProps(state) {
return { todos: state.todos };
 }

function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) };
}

class MyApp extends React.Component {

// ...define your main app here
}

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(MyApp);

With decorator:

import React from "react";

import * as actionCreators from "./actionCreators";
import { bindActionCreators } from "redux";
import { connect } from "react-redux";

function mapStateToProps(state) {
return { todos: state.todos };
}

function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) };
}

@connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)
export default class MyApp extends React.Component {
// ...define your main app here
}

The above examples are almost similar except the usage of decorator. The decorator
syntax isn't built into any JavaScript runtimes yet, and is still experimental and subject
to change. You can use babel for the decorators support.

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165. What
is the difference between React context and React
Redux?
You can use Context in your application directly and is going to be great for passing
down data to deeply nested components which what it was designed for.
 Whereas Redux is much more powerful and provides a large number of features that
the Context API doesn't provide. Also, React Redux uses context internally but it
doesn't expose this fact in the public API.

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166. Why are Redux state functions called reducers?

Reducers always return the accumulation of the state (based on all previous and
current actions). Therefore, they act as a reducer of state. Each time a Redux reducer
is called, the state and action are passed as parameters. This state is then reduced
(or accumulated) based on the action, and then the next state is returned. You could
reduce a collection of actions and an initial state (of the store) on which to perform
these actions to get the resulting final state.

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167. How to make AJAX request in Redux?

You can use redux-thunk middleware which allows you to define async actions.

Let's take an example of fetching specific account as an AJAX call using fetch API:

export function fetchAccount(id) {

return (dispatch) => {
dispatch(setLoadingAccountState()); // Show a loading spinner
fetch(`/account/${id}`, (response) => {
dispatch(doneFetchingAccount()); // Hide loading spinner
if (response.status === 200) {
dispatch(setAccount(response.json)); // Use a normal function to
} else {
dispatch(someError);
}
});
};
}

function setAccount(data) {
return { type: "SET_Account", data: data };
}

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168. Should I keep all component's state in Redux store?

 Keep your data in the Redux store, and the UI related state internally in the
component.

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169. What is the proper way to access Redux store?

The best way to access your store in a component is to use the connect() function,
that creates a new component that wraps around your existing one. This pattern is
called Higher-Order Components, and is generally the preferred way of extending a
component's functionality in React. This allows you to map state and action creators
to your component, and have them passed in automatically as your store updates.

Let's take an example of <FilterLink> component using connect:

import { connect } from "react-redux";

import { setVisibilityFilter } from "../actions";
import Link from "../components/Link";

const mapStateToProps = (state, ownProps) => ({

active: ownProps.filter === state.visibilityFilter,
});

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch, ownProps) => ({

onClick: () => dispatch(setVisibilityFilter(ownProps.filter)),
});

const FilterLink = connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Link);

export default FilterLink;

Due to it having quite a few performance optimizations and generally being less likely
to cause bugs, the Redux developers almost always recommend using connect()
over accessing the store directly (using context API).

class MyComponent {
someMethod() {
doSomethingWith(this.context.store);
}
}

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170. What
is the difference between component and container in
React Redux?
Component is a class or function component that describes the presentational part of
your application.

Container is an informal term for a component that is connected to a Redux store.

Containers subscribe to Redux state updates and dispatch actions, and they usually
don't render DOM elements; they delegate rendering to presentational child
components.

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171. What is the purpose of the constants in Redux?

Constants allows you to easily find all usages of that specific functionality across the
project when you use an IDE. It also prevents you from introducing silly bugs caused
by typos – in which case, you will get a ReferenceError immediately.

Normally we will save them in a single file ( constants.js or actionTypes.js ).

export const ADD_TODO = "ADD_TODO";

export const DELETE_TODO = "DELETE_TODO";
export const EDIT_TODO = "EDIT_TODO";
export const COMPLETE_TODO = "COMPLETE_TODO";
export const COMPLETE_ALL = "COMPLETE_ALL";
export const CLEAR_COMPLETED = "CLEAR_COMPLETED";

In Redux, you use them in two places:

i. During action creation:

Let's take actions.js :

import { ADD_TODO } from "./actionTypes";

export function addTodo(text) {

return { type: ADD_TODO, text };
}

ii. In reducers:
 Let's create reducer.js :

import { ADD_TODO } from "./actionTypes";

export default (state = [], action) => {

switch (action.type) {
case ADD_TODO:
return [
...state,
{
text: action.text,
completed: false,
},
];
default:
return state;
}
};

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172. What are the different ways to write mapDispatchToProps() ?

There are a few ways of binding action creators to dispatch() in

mapDispatchToProps() .

Below are the possible options:

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({

action: () => dispatch(action()),
});

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({

action: bindActionCreators(action, dispatch),
});

const mapDispatchToProps = { action };

The third option is just a shorthand for the first one.

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173. What
is the use of the ownProps parameter in
mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps() ?
If the ownProps parameter is specified, React Redux will pass the props that were
passed to the component into your connect functions. So, if you use a connected
component:

import ConnectedComponent from "./containers/ConnectedComponent";

<ConnectedComponent user={"john"} />;

The ownProps inside your mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps()

functions will be an object:

{
user: "john";
}

You can use this object to decide what to return from those functions.

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174. How to structure Redux top level directories?

Most of the applications has several top-level directories as below:

i. Components: Used for dumb components unaware of Redux.

ii. Containers: Used for smart components connected to Redux.
iii. Actions: Used for all action creators, where file names correspond to part of the
app.
iv. Reducers: Used for all reducers, where files name correspond to state key.
v. Store: Used for store initialization.

This structure works well for small and medium size apps.

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175. What is redux-saga?

 redux-saga is a library that aims to make side effects (asynchronous things like
data fetching and impure things like accessing the browser cache) in React/Redux
applications easier and better.

It is available in NPM:

$ npm install --save redux-saga

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176. What is the mental model of redux-saga?

Saga is like a separate thread in your application, that's solely responsible for side
effects. redux-saga is a redux middleware, which means this thread can be started,
paused and cancelled from the main application with normal Redux actions, it has
access to the full Redux application state and it can dispatch Redux actions as well.

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177. What
are the differences between call() and put() in redux-
saga?
Both call() and put() are effect creator functions. call() function is used to
create effect description, which instructs middleware to call the promise. put()
function creates an effect, which instructs middleware to dispatch an action to the
store.

Let's take example of how these effects work for fetching particular user data.

function* fetchUserSaga(action) {
// `call` function accepts rest arguments, which will be passed to `api
// Instructing middleware to call promise, it resolved value will be as
const userData = yield call(api.fetchUser, action.userId);

// Instructing middleware to dispatch corresponding action.

yield put({
type: "FETCH_USER_SUCCESS",
userData,
});
}

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178. What is Redux Thunk?
Redux Thunk middleware allows you to write action creators that return a function
instead of an action. The thunk can be used to delay the dispatch of an action, or to
dispatch only if a certain condition is met. The inner function receives the store
methods dispatch() and getState() as parameters.

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179. What
are the differences between redux-saga and redux-
thunk ?
Both Redux Thunk and Redux Saga take care of dealing with side effects. In most of
the scenarios, Thunk uses Promises to deal with them, whereas Saga uses
Generators. Thunk is simple to use and Promises are familiar to many developers,
Sagas/Generators are more powerful but you will need to learn them. But both
middleware can coexist, so you can start with Thunks and introduce Sagas when/if
you need them.

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180. What is Redux DevTools?

Redux DevTools is a live-editing time travel environment for Redux with hot reloading,
action replay, and customizable UI. If you don't want to bother with installing Redux
DevTools and integrating it into your project, consider using Redux DevTools
Extension for Chrome and Firefox.

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181. What are the features of Redux DevTools?

Some of the main features of Redux DevTools are below,

i. Lets you inspect every state and action payload.

ii. Lets you go back in time by cancelling actions.
iii. If you change the reducer code, each staged action will be re-evaluated.
iv. If the reducers throw, you will see during which action this happened, and what
the error was.
v. With persistState() store enhancer, you can persist debug sessions across
page reloads.
 Back to Top

182. What are Redux selectors and why to use them?

Selectors are functions that take Redux state as an argument and return some data to
pass to the component.

For example, to get user details from the state:

const getUserData = (state) => state.user.data;

These selectors have two main benefits,

i. The selector can compute derived data, allowing Redux to store the minimal
possible state
ii. The selector is not recomputed unless one of its arguments changes

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183. What is Redux Form?

Redux Form works with React and Redux to enable a form in React to use Redux to
store all of its state. Redux Form can be used with raw HTML5 inputs, but it also
works very well with common UI frameworks like Material UI, React Widgets and
React Bootstrap.

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184. What are the main features of Redux Form?

Some of the main features of Redux Form are:

i. Field values persistence via Redux store.

ii. Validation (sync/async) and submission.
iii. Formatting, parsing and normalization of field values.

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185. How to add multiple middlewares to Redux?

You can use applyMiddleware() .
 For example, you can add redux-thunk and logger passing them as arguments to
applyMiddleware() :

import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from "redux";

const createStoreWithMiddleware = applyMiddleware(
ReduxThunk,
logger
)(createStore);

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186. How to set initial state in Redux?

You need to pass initial state as second argument to createStore:

const rootReducer = combineReducers({

todos: todos,
visibilityFilter: visibilityFilter,
});

const initialState = {
todos: [{ id: 123, name: "example", completed: false }],
};

const store = createStore(rootReducer, initialState);

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187. How Relay is different from Redux?

Relay is similar to Redux in that they both use a single store. The main difference is
that relay only manages state originated from the server, and all access to the state is
used via GraphQL queries (for reading data) and mutations (for changing data). Relay
caches the data for you and optimizes data fetching for you, by fetching only changed
data and nothing more.

188. What is an action in Redux?

Actions are plain JavaScript objects or payloads of information that send data from
your application to your store. They are the only source of information for the store.
Actions must have a type property that indicates the type of action being performed.

