Chapter 8: Matrices

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

 Matrix: A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers enclosed by a pair of

brackets [] in the form of horizontal and vertical lines. The numbers are called
elements of the matrix. It is denoted by capital letters A, B, C, D, etc.
Horizontal lines are called rows and vertical lines are called columns.

Types of Matrices
Examples
1 Row Matrix: A matrix having only one row is called a row [1 2 3]
matrix.

[]
2 Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a 1
column matrix. 2
3
3 Null or Zero Matrix: A matrix of any order whose all
elements are zero is called a zero or null matrix. [ 00]
0
0
4 Square Matrix: A matrix which has equal number of rows and
columns is called a square matrix. [ 4]
1
2
3

5 Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all elements, except

those in the main diagonal, are zero is called a diagonal [ 02] or
1
0
matrix. diag[1,2]
6 Identity or Unit Matrix: A square matrix whose main
diagonal elements are all unity and all other elements are [ 10 01]
zero is called an identity or unit matrix. It is denoted by I.
7 Equal Matrix: Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, if:
[ ]
2 2
1 2
(i) A and B have the same order, and
32 42
(ii) Each element of A is equal to the corresponding element
of B.
[ 19 164 ]
are equal
matrix

 Order of Matrix: If a matrix has ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns, then its order will be m ×n
and it has mn elements
For example: In a matrix [ ]
1 2
3 4
, m = 2 and n = 2. So, its order is 2 × 2 and number of

elements = 4.
 Equality of Matrices: Two m × n matrices A and B are said to be equal, if the
corresponding elements of the two matrices are equal.
For example: If A =[ 1 2
3 −4 