For example, let's take an action which represents adding a new todo item:
 {
type: ADD_TODO,
text: 'Add todo item'
}

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React Native

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188. What is the difference between React Native and React?

React is a JavaScript library, supporting both front end web and being run on the
server, for building user interfaces and web applications.

React Native is a mobile framework that compiles to native app components, allowing
you to build native mobile applications (iOS, Android, and Windows) in JavaScript that
allows you to use React to build your components, and implements React under the
hood.

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189. How to test React Native apps?

React Native can be tested only in mobile simulators like iOS and Android. You can
run the app in your mobile using expo app (https://expo.io) Where it syncs using QR
code, your mobile and computer should be in same wireless network.

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190. How to do logging in React Native?

You can use console.log , console.warn , etc. As of React Native v0.29 you can
simply run the following to see logs in the console:

$ react-native log-ios
$ react-native log-android

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191. How to debug your React Native?
Follow the below steps to debug React Native app:

i. Run your application in the iOS simulator.

ii. Press Command + D and a webpage should open up at
http://localhost:8081/debugger-ui .

iii. Enable Pause On Caught Exceptions for a better debugging experience.

iv. Press Command + Option + I to open the Chrome Developer tools, or open it
via View -> Developer -> Developer Tools .
v. You should now be able to debug as you normally would.

React supported libraries & Integration

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192. What is reselect and how it works?

Reselect is a selector library (for Redux) which uses memoization concept. It was
originally written to compute derived data from Redux-like applications state, but it
can't be tied to any architecture or library.

Reselect keeps a copy of the last inputs/outputs of the last call, and recomputes the
result only if one of the inputs changes. If the the same inputs are provided twice in a
row, Reselect returns the cached output. It's memoization and cache are fully
customizable.

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193. What is Flow?

Flow is a static type checker designed to find type errors in JavaScript. Flow types
can express much more fine-grained distinctions than traditional type systems. For
example, Flow helps you catch errors involving null , unlike most type systems.

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194. What is the difference between Flow and PropTypes?

 Flow is a static analysis tool (static checker) which uses a superset of the language,
allowing you to add type annotations to all of your code and catch an entire class of
bugs at compile time.

PropTypes is a basic type checker (runtime checker) which has been patched onto
React. It can't check anything other than the types of the props being passed to a
given component. If you want more flexible typechecking for your entire project
Flow/TypeScript are appropriate choices.

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195. How to use Font Awesome icons in React?

The below steps followed to include Font Awesome in React:

i. Install font-awesome :

$ npm install --save font-awesome

ii. Import font-awesome in your index.js file:

import "font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css";

iii. Add Font Awesome classes in className :

render() {
return <div><i className={'fa fa-spinner'} /></div>
}

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196. What is React Dev Tools?

React Developer Tools let you inspect the component hierarchy, including component
props and state. It exists both as a browser extension (for Chrome and Firefox), and
as a standalone app (works with other environments including Safari, IE, and React
Native).

The official extensions available for different browsers or environments.

i. Chrome extension
 ii. Firefox extension
iii. Standalone app (Safari, React Native, etc)

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197. Why is DevTools not loading in Chrome for local files?

If you opened a local HTML file in your browser ( file://... ) then you must first
open Chrome Extensions and check Allow access to file URLs .

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198. How to use Polymer in React?

You need to follow below steps to use Polymer in React,

i. Create a Polymer element:

<link
rel="import"
href="../../bower_components/polymer/polymer.html"
/>;
Polymer({
is: "calendar-element",
ready: function () {
this.textContent = "I am a calendar";
},
});

ii. Create the Polymer component HTML tag by importing it in a HTML document,
e.g. import it in the index.html of your React application:

<link
rel="import"
href="./src/polymer-components/calendar-element.html"
/>

iii. Use that element in the JSX file:

import React from "react";

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

render() {
 return <calendar-element />;
}
}

export default MyComponent;

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199. What are the advantages of React over Vue.js?

React has the following advantages over Vue.js:

i. Gives more flexibility in large apps developing.

ii. Easier to test.
iii. Suitable for mobile apps creating.
iv. More information and solutions available.

Note: The above list of advantages are purely opinionated and it vary based on the
professional experience. But they are helpful as base parameters.

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200. What is the difference between React and Angular?

Let's see the difference between React and Angular in a table format.

React Angular

React is a library and has only Angular is a framework and has complete
the View layer MVC functionality

AngularJS renders only on the client side

React handles rendering on the
but Angular 2 and above renders on the
server side
server side

React uses JSX that looks like Angular follows the template approach for
HTML in JS which can be HTML, which makes code shorter and easy
confusing to understand

React Native, which is a React

Ionic, Angular's mobile native app is
type to build mobile applications
relatively less stable and slower
are faster and more stable
 React Angular

In React, data flows only in one In Angular, data flows both way i.e it has
way and hence debugging is two-way data binding between children and
easy parent and hence debugging is often difficult

Note: The above list of differences are purely opinionated and it vary based on the
professional experience. But they are helpful as base parameters.

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201. Why React tab is not showing up in DevTools?

When the page loads, React DevTools sets a global named
__REACT_DEVTOOLS_GLOBAL_HOOK__ , then React communicates with that hook during
initialization. If the website is not using React or if React fails to communicate with
DevTools then it won't show up the tab.

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202. What are Styled Components?

styled-components is a JavaScript library for styling React applications. It removes
the mapping between styles and components, and lets you write actual CSS
augmented with JavaScript.

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203. Give an example of Styled Components?

Lets create <Title> and <Wrapper> components with specific styles for each.

import React from "react";

import styled from "styled-components";

// Create a <Title> component that renders an <h1> which is centered, red

const Title = styled.h1`
font-size: 1.5em;
text-align: center;
color: palevioletred;
`;

// Create a <Wrapper> component that renders a <section> with some paddin

const Wrapper = styled.section`
 padding: 4em;
background: papayawhip;
`;

These two variables, Title and Wrapper , are now components that you can
render just like any other react component.

<Wrapper>
<Title>{"Lets start first styled component!"}</Title>
</Wrapper>

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204. What is Relay?

Relay is a JavaScript framework for providing a data layer and client-server
communication to web applications using the React view layer.

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205. How to use TypeScript in create-react-app application?

Starting from [email protected] or higher, there is a built-in support for typescript.
i.e, create-react-app now supports typescript natively. You can just pass --
typescript option as below

npx create-react-app my-app --typescript

# or

yarn create react-app my-app --typescript

But for lower versions of react scripts, just supply --scripts-version option as
react-scripts-ts while you create a new project. react-scripts-ts is a set of
adjustments to take the standard create-react-app project pipeline and bring
TypeScript into the mix.

Now the project layout should look like the following:

my-app/
├─ .gitignore
 ├─ images.d.ts
├─ node_modules/
├─ public/
├─ src/
│ └─ ...
├─ package.json
├─ tsconfig.json
├─ tsconfig.prod.json
├─ tsconfig.test.json
└─ tslint.json

Miscellaneous

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206. What are the main features of Reselect library?

Let's see the main features of Reselect library,

i. Selectors can compute derived data, allowing Redux to store the minimal
possible state.
ii. Selectors are efficient. A selector is not recomputed unless one of its arguments
changes.
iii. Selectors are composable. They can be used as input to other selectors.

207. Give an example of Reselect usage?

Let's take calculations and different amounts of a shipment order with the simplified
usage of Reselect:

import { createSelector } from "reselect";

const shopItemsSelector = (state) => state.shop.items;

const taxPercentSelector = (state) => state.shop.taxPercent;

const subtotalSelector = createSelector(shopItemsSelector, (items) =>

items.reduce((acc, item) => acc + item.value, 0)
);

const taxSelector = createSelector(

subtotalSelector,
taxPercentSelector,
(subtotal, taxPercent) => subtotal * (taxPercent / 100)
 );

export const totalSelector = createSelector(

subtotalSelector,
taxSelector,
(subtotal, tax) => ({ total: subtotal + tax })
);

let exampleState = {
shop: {
taxPercent: 8,
items: [
{ name: "apple", value: 1.2 },
{ name: "orange", value: 0.95 },
],
},
};

console.log(subtotalSelector(exampleState)); // 2.15
console.log(taxSelector(exampleState)); // 0.172
console.log(totalSelector(exampleState)); // { total: 2.322 }

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209. Does the statics object work with ES6 classes in React?
No, statics only works with React.createClass() :

someComponent = React.createClass({
statics: {
someMethod: function () {
// ..
},
},
});

But you can write statics inside ES6+ classes as below,

class Component extends React.Component {

static propTypes = {
// ...
};

static someMethod() {
// ...
 }
}

or writing them outside class as below,

class Component extends React.Component {

....
}

Component.propTypes = {...}
Component.someMethod = function(){....}

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210. Can Redux only be used with React?

Redux can be used as a data store for any UI layer. The most common usage is with
React and React Native, but there are bindings available for Angular, Angular 2, Vue,
Mithril, and more. Redux simply provides a subscription mechanism which can be
used by any other code.

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211. Do you need to have a particular build tool to use Redux?

Redux is originally written in ES6 and transpiled for production into ES5 with Webpack
and Babel. You should be able to use it regardless of your JavaScript build process.
Redux also offers a UMD build that can be used directly without any build process at
all.

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212. How Redux Form initialValues get updated from state?

You need to add enableReinitialize : true setting.

const InitializeFromStateForm = reduxForm({

form: "initializeFromState",
enableReinitialize: true,
})(UserEdit);

If your initialValues prop gets updated, your form will update too.
 Back to Top

213. How React PropTypes allow different types for one prop?
You can use oneOfType() method of PropTypes .

For example, the height property can be defined with either string or number type
as below:

Component.propTypes = {
size: PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.string, PropTypes.number]),
};

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214. Can I import an SVG file as react component?

You can import SVG directly as component instead of loading it as a file. This feature
is available with [email protected] and higher.

import { ReactComponent as Logo } from "./logo.svg";

const App = () => (

<div>
{/* Logo is an actual react component */}
<Logo />
</div>
);

Note: Don't forget about the curly braces in the import.

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215. Why are inline ref callbacks or functions not recommended?

If the ref callback is defined as an inline function, it will get called twice during
updates, first with null and then again with the DOM element. This is because a new
instance of the function is created with each render, so React needs to clear the old
ref and set up the new one.

class UserForm extends Component {

handleSubmit = () => {
console.log("Input Value is: ", this.input.value);
 };

render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<input type="text" ref={(input) => (this.input = input)} /> //
Access DOM input in handle submit
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
);
}
}

But our expectation is for the ref callback to get called once, when the component
mounts. One quick fix is to use the ES7 class property syntax to define the function

class UserForm extends Component {

handleSubmit = () => {
console.log("Input Value is: ", this.input.value);
};

setSearchInput = (input) => {

this.input = input;
};

render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<input type="text" ref={this.setSearchInput} /> // Access DOM inp
in handle submit
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
);
}
}

Note: In React v16.3, Back to Top

216. What is render hijacking in react?

The concept of render hijacking is the ability to control what a component will output
from another component. It means that you decorate your component by wrapping it
into a Higher-Order component. By wrapping, you can inject additional props or make
other changes, which can cause changing logic of rendering. It does not actually
enable hijacking, but by using HOC you make your component behave differently.
 Back to Top

217. What are HOC factory implementations?

There are two main ways of implementing HOCs in React.

i. Props Proxy (PP) and

ii. Inheritance Inversion (II).

But they follow different approaches for manipulating the WrappedComponent.

Props Proxy

In this approach, the render method of the HOC returns a React Element of the type
of the WrappedComponent. We also pass through the props that the HOC receives,
hence the name Props Proxy.

function ppHOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class PP extends React.Component {
render() {
return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} />;
}
};
}

Inheritance Inversion

In this approach, the returned HOC class (Enhancer) extends the

WrappedComponent. It is called Inheritance Inversion because instead of the
WrappedComponent extending some Enhancer class, it is passively extended by the
Enhancer. In this way the relationship between them seems inverse.

function iiHOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class Enhancer extends WrappedComponent {
render() {
return super.render();
}
};
}

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218. How to pass numbers to React component?

 You should be passing the numbers via curly braces({}) where as strings in quotes

React.render(
<User age={30} department={"IT"} />,
document.getElementById("container")
);

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219. DoI need to keep all my state into Redux? Should I ever use
react internal state?
It is up to the developer's decision, i.e., it is developer's job to determine what kinds of
state make up your application, and where each piece of state should live. Some
users prefer to keep every single piece of data in Redux, to maintain a fully
serializable and controlled version of their application at all times. Others prefer to
keep non-critical or UI state, such as “is this dropdown currently open”, inside a
component's internal state.

Below are the thumb rules to determine what kind of data should be put into Redux

i. Do other parts of the application care about this data?

ii. Do you need to be able to create further derived data based on this original data?
iii. Is the same data being used to drive multiple components?
iv. Is there value to you in being able to restore this state to a given point in time (ie,
time travel debugging)?
v. Do you want to cache the data (i.e, use what's in state if it's already there instead
of re-requesting it)?

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220. What is the purpose of registerServiceWorker in React?

React creates a service worker for you without any configuration by default. The
service worker is a web API that helps you cache your assets and other files so that
when the user is offline or on a slow network, he/she can still see results on the
screen, as such, it helps you build a better user experience, that's what you should
know about service worker for now. It's all about adding offline capabilities to your site.

import React from "react";

import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
 import App from "./App";
import registerServiceWorker from "./registerServiceWorker";

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById("root"));

registerServiceWorker();

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221. What is React memo function?

Class components can be restricted from re-rendering when their input props are the
same using PureComponent or shouldComponentUpdate. Now you can do the
same with function components by wrapping them in React.memo.

const MyComponent = React.memo(function MyComponent(props) {

/* only rerenders if props change */
});

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222. What is React lazy function?

The React.lazy function lets you render a dynamic import as a regular component.
It will automatically load the bundle containing the OtherComponent when the
component gets rendered. This must return a Promise which resolves to a module
with a default export containing a React component.

const OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import("./OtherComponent"));

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<OtherComponent />
</div>
);
}

Note: React.lazy and Suspense is not yet available for server-side rendering. If
you want to do code-splitting in a server rendered app, we still recommend React
Loadable.

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223. How to prevent unnecessary updates using setState?
You can compare the current value of the state with an existing state value and decide
whether to rerender the page or not. If the values are the same then you need to
return null to stop re-rendering otherwise return the latest state value.

For example, the user profile information is conditionally rendered as follows,

getUserProfile = (user) => {

const latestAddress = user.address;
this.setState((state) => {
if (state.address === latestAddress) {
return null;
} else {
return { title: latestAddress };
}
});
};

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224. Howdo you render Array, Strings and Numbers in React 16

Version?
Arrays: Unlike older releases, you don't need to make sure render method return a
single element in React16. You are able to return multiple sibling elements without a
wrapping element by returning an array.

For example, let us take the below list of developers,

const ReactJSDevs = () => {

return [
<li key="1">John</li>,
<li key="2">Jackie</li>,
<li key="3">Jordan</li>,
];
};

You can also merge this array of items in another array component.

const JSDevs = () => {

return (
 <ul>
<li>Brad</li>
<li>Brodge</li>
<ReactJSDevs />
<li>Brandon</li>
</ul>
);
};

Strings and Numbers: You can also return string and number type from the render
method.

render() {
return 'Welcome to ReactJS questions';
}
// Number
render() {
return 2018;
}

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225. How to use class field declarations syntax in React classes?

React Class Components can be made much more concise using the class field
declarations. You can initialize the local state without using the constructor and
declare class methods by using arrow functions without the extra need to bind them.

Let's take a counter example to demonstrate class field declarations for state without
using constructor and methods without binding,

class Counter extends Component {

state = { value: 0 };

handleIncrement = () => {
this.setState((prevState) => ({
value: prevState.value + 1,
}));
};

handleDecrement = () => {
this.setState((prevState) => ({
value: prevState.value - 1,
}));
};
 render() {
return (
<div>
{this.state.value}

<button onClick={this.handleIncrement}>+</button>
<button onClick={this.handleDecrement}>-</button>
</div>
);
}
}

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226. What are hooks?

Hooks is a special function (introduced as a new feature in React 16.8) that lets you
use state and other React features without writing a class.

Let's see an example of useState hook:

import { useState } from "react";

function Example() {
// Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count"
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

return (
<div>
<p>You clicked {count} times</p>
<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Click me</button>
</div>
);
}

Note: Hooks can be used inside an existing function component.

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227. What rules need to be followed for hooks?

You need to follow two rules in order to use hooks,
 i. Call Hooks only at the top level of your react functions. i.e, You shouldn’t call
Hooks inside loops, conditions, or nested functions. This will ensure that Hooks
are called in the same order each time a component renders and it preserves the
state of Hooks between multiple useState and useEffect calls.
ii. Call Hooks from React Functions only. i.e, You shouldn’t call Hooks from regular
JavaScript functions.

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228. How to ensure hooks followed the rules in your project?

React team released an ESLint plugin called eslint-plugin-react-hooks that enforces
these two rules. You can add this plugin to your project using the below command,

npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks@next

And apply the below config in your ESLint config file,

// Your ESLint configuration

{
"plugins": [
// ...
"react-hooks"
],
"rules": {
// ...
"react-hooks/rules-of-hooks": "error"
}
}

Note: This plugin is intended to use in Create React App by default.

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229. What are the differences between Flux and Redux?

Below are the major differences between Flux and Redux

Flux Redux

State is mutable State is immutable

The Store contains both state and The Store and change logic are
change logic separate
 Flux Redux

There are multiple stores exist There is only one store exist

All the stores are disconnected and flat Single store with hierarchical reducers

It has a singleton dispatcher There is no concept of dispatcher

React components subscribe to the Container components uses connect

store function

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230. What are the benefits of React Router V4?

Below are the main benefits of React Router V4 module,

i. In React Router v4(version 4), the API is completely about components. A router
can be visualized as a single component( <BrowserRouter> ) which wraps
specific child router components( <Route> ).
ii. You don't need to manually set history. The router module will take care history by
wrapping routes with <BrowserRouter> component.
iii. The application size is reduced by adding only the specific router module(Web,
core, or native)

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231. Can
you describe about componentDidCatch lifecycle method
signature?
The componentDidCatch lifecycle method is invoked after an error has been thrown
by a descendant component. The method receives two parameters,

i. error: - The error object which was thrown

ii. info: - An object with a componentStack key contains the information about which
component threw the error.

The method structure would be as follows

componentDidCatch(error, info);

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232. In which scenarios error boundaries do not catch errors?
Below are the cases in which error boundaries doesn't work,

i. Inside Event handlers

ii. Asynchronous code using setTimeout or requestAnimationFrame callbacks
iii. During Server side rendering
iv. When errors thrown in the error boundary code itself

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233. Why do you not need error boundaries for event handlers?
Error boundaries do not catch errors inside event handlers.

React doesn’t need error boundaries to recover from errors in event handlers. Unlike
the render method and lifecycle methods, the event handlers don’t happen during
rendering. So if they throw, React still knows what to display on the screen.

If you need to catch an error inside an event handler, use the regular JavaScript try /
catch statement:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { error: null };
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}

handleClick() {
try {
// Do something that could throw
} catch (error) {
this.setState({ error });
}
}

render() {
if (this.state.error) {
return <h1>Caught an error.</h1>;
}
return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>Click Me</button>;
}
}
 Note that the above example is demonstrating regular JavaScript behavior and
doesn’t use error boundaries.

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234. What
is the difference between try catch block and error
boundaries?
Try catch block works with imperative code whereas error boundaries are meant for
declarative code to render on the screen.

For example, the try catch block used for below imperative code

try {
showButton();
} catch (error) {
// ...
}

Whereas error boundaries wrap declarative code as below,

<ErrorBoundary>
<MyComponent />
</ErrorBoundary>

So if an error occurs in a componentDidUpdate method caused by a setState

somewhere deep in the tree, it will still correctly propagate to the closest error
boundary.

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235. What is the behavior of uncaught errors in react 16?

In React 16, errors that were not caught by any error boundary will result in
unmounting of the whole React component tree. The reason behind this decision is
that it is worse to leave corrupted UI in place than to completely remove it. For
example, it is worse for a payments app to display a wrong amount than to render
nothing.

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236. What is the proper placement for error boundaries?

 The granularity of error boundaries usage is up to the developer based on project
needs. You can follow either of these approaches,
i. You can wrap top-level route components to display a generic error message for
the entire application.
ii. You can also wrap individual components in an error boundary to protect them
from crashing the rest of the application.

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237. What
is the benefit of component stack trace from error
boundary?
Apart from error messages and javascript stack, React16 will display the component
stack trace with file names and line numbers using error boundary concept.

For example, BuggyCounter component displays the component stack trace as below,

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238. What
is the required method to be defined for a class
component?
The render() method is the only required method in a class component. i.e, All
methods other than render method are optional for a class component.

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239. What are the possible return types of render method?

Below are the list of following types used and return from render method,

i. React elements: Elements that instruct React to render a DOM node. It includes
html elements such as <div/> and user defined elements.
ii. Arrays and fragments: Return multiple elements to render as Arrays and
Fragments to wrap multiple elements
iii. Portals: Render children into a different DOM subtree.
 iv. String and numbers: Render both Strings and Numbers as text nodes in the
DOM
v. Booleans or null: Doesn't render anything but these types are used to
conditionally render content.

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240. What is the main purpose of constructor?

The constructor is mainly used for two purposes,

i. To initialize local state by assigning object to this.state

ii. For binding event handler methods to the instance For example, the below code
covers both the above cases,

constructor(props) {
super(props);
// Don't call this.setState() here!
this.state = { counter: 0 };
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}

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241. Is it mandatory to define constructor for React component?

No, it is not mandatory. i.e, If you don’t initialize state and you don’t bind methods, you
don’t need to implement a constructor for your React component.

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242. What are default props?

The defaultProps are defined as a property on the component class to set the default
props for the class. This is used for undefined props, but not for null props.

For example, let us create color default prop for the button component,

class MyButton extends React.Component {

// ...
}

MyButton.defaultProps = {
 color: "red",
};

If props.color is not provided then it will set the default value to 'red'. i.e, Whenever
you try to access the color prop it uses default value

render() {
return <MyButton /> ; // props.color will be set to red
}

Note: If you provide null value then it remains null value.

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243. Why should not call setState in componentWillUnmount?

You should not call setState() in componentWillUnmount() because once a
component instance is unmounted, it will never be mounted again.

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244. What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromError?

This lifecycle method is invoked after an error has been thrown by a descendant
component. It receives the error that was thrown as a parameter and should return a
value to update state.

The signature of the lifecycle method is as follows,

static getDerivedStateFromError(error)

Let us take error boundary use case with the above lifecycle method for
demonstration purpose,

class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}

static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
return { hasError: true };
 }

render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return <h1>Something went wrong.</h1>;
}

return this.props.children;
}
}

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245. What is the methods order when component re-rendered?

An update can be caused by changes to props or state. The below methods are called
in the following order when a component is being re-rendered.

i. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
ii. shouldComponentUpdate()
iii. render()
iv. getSnapshotBeforeUpdate()
v. componentDidUpdate()

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246. What are the methods invoked during error handling?

Below methods are called when there is an error during rendering, in a lifecycle
method, or in the constructor of any child component.

i. static getDerivedStateFromError()
ii. componentDidCatch()

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247. What is the purpose of displayName class property?

The displayName string is used in debugging messages. Usually, you don’t need to
set it explicitly because it’s inferred from the name of the function or class that defines
the component. You might want to set it explicitly if you want to display a different
name for debugging purposes or when you create a higher-order component.
 For example, To ease debugging, choose a display name that communicates that it’s
the result of a withSubscription HOC.

function withSubscription(WrappedComponent) {
class WithSubscription extends React.Component {
/* ... */
}
WithSubscription.displayName = `WithSubscription(${getDisplayName(
WrappedComponent
)})`;
return WithSubscription;
}
function getDisplayName(WrappedComponent) {
return (
WrappedComponent.displayName || WrappedComponent.name || "Component"
);
}

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248. What is the browser support for react applications?

React supports all popular browsers, including Internet Explorer 9 and above,
although some polyfills are required for older browsers such as IE 9 and IE 10. If you
use es5-shim and es5-sham polyfill then it even support old browsers that doesn't
support ES5 methods.

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249. What is the purpose of unmountComponentAtNode method?

This method is available from react-dom package and it removes a mounted React
component from the DOM and clean up its event handlers and state. If no component
was mounted in the container, calling this function does nothing. Returns true if a
component was unmounted and false if there was no component to unmount.

The method signature would be as follows,

ReactDOM.unmountComponentAtNode(container);

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250. What is code-splitting?
Code-Splitting is a feature supported by bundlers like Webpack and Browserify which
can create multiple bundles that can be dynamically loaded at runtime. The react
project supports code splitting via dynamic import() feature.

For example, in the below code snippets, it will make moduleA.js and all its unique
dependencies as a separate chunk that only loads after the user clicks the 'Load'
button. moduleA.js

const moduleA = "Hello";

export { moduleA };

App.js

import React, { Component } from "react";

class App extends Component {

handleClick = () => {
import("./moduleA")
.then(({ moduleA }) => {
// Use moduleA
})
.catch((err) => {
// Handle failure
});
};

render() {
return (
<div>
<button onClick={this.handleClick}>Load</button>
</div>
);
}
}

export default App;

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251. What is the benefit of strict mode?

 The will be helpful in the below cases

i. Identifying components with unsafe lifecycle methods.

ii. Warning about legacy string ref API usage.
iii. Detecting unexpected side effects.
iv. Detecting legacy context API.
v. Warning about deprecated findDOMNode usage

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252. What are Keyed Fragments?

The Fragments declared with the explicit <React.Fragment> syntax may have keys.
The general use case is mapping a collection to an array of fragments as below,

function Glossary(props) {
return (
<dl>
{props.items.map((item) => (
// Without the `key`, React will fire a key warning
<React.Fragment key={item.id}>
<dt>{item.term}</dt>
<dd>{item.description}</dd>
</React.Fragment>
))}
</dl>
);
}

Note: key is the only attribute that can be passed to Fragment. In the future, there
might be a support for additional attributes, such as event handlers.

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253. Does React support all HTML attributes?

As of React 16, both standard or custom DOM attributes are fully supported. Since
React components often take both custom and DOM-related props, React uses the
camelCase convention just like the DOM APIs.

Let us take few props with respect to standard HTML attributes,

 <div tabIndex="-1" /> // Just like node.tabIndex DOM API
<div className="Button" /> // Just like node.className DOM API
<input readOnly={true} /> // Just like node.readOnly DOM API

These props work similarly to the corresponding HTML attributes, with the exception
of the special cases. It also support all SVG attributes.

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254. What are the limitations with HOCs?

Higher-order components come with a few caveats apart from its benefits. Below are
the few listed in an order,

i. Don’t use HOCs inside the render method: It is not recommended to apply a
HOC to a component within the render method of a component.

render() {
// A new version of EnhancedComponent is created on every render
// EnhancedComponent1 !== EnhancedComponent2
const EnhancedComponent = enhance(MyComponent);
// That causes the entire subtree to unmount/remount each time!
return <EnhancedComponent />;
}

The above code impacts on performance by remounting a component that

causes the state of that component and all of its children to be lost. Instead, apply
HOCs outside the component definition so that the resulting component is
created only once.

ii. Static methods must be copied over: When you apply a HOC to a component
the new component does not have any of the static methods of the original
component

// Define a static method

WrappedComponent.staticMethod = function () {
/*...*/
};
// Now apply a HOC
const EnhancedComponent = enhance(WrappedComponent);
 // The enhanced component has no static method
typeof EnhancedComponent.staticMethod === "undefined"; // true

You can overcome this by copying the methods onto the container before
returning it,

function enhance(WrappedComponent) {
class Enhance extends React.Component {
/*...*/
}
// Must know exactly which method(s) to copy :(
Enhance.staticMethod = WrappedComponent.staticMethod;
return Enhance;
}

iii. Refs aren’t passed through: For HOCs you need to pass through all props to
the wrapped component but this does not work for refs. This is because ref is not
really a prop similar to key. In this case you need to use the React.forwardRef API

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255. How to debug forwardRefs in DevTools?

React.forwardRef accepts a render function as parameter and DevTools uses this
function to determine what to display for the ref forwarding component.

For example, If you don't name the render function or not using displayName property
then it will appear as ”ForwardRef” in the DevTools,

const WrappedComponent = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => {

return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
});

But If you name the render function then it will appear as

”ForwardRef(myFunction)”

const WrappedComponent = React.forwardRef(function myFunction(props, ref)

return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
});

As an alternative, You can also set displayName property for forwardRef function,
 function logProps(Component) {
class LogProps extends React.Component {
// ...
}

function forwardRef(props, ref) {

return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
}

// Give this component a more helpful display name in DevTools.

// e.g. "ForwardRef(logProps(MyComponent))"
const name = Component.displayName || Component.name;
forwardRef.displayName = `logProps(${name})`;

return React.forwardRef(forwardRef);
}

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256. When component props defaults to true?

If you pass no value for a prop, it defaults to true. This behavior is available so that it
matches the behavior of HTML.

For example, below expressions are equivalent,

<MyInput autocomplete />

<MyInput autocomplete={true} />

Note: It is not recommended to use this approach because it can be confused with
the ES6 object shorthand (example, {name} which is short for {name: name} )

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257. What is NextJS and major features of it?

Next.js is a popular and lightweight framework for static and server‑rendered
applications built with React. It also provides styling and routing solutions. Below are
the major features provided by NextJS,

i. Server-rendered by default
ii. Automatic code splitting for faster page loads
 iii. Simple client-side routing (page based)
iv. Webpack-based dev environment which supports (HMR)
v. Able to implement with Express or any other Node.js HTTP server
vi. Customizable with your own Babel and Webpack configurations

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258. How do you pass an event handler to a component?

You can pass event handlers and other functions as props to child components. It can
be used in child component as below,

<button onClick="{this.handleClick}"></button>

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259. Is it good to use arrow functions in render methods?

Yes, You can use. It is often the easiest way to pass parameters to callback functions.
But you need to optimize the performance while using it.

class Foo extends Component {

handleClick() {
console.log("Click happened");
}
render() {
return <button onClick={() => this.handleClick()}>Click Me</button>;
}
}

Note: Using an arrow function in render method creates a new function each time the
component renders, which may have performance implications

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260. How to prevent a function from being called multiple times?

If you use an event handler such as onClick or onScroll and want to prevent the
callback from being fired too quickly, then you can limit the rate at which callback is
executed. This can be achieved in the below possible ways,
 i. Throttling: Changes based on a time based frequency. For example, it can be
used using _.throttle lodash function
ii. Debouncing: Publish changes after a period of inactivity. For example, it can be
used using _.debounce lodash function
iii. RequestAnimationFrame throttling: Changes based on
requestAnimationFrame. For example, it can be used using raf-schd lodash
function

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261. How JSX prevents Injection Attacks?

React DOM escapes any values embedded in JSX before rendering them. Thus it
ensures that you can never inject anything that’s not explicitly written in your
application. Everything is converted to a string before being rendered.

For example, you can embed user input as below,

const name = response.potentiallyMaliciousInput;

const element = <h1>{name}</h1>;

This way you can prevent XSS(Cross-site-scripting) attacks in the application.

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262. How do you update rendered elements?

You can update UI(represented by rendered element) by passing the newly created
element to ReactDOM's render method.

For example, lets take a ticking clock example, where it updates the time by calling
render method multiple times,

function tick() {
const element = (
<div>
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
<h2>It is {new Date().toLocaleTimeString()}.</h2>
</div>
);
ReactDOM.render(element, document.getElementById("root"));
}
 setInterval(tick, 1000);

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263. How do you say that props are readonly?

When you declare a component as a function or a class, it must never modify its own
props.

Let us take a below capital function,

function capital(amount, interest) {

return amount + interest;
}

The above function is called “pure” because it does not attempt to change their inputs,
and always return the same result for the same inputs. Hence, React has a single rule
saying "All React components must act like pure functions with respect to their props."

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264. How do you say that state updates are merged?

When you call setState() in the component, React merges the object you provide into
the current state.

For example, let us take a facebook user with posts and comments details as state
variables,

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
posts: [],
comments: []
};
}

Now you can update them independently with separate setState() calls as below,

componentDidMount() {
fetchPosts().then(response => {
this.setState({
 posts: response.posts
});
});

fetchComments().then(response => {
this.setState({
comments: response.comments
});
});
}

As mentioned in the above code snippets, this.setState({comments}) updates

only comments variable without modifying or replacing posts variable.

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265. How do you pass arguments to an event handler?

During iterations or loops, it is common to pass an extra parameter to an event
handler. This can be achieved through arrow functions or bind method.

Let us take an example of user details updated in a grid,

<button onClick={(e) => this.updateUser(userId, e)}>Update User details</

<button onClick={this.updateUser.bind(this, userId)}>Update User details<

In the both approaches, the synthetic argument e is passed as a second argument.

You need to pass it explicitly for arrow functions and it will be passed automatically for
bind method.

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266. How to prevent component from rendering?

You can prevent component from rendering by returning null based on specific
condition. This way it can conditionally render component.

function Greeting(props) {
if (!props.loggedIn) {
return null;
}
 return <div className="greeting">welcome, {props.name}</div>;
}

class User extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {loggedIn: false, name: 'John'};
}

render() {
return (
<div>
//Prevent component render if it is not loggedIn
<Greeting loggedIn={this.state.loggedIn} />
<UserDetails name={this.state.name}>
</div>
);
}

In the above example, the greeting component skips its rendering section by
applying condition and returning null value.

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267. What are the conditions to safely use the index as a key?
There are three conditions to make sure, it is safe use the index as a key.

i. The list and items are static– they are not computed and do not change
ii. The items in the list have no ids
iii. The list is never reordered or filtered.

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268. Should keys be globally unique?

The keys used within arrays should be unique among their siblings but they don’t
need to be globally unique. i.e, You can use the same keys with two different arrays.

For example, the below Book component uses two arrays with different arrays,

function Book(props) {
const index = (
<ul>
 {props.pages.map((page) => (
<li key={page.id}>{page.title}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
const content = props.pages.map((page) => (
<div key={page.id}>
<h3>{page.title}</h3>
<p>{page.content}</p>
<p>{page.pageNumber}</p>
</div>
));
return (
<div>
{index}
<hr />
{content}
</div>
);
}

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269. What is the popular choice for form handling?

Formik is a form library for react which provides solutions such as validation,
keeping track of the visited fields, and handling form submission.

In detail, You can categorize them as follows,

i. Getting values in and out of form state

ii. Validation and error messages
iii. Handling form submission

It is used to create a scalable, performant, form helper with a minimal API to solve
annoying stuff.

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270. What are the advantages of formik over redux form library?
Below are the main reasons to recommend formik over redux form library,

i. The form state is inherently short-term and local, so tracking it in Redux (or any
kind of Flux library) is unnecessary.
 ii. Redux-Form calls your entire top-level Redux reducer multiple times ON EVERY
SINGLE KEYSTROKE. This way it increases input latency for large apps.
iii. Redux-Form is 22.5 kB minified gzipped whereas Formik is 12.7 kB

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271. Why are you not required to use inheritance?

In React, it is recommended to use composition over inheritance to reuse code
between components. Both Props and composition give you all the flexibility you need
to customize a component’s look and behavior explicitly and safely. Whereas, If you
want to reuse non-UI functionality between components, it is suggested to extract it
into a separate JavaScript module. Later components import it and use that function,
object, or class, without extending it.

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272. Can I use web components in react application?

Yes, you can use web components in a react application. Even though many
developers won't use this combination, it may require especially if you are using third-
party UI components that are written using Web Components.

For example, let us use Vaadin date picker web component as below,

import React, { Component } from "react";

import "./App.css";
import "@vaadin/vaadin-date-picker";
class App extends Component {
render() {
return (
<div className="App">
<vaadin-date-picker label="When were you born?"></vaadin-date-pic
</div>
);
}
}
export default App;

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273. What is dynamic import?

 You can achieve code-splitting in your app using dynamic import.

Let's take an example of addition,

i. Normal Import

import { add } from "./math";

console.log(add(10, 20));

ii. Dynamic Import

import("./math").then((math) => {
console.log(math.add(10, 20));
});

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274. What are loadable components?

If you want to do code-splitting in a server rendered app, it is recommend to use
Loadable Components because React.lazy and Suspense is not yet available for
server-side rendering. Loadable lets you render a dynamic import as a regular
component.

Lets take an example,

import loadable from "@loadable/component";

const OtherComponent = loadable(() => import("./OtherComponent"));

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<OtherComponent />
</div>
);
}

Now OtherComponent will be loaded in a separated bundle

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275. What is suspense component?

 If the module containing the dynamic import is not yet loaded by the time parent
component renders, you must show some fallback content while you’re waiting for it to
load using a loading indicator. This can be done using Suspense component.

For example, the below code uses suspense component,

const OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import("./OtherComponent"));

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<OtherComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}

As mentioned in the above code, Suspense is wrapped above the lazy component.

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276. What is route based code splitting?

One of the best place to do code splitting is with routes. The entire page is going to re-
render at once so users are unlikely to interact with other elements in the page at the
same time. Due to this, the user experience won't be disturbed.

Let us take an example of route based website using libraries like React Router with
React.lazy,

import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch } from "react-router-dom"

import React, { Suspense, lazy } from "react";

const Home = lazy(() => import("./routes/Home"));

const About = lazy(() => import("./routes/About"));

const App = () => (

<Router>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home} />
<Route path="/about" component={About} />
</Switch>
</Suspense>
 </Router>
);

In the above code, the code splitting will happen at each route level.

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277. Give an example on How to use context?

Context is designed to share data that can be considered global for a tree of React
components.

For example, in the code below lets manually thread through a “theme” prop in order
to style the Button component.

//Lets create a context with a default theme value "luna"

const ThemeContext = React.createContext("luna");
// Create App component where it uses provider to pass theme value in the
class App extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<ThemeContext.Provider value="nova">
<Toolbar />
</ThemeContext.Provider>
);
}
}
// A middle component where you don't need to pass theme prop anymore
function Toolbar(props) {
return (
<div>
<ThemedButton />
</div>
);
}
// Lets read theme value in the button component to use
class ThemedButton extends React.Component {
static contextType = ThemeContext;
render() {
return <Button theme={this.context} />;
}
}

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278. What is the purpose of default value in context?
The defaultValue argument is only used when a component does not have a matching
Provider above it in the tree. This can be helpful for testing components in isolation
without wrapping them.

Below code snippet provides default theme value as Luna.

const MyContext = React.createContext(defaultValue);

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279. How do you use contextType?

ContextType is used to consume the context object. The contextType property can be
used in two ways,

i. contextType as property of class: The contextType property on a class can be

assigned a Context object created by React.createContext(). After that, you can
consume the nearest current value of that Context type using this.context in any
of the lifecycle methods and render function.

Lets assign contextType property on MyClass as below,

class MyClass extends React.Component {

componentDidMount() {
let value = this.context;
/* perform a side-effect at mount using the value of MyContext */
}
componentDidUpdate() {
let value = this.context;
/* ... */
}
componentWillUnmount() {
let value = this.context;
/* ... */
}
render() {
let value = this.context;
/* render something based on the value of MyContext */
}
 }
MyClass.contextType = MyContext;

ii. Static field You can use a static class field to initialize your contextType using
public class field syntax.

class MyClass extends React.Component {

static contextType = MyContext;
render() {
let value = this.context;
/* render something based on the value */
}
}

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280. What is a consumer?

A Consumer is a React component that subscribes to context changes. It requires a
function as a child which receives current context value as argument and returns a
react node. The value argument passed to the function will be equal to the value prop
of the closest Provider for this context above in the tree.

Lets take a simple example,

<MyContext.Consumer>
{value => /* render something based on the context value */}
</MyContext.Consumer>

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281. How
do you solve performance corner cases while using
context?
The context uses reference identity to determine when to re-render, there are some
gotchas that could trigger unintentional renders in consumers when a provider’s
parent re-renders.

For example, the code below will re-render all consumers every time the Provider re-
renders because a new object is always created for value.
 class App extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<Provider value={{ something: "something" }}>
<Toolbar />
</Provider>
);
}
}

This can be solved by lifting up the value to parent state,

class App extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
value: { something: "something" },
};
}

render() {
return (
<Provider value={this.state.value}>
<Toolbar />
</Provider>
);
}
}

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282. What is the purpose of forward ref in HOCs?

Refs will not get passed through because ref is not a prop. It is handled differently by
React just like key. If you add a ref to a HOC, the ref will refer to the outermost
container component, not the wrapped component. In this case, you can use Forward
Ref API. For example, we can explicitly forward refs to the inner FancyButton
component using the React.forwardRef API.

The below HOC logs all props,

function logProps(Component) {
class LogProps extends React.Component {
componentDidUpdate(prevProps) {
 console.log("old props:", prevProps);
console.log("new props:", this.props);
}

render() {
const { forwardedRef, ...rest } = this.props;

// Assign the custom prop "forwardedRef" as a ref

return <Component ref={forwardedRef} {...rest} />;
}
}

return React.forwardRef((props, ref) => {

return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
});
}

Let's use this HOC to log all props that get passed to our “fancy button” component,

class FancyButton extends React.Component {

focus() {
// ...
}

// ...
}
export default logProps(FancyButton);

Now let's create a ref and pass it to FancyButton component. In this case, you can set
focus to button element.

import FancyButton from "./FancyButton";

const ref = React.createRef();

ref.current.focus();
<FancyButton label="Click Me" handleClick={handleClick} ref={ref} />;

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283. Is ref argument available for all functions or class components?

Regular function or class components don’t receive the ref argument, and ref is not
available in props either. The second ref argument only exists when you define a
component with React.forwardRef call.
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284. Why do you need additional care for component libraries while
using forward refs?
When you start using forwardRef in a component library, you should treat it as a
breaking change and release a new major version of your library. This is because your
library likely has a different behavior such as what refs get assigned to, and what
types are exported. These changes can break apps and other libraries that depend on
the old behavior.

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285. How to create react class components without ES6?

If you don’t use ES6 then you may need to use the create-react-class module instead.
For default props, you need to define getDefaultProps() as a function on the passed
object. Whereas for initial state, you have to provide a separate getInitialState method
that returns the initial state.

var Greeting = createReactClass({

getDefaultProps: function () {
return {
name: "Jhohn",
};
},
getInitialState: function () {
return { message: this.props.message };
},
handleClick: function () {
console.log(this.state.message);
},
render: function () {
return <h1>Hello, {this.props.name}</h1>;
},
});

Note: If you use createReactClass then auto binding is available for all methods. i.e,
You don't need to use .bind(this) with in constructor for event handlers.

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286. Is it possible to use react without JSX?

 Yes, JSX is not mandatory for using React. Actually it is convenient when you don’t
want to set up compilation in your build environment. Each JSX element is just
syntactic sugar for calling React.createElement(component, props, ...children) .

For example, let us take a greeting example with JSX,

class Greeting extends React.Component {

render() {
return <div>Hello {this.props.message}</div>;
}
}

ReactDOM.render(
<Greeting message="World" />,
document.getElementById("root")
);

You can write the same code without JSX as below,

class Greeting extends React.Component {

render() {
return React.createElement("div", null, `Hello ${this.props.message}`
}
}

ReactDOM.render(
React.createElement(Greeting, { message: "World" }, null),
document.getElementById("root")
);

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287. What is diffing algorithm?

React needs to use algorithms to find out how to efficiently update the UI to match the
most recent tree. The diffing algorithms is generating the minimum number of
operations to transform one tree into another. However, the algorithms have a
complexity in the order of O(n³) where n is the number of elements in the tree.

In this case, displaying 1000 elements would require in the order of one billion
comparisons. This is far too expensive. Instead, React implements a heuristic O(n)
algorithm based on two assumptions:
 i. Two elements of different types will produce different trees.
ii. The developer can hint at which child elements may be stable across different
renders with a key prop.

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288. What are the rules covered by diffing algorithm?

When diffing two trees, React first compares the two root elements. The behavior is
different depending on the types of the root elements. It covers the below rules during
reconciliation algorithm,

i. Elements Of Different Types: Whenever the root elements have different types,
React will tear down the old tree and build the new tree from scratch. For
example, elements to , or from

to of different types lead a full rebuild.

ii. DOM Elements Of The Same Type: When comparing two React DOM elements
of the same type, React looks at the attributes of both, keeps the same
underlying DOM node, and only updates the changed attributes. Lets take an
example with same DOM elements except className attribute,

<div className="show" title="ReactJS" />

<div className="hide" title="ReactJS" />

iii. Component Elements Of The Same Type: When a component updates, the
instance stays the same, so that state is maintained across renders. React
updates the props of the underlying component instance to match the new
element, and calls componentWillReceiveProps() and componentWillUpdate() on
the underlying instance. After that, the render() method is called and the diff
algorithm recurses on the previous result and the new result.

iv. Recursing On Children: when recursing on the children of a DOM node, React
just iterates over both lists of children at the same time and generates a mutation
whenever there’s a difference. For example, when adding an element at the end
of the children, converting between these two trees works well.

<ul>
<li>first</li>
<li>second</li>
 </ul>

<ul>
<li>first</li>
<li>second</li>
<li>third</li>
</ul>

v. Handling keys: React supports a key attribute. When children have keys, React
uses the key to match children in the original tree with children in the subsequent
tree. For example, adding a key can make the tree conversion efficient,

<ul>
<li key="2015">Duke</li>
<li key="2016">Villanova</li>
</ul>

<ul>
<li key="2014">Connecticut</li>
<li key="2015">Duke</li>
<li key="2016">Villanova</li>
</ul>

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289. When do you need to use refs?

There are few use cases to go for refs,

i. Managing focus, text selection, or media playback.

ii. Triggering imperative animations.
iii. Integrating with third-party DOM libraries.

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290. Must prop be named as render for render props?

Even though the pattern named render props, you don’t have to use a prop named
render to use this pattern. i.e, Any prop that is a function that a component uses to
know what to render is technically a “render prop”. Lets take an example with the
children prop for render props,

<Mouse
children={(mouse) => (
 <p>
The mouse position is {mouse.x}, {mouse.y}
</p>
)}
/>

Actually children prop doesn’t need to be named in the list of “attributes” in JSX
element. Instead, you can keep it directly inside element,

<Mouse>
{(mouse) => (
<p>
The mouse position is {mouse.x}, {mouse.y}
</p>
)}
</Mouse>

While using this above technique(without any name), explicitly state that children
should be a function in your propTypes.

Mouse.propTypes = {
children: PropTypes.func.isRequired,
};

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291. What
are the problems of using render props with pure
components?
If you create a function inside a render method, it negates the purpose of pure
component. Because the shallow prop comparison will always return false for new
props, and each render in this case will generate a new value for the render prop. You
can solve this issue by defining the render function as instance method.

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292. How do you create HOC using render props?

You can implement most higher-order components (HOC) using a regular component
with a render prop. For example, if you would prefer to have a withMouse HOC
instead of a component, you could easily create one using a regular with a render
prop.
 function withMouse(Component) {
return class extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<Mouse
render={(mouse) => <Component {...this.props} mouse={mouse} />}
/>
);
}
};
}

This way render props gives the flexibility of using either pattern.

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293. What is windowing technique?

Windowing is a technique that only renders a small subset of your rows at any given
time, and can dramatically reduce the time it takes to re-render the components as
well as the number of DOM nodes created. If your application renders long lists of
data then this technique is recommended. Both react-window and react-virtualized are
popular windowing libraries which provides several reusable components for
displaying lists, grids, and tabular data.

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294. How do you print falsy values in JSX?

The falsy values such as false, null, undefined, and true are valid children but they
don't render anything. If you still want to display them then you need to convert it to
string. Let's take an example on how to convert to a string,

<div>My JavaScript variable is {String(myVariable)}.</div>

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295. What is the typical use case of portals?

React portals are very useful when a parent component has overflow: hidden or has
properties that affect the stacking context (e.g. z-index, position, opacity) and you
need to visually “break out” of its container.
 For example, dialogs, global message notifications, hovercards, and tooltips.

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296. How do you set default value for uncontrolled component?

In React, the value attribute on form elements will override the value in the DOM. With
an uncontrolled component, you might want React to specify the initial value, but
leave subsequent updates uncontrolled. To handle this case, you can specify a
defaultValue attribute instead of value.

render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<label>
User Name:
<input
defaultValue="John"
type="text"
ref={this.input} />
</label>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
);
}

The same applies for select and textArea inputs. But you need to use
defaultChecked for checkbox and radio inputs.

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297. What is your favorite React stack?

Even though the tech stack varies from developer to developer, the most popular
stack is used in react boilerplate project code. It mainly uses Redux and redux-saga
for state management and asynchronous side-effects, react-router for routing
purpose, styled-components for styling react components, axios for invoking REST
api, and other supported stack such as webpack, reselect, ESNext, Babel. You can
clone the project https://github.com/react-boilerplate/react-boilerplate and start
working on any new react project.

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298. What is the difference between Real DOM and Virtual DOM?
 Below are the main differences between Real DOM and Virtual DOM,

Real DOM Virtual DOM

Updates are slow Updates are fast

DOM manipulation is very expensive. DOM manipulation is very easy

You can update HTML directly. You Can’t directly update HTML

It causes too much of memory wastage There is no memory wastage

Creates a new DOM if element updates It updates the JSX if element update

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299. How to add Bootstrap to a react application?

Bootstrap can be added to your React app in a three possible ways,

i. Using the Bootstrap CDN: This is the easiest way to add bootstrap. Add both
bootstrap CSS and JS resources in a head tag.
ii. Bootstrap as Dependency: If you are using a build tool or a module bundler such
as Webpack, then this is the preferred option for adding Bootstrap to your React
application

npm install bootstrap

iii. React Bootstrap Package: In this case, you can add Bootstrap to our React app
is by using a package that has rebuilt Bootstrap components to work particularly
as React components. Below packages are popular in this category,
a. react-bootstrap
b. reactstrap

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300. Canyou list down top websites or applications using react as

front end framework?
Below are the top 10 websites using React as their front-end framework,

i. Facebook
ii. Uber
iii. Instagram
 iv. WhatsApp
v. Khan Academy
vi. Airbnb
vii. Dropbox
viii. Flipboard
ix. Netflix
x. PayPal

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301. Is it recommended to use CSS In JS technique in React?

React does not have any opinion about how styles are defined but if you are a
beginner then good starting point is to define your styles in a separate *.css file as
usual and refer to them using className. This functionality is not part of React but
came from third-party libraries. But If you want to try a different approach(CSS-In-JS)
then styled-components library is a good option.

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302. Do I need to rewrite all my class components with hooks?

No. But you can try Hooks in a few components(or new components) without rewriting
any existing code. Because there are no plans to remove classes in ReactJS.

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303. How to fetch data with React Hooks?

The effect hook called useEffect can be used to fetch data from an API and to set
the data in the local state of the component with the useState hook’s update function.

Here is an example of fetching a list of react articles from an API using fetch.

import React from "react";

function App() {
const [data, setData] = React.useState({ hits: [] });

React.useEffect(() => {
fetch("http://hn.algolia.com/api/v1/search?query=react")
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => setData(data))
 }, []);

return (
<ul>
{data.hits.map((item) => (
<li key={item.objectID}>
<a href={item.url}>{item.title}</a>
</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

export default App;

A popular way to simplify this is by using the library axios.

We provided an empty array as second argument to the useEffect hook to avoid

activating it on component updates. This way, it only fetches on component mount.

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304. Is Hooks cover all use cases for classes?

Hooks doesn't cover all use cases of classes but there is a plan to add them soon.
Currently there are no Hook equivalents to the uncommon
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate and componentDidCatch lifecycles yet.

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305. What is the stable release for hooks support?

React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks in 16.8 release for below
packages

i. React DOM
ii. React DOM Server
iii. React Test Renderer
iv. React Shallow Renderer

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306. Why do we use array destructuring (square brackets notation)

in useState ?
 When we declare a state variable with useState , it returns a pair — an array with
two items. The first item is the current value, and the second is a function that updates
the value. Using [0] and [1] to access them is a bit confusing because they have a
specific meaning. This is why we use array destructuring instead.

For example, the array index access would look as follows:

var userStateVariable = useState("userProfile"); // Returns an array pair

var user = userStateVariable[0]; // Access first item
var setUser = userStateVariable[1]; // Access second item

Whereas with array destructuring the variables can be accessed as follows:

const [user, setUser] = useState("userProfile");

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307. What are the sources used for introducing hooks?

Hooks got the ideas from several different sources. Below are some of them,

i. Previous experiments with functional APIs in the react-future repository

ii. Community experiments with render prop APIs such as Reactions Component
iii. State variables and state cells in DisplayScript.
iv. Subscriptions in Rx.
v. Reducer components in ReasonReact.

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308. How do you access imperative API of web components?

Web Components often expose an imperative API to implement its functions. You will
need to use a ref to interact with the DOM node directly if you want to access
imperative API of a web component. But if you are using third-party Web
Components, the best solution is to write a React component that behaves as a
wrapper for your Web Component.

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309. What is formik?

 Formik is a small react form library that helps you with the three major problems,

i. Getting values in and out of form state

ii. Validation and error messages
iii. Handling form submission

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310. What
are typical middleware choices for handling
asynchronous calls in Redux?
Some of the popular middleware choices for handling asynchronous calls in Redux
eco system are Redux Thunk, Redux Promise, Redux Saga .

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311. Do browsers understand JSX code?

No, browsers can't understand JSX code. You need a transpiler to convert your JSX
to regular Javascript that browsers can understand. The most widely used transpiler
right now is Babel.

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312. Describe about data flow in react?

React implements one-way reactive data flow using props which reduce boilerplate
and is easier to understand than traditional two-way data binding.

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313. What is react scripts?

The react-scripts package is a set of scripts from the create-react-app starter
pack which helps you kick off projects without configuring. The react-scripts
start command sets up the development environment and starts a server, as well
as hot module reloading.

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314. What are the features of create react app?

Below are the list of some of the features provided by create react app.
 i. React, JSX, ES6, Typescript and Flow syntax support.
ii. Autoprefixed CSS
iii. CSS Reset/Normalize
iv. A live development server
v. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for coverage reporting
vi. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with hashes and
sourcemaps
vii. An offline-first service worker and a web app manifest, meeting all the
Progressive Web App criteria.

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315. What is the purpose of renderToNodeStream method?

The ReactDOMServer#renderToNodeStream method is used to generate HTML on
the server and send the markup down on the initial request for faster page loads. It
also helps search engines to crawl your pages easily for SEO purposes. Note:
Remember this method is not available in the browser but only server.

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316. What is MobX?

MobX is a simple, scalable and battle tested state management solution for applying
functional reactive programming (TFRP). For reactJs application, you need to install
below packages,

npm install mobx --save

npm install mobx-react --save

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317. What are the differences between Redux and MobX?

Below are the main differences between Redux and MobX,

Topic Redux MobX

It is a javascript library for It is a library for reactively

Definition managing the application managing the state of your
state applications
 Topic Redux MobX

Programming It is mainly written in ES6 It is written in JavaScript(ES5)

There is only one large There is more than one store for
Data Store
store exist for data storage storage

Mainly used for large and

Usage Used for simple applications
complex applications

Performance Need to be improved Provides better performance

Uses observable to store the

How it stores Uses JS Object to store
data

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318. Should I learn ES6 before learning ReactJS?

No, you don’t have to learn es2015/es6 to learn react. But you may find many
resources or React ecosystem uses ES6 extensively. Let's see some of the frequently
used ES6 features,

i. Destructuring: To get props and use them in a component

// in es 5
var someData = this.props.someData;
var dispatch = this.props.dispatch;

// in es6
const { someData, dispatch } = this.props;

ii. Spread operator: Helps in passing props down into a component

// in es 5
<SomeComponent someData={this.props.someData} dispatch={this.props.di

// in es6
<SomeComponent {...this.props} />

iii. Arrow functions: Makes compact syntax

 // es 5
var users = usersList.map(function (user) {
return <li>{user.name}</li>;
});
// es 6
const users = usersList.map((user) => <li>{user.name}</li>);

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319. What is Concurrent Rendering?

The Concurrent rendering makes React apps to be more responsive by rendering
component trees without blocking the main UI thread. It allows React to interrupt a
long-running render to handle a high-priority event. i.e, When you enabled concurrent
Mode, React will keep an eye on other tasks that need to be done, and if there's
something with a higher priority it will pause what it is currently rendering and let the
other task finish first. You can enable this in two ways,

// 1. Part of an app by wrapping with ConcurrentMode

<React.unstable_ConcurrentMode>
<Something />
</React.unstable_ConcurrentMode>;

// 2. Whole app using createRoot

ReactDOM.unstable_createRoot(domNode).render(<App />);

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320. What
is the difference between async mode and concurrent
mode?
Both refers the same thing. Previously concurrent Mode being referred to as "Async
Mode" by React team. The name has been changed to highlight React’s ability to
perform work on different priority levels. So it avoids the confusion from other
approaches to Async Rendering.

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321. Can I use javascript urls in react16.9?

 Yes, you can use javascript: URLs but it will log a warning in the console. Because
URLs starting with javascript: are dangerous by including unsanitized output in a tag
like <a href> and create a security hole.

const companyProfile = {
website: "javascript: alert('Your website is hacked')",
};
// It will log a warning
<a href={companyProfile.website}>More details</a>;

Remember that the future versions will throw an error for javascript URLs.

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322. What is the purpose of eslint plugin for hooks?

The ESLint plugin enforces rules of Hooks to avoid bugs. It assumes that any function
starting with ”use” and a capital letter right after it is a Hook. In particular, the rule
enforces that,

i. Calls to Hooks are either inside a PascalCase function (assumed to be a

component) or another useSomething function (assumed to be a custom Hook).
ii. Hooks are called in the same order on every render.

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323. What
is the difference between Imperative and Declarative in
React?
Imagine a simple UI component, such as a "Like" button. When you tap it, it turns blue
if it was previously grey, and grey if it was previously blue.

The imperative way of doing this would be:

if (user.likes()) {
if (hasBlue()) {
removeBlue();
addGrey();
} else {
removeGrey();
addBlue();
}
}
 Basically, you have to check what is currently on the screen and handle all the
changes necessary to redraw it with the current state, including undoing the changes
from the previous state. You can imagine how complex this could be in a real-world
scenario.

In contrast, the declarative approach would be:

if (this.state.liked) {
return <blueLike />;
} else {
return <greyLike />;
}

Because the declarative approach separates concerns, this part of it only needs to
handle how the UI should look in a sepecific state, and is therefore much simpler to
understand.

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324. What are the benefits of using typescript with reactjs?

Below are some of the benefits of using typescript with Reactjs,

i. It is possible to use latest JavaScript features

ii. Use of interfaces for complex type definitions
iii. IDEs such as VS Code was made for TypeScript
iv. Avoid bugs with the ease of readability and Validation

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325. Howdo you make sure that user remains authenticated on page
refresh while using Context API State Management?
When a user logs in and reload, to persist the state generally we add the load user
action in the useEffect hooks in the main App.js. While using Redux, loadUser action
can be easily accessed.

App.js

import { loadUser } from "../actions/auth";

store.dispatch(loadUser());
 But while using Context API, to access context in App.js, wrap the AuthState in
index.js so that App.js can access the auth context. Now whenever the page reloads,
no matter what route you are on, the user will be authenticated as loadUser action
will be triggered on each re-render.

index.js

import React from "react";

import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
import App from "./App";
import AuthState from "./context/auth/AuthState";

ReactDOM.render(
<React.StrictMode>
<AuthState>
<App />
</AuthState>
</React.StrictMode>,
document.getElementById("root")
);

App.js

const authContext = useContext(AuthContext);

const { loadUser } = authContext;

useEffect(() => {
loadUser();
}, []);

loadUser

const loadUser = async () => {

const token = sessionStorage.getItem("token");

if (!token) {
dispatch({
type: ERROR,
});
}
setAuthToken(token);

try {
const res = await axios("/api/auth");
 dispatch({
type: USER_LOADED,
payload: res.data.data,
});
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
}
};

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326. What are the benefits of new JSX transform?

There are three major benefits of new JSX transform,

i. It is possible to use JSX without importing React packages

ii. The compiled output might improve the bundle size in a small amount
iii. The future improvements provides the flexibility to reduce the number of concepts
to learn React.

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327. How is the new JSX transform different from old transform??
The new JSX transform doesn’t require React to be in scope. i.e, You don't need to
import React package for simple scenarios.

Let's take an example to look at the main differences between the old and the new
transform,

Old Transform:

import React from "react";

function App() {
return <h1>Good morning!!</h1>;
}

Now JSX transform convert the above code into regular JavaScript as below,

import React from "react";

function App() {
 return React.createElement("h1", null, "Good morning!!");
}

New Transform:

The new JSX transform doesn't require any React imports

function App() {
return <h1>Good morning!!</h1>;
}

Under the hood JSX transform compiles to below code

import { jsx as _jsx } from "react/jsx-runtime";

function App() {
return _jsx("h1", { children: "Good morning!!" });
}

Note: You still need to import React to use Hooks.

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328. How do you get redux scaffolding using create-react-app?

Redux team has provided official redux+js or redux+typescript templates for create-
react-app project. The generated project setup includes,

i. Redux Toolkit and React-Redux dependencies

ii. Create and configure Redux store
iii. React-Redux <Provider> passing the store to React components
iv. Small "counter" example to demo how to add redux logic and React-Redux hooks
API to interact with the store from components The below commands need to be
executed along with template option as below,
v. Javascript template:

npx create-react-app my-app --template redux

ii. Typescript template:

npx create-react-app my-app --template redux-typescript

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329. What are React Server components?

React Server Component is a way to write React component that gets rendered in the
server-side with the purpose of improving React app performance. These components
allow us to load components from the backend.

Note: React Server Components is still under development and not recommended for
production yet.

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330. What is prop drilling?

Prop Drilling is the process by which you pass data from one component of the React
Component tree to another by going through other components that do not need the
data but only help in passing it around.

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331. What is state mutation and how to prevent it?

State mutation happens when you try to update the state of a component without
actually using setState function. This can happen when you are trying to do some
computations using a state variable and unknowingly save the result in the same state
variable. This is the main reason why it is advised to return new instances of state
variables from the reducers by using Object.assign({}, ...) or spread syntax.

This can cause unknown issues in the UI as the value of the state variable got
updated without telling React to check what all components were being affected from
this update and it can cause UI bugs.

Ex:

class A extends React.component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
loading: false
}
}

componentDidMount() {
 let { loading } = this.state;
loading = (() => true)(); // Trying to perform an operation and directl
}

How to prevent it: Make sure your state variables are immutable by either enforcing
immutability by using plugins like Immutable.js, always using setState to make
updates, and returning new instances in reducers when sending updated state values.

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332. What is the difference between useState and useRef hook?

i. useState causes components to re-render after state updates whereas useRef
doesn’t cause a component to re-render when the value or state changes.
Essentially, useRef is like a “box” that can hold a mutable value in its (.current)
property.
ii. useState allows us to update the state inside components. While useRef allows
referencing DOM elements.

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333. What is a wrapper component?

A wrapper in React is a component that wraps or surrounds another component or
group of components. It can be used for a variety of purposes such as adding
additional functionality, styling, or layout to the wrapped components.

For example, consider a simple component that displays a message:

const Message = ({ text }) => {

return <p>{text}</p>;
};

We can create a wrapper component that will add a border to the message
component:

const MessageWrapper = (props) => {

return (
<div style={{ border: "1px solid black" }}>
<Message {...props} />
</div>
 );
};

Now we can use the MessageWrapper component instead of the Message

component and the message will be displayed with a border:

<MessageWrapper text="Hello World" />

Wrapper component can also accept its own props and pass them down to the
wrapped component, for example, we can create a wrapper component that will add a
title to the message component:

const MessageWrapperWithTitle = ({title, ...props}) => {

return (
<div>
<h3>{title}</h3>
<Message {...props} />
</div>
);
};

Now we can use the MessageWrapperWithTitle component and pass title props:

<MessageWrapperWithTitle title="My Message" text="Hello World" />

This way, the wrapper component can add additional functionality, styling, or layout to
the wrapped component while keeping the wrapped component simple and reusable.

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334. What
are the differences between useEffect and
useLayoutEffect hooks?
useEffect and useLayoutEffect are both React hooks that can be used to synchronize
a component with an external system, such as a browser API or a third-party library.
However, there are some key differences between the two:

Timing: useEffect runs after the browser has finished painting, while
useLayoutEffect runs synchronously before the browser paints. This means that
useLayoutEffect can be used to measure and update layout in a way that feels
more synchronous to the user.
 Browser Paint: useEffect allows browser to paint the changes before running the
effect, hence it may cause some visual flicker. useLayoutEffect synchronously
runs the effect before browser paints and hence it will avoid visual flicker.

Execution Order: The order in which multiple useEffect hooks are executed is
determined by React and may not be predictable. However, the order in which
multiple useLayoutEffect hooks are executed is determined by the order in which
they were called.

Error handling: useEffect has a built-in mechanism for handling errors that occur
during the execution of the effect, so that it does not crash the entire application.
useLayoutEffect does not have this mechanism, and errors that occur during the
execution of the effect will crash the entire application.

In general, it's recommended to use useEffect as much as possible, because it is

more performant and less prone to errors. useLayoutEffect should only be used when
you need to measure or update layout, and you can't achieve the same result using
useEffect.

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335. What
are the differences between Functional and Class
Components?
There are two different ways to create components in ReactJS. The main differences
are listed down as below,

1. Syntax:
The classs components uses ES6 classes to create the components. It uses render
function to display the HTML content in the webpage.

The syntax for class component looks like as below.

class App extends Reacts.Component {

render(){
return <h1>This is a class component</h1>}
}
Note: The Pascal Case is the recommended approach to provide naming to a
component.

Functional component has been improved over the years with some added features
like Hooks. Here is a syntax for functional component.

function App(){
return <div className="App">
<h1>Hello, I'm a function component</h1>
</div>
}

2. State:

State contains information or data about a component which may change over time.

In class component, you can update the state when a user interacts with it or server
updates the data using the setState() method. The initial state is going to be
assigned in the Constructor( ) method using the the this.state object and it
is possible to different data types in the this.state object such as string, boolean,
numbers, etc. A simple example showing how we use the setState() and
constructor()

class App extends Component {

constructor() {
super();
this.state = {
message: "This is a class component",
};
}
updateMessage() {
this.setState({t
message: "Updating the class component",
});
}
render() {
return (
<>
<h1>{this.state.message}</h1>
<button
onClick={() => {
this.updateMessage();
 }}>
Click!!
</button>
</>
);
}
}

You not use state in functional components because it was only supported in
class components. But over the years hooks have been implemented in
functional component which enable to use state in functional component too.

The useState() hook can used to implement state in funcitonal component. It

returns an array with two items: the first item is current state and the next one
is a function (setState) that updates the value of the current state.

Let's see an example to demonstrate the state in functional components,

function App() {
const [message, setMessage] = useState("This is a functional
component");
const updateMessage = () => {
setCountry("Updating the functional component");
};
return (
<div className="App">
<h1>{message} </h1>
<button onClick={updateMessage}>Click me!!</button>
</div>
);
}

4. Props:
Props are referred to as "properties". The props are passed into react
component just like arguments passed to a function. In otherwords, they are
similar to HTML attributes.

The props are accessible in child class component using this.props as

shown in below example,
 class Child extends React.Component {
render() {
return <h1> This is a functional component and component name is
{this.props.name} </h1>;
}
}

class Parent extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<div className="Parent">
<Child name="First child component" />
<Child name="Second child component" />
</div>
);
}
}

Props in functional components are similar to that of the class components but
the difference is the absence of 'this' keyword.

function Child(props) {
return <h1>This is a child component and the component name
is{props.name}</h1>;
}

function Parent() {
return (
<div className="Parent">
<Child name="First child component" />
<Child name="Second child component" />
</div>
);
}

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 Disclaimer

The questions provided in this repository are the summary of frequently asked
questions across numerous companies. We cannot guarantee that these questions
will actually be asked during your interview process, nor should you focus on
memorizing all of them. The primary purpose is for you to get a sense of what some
companies might ask — do not get discouraged if you don't know the answer to all
of them ⁠— that is ok!

Good luck with your interview

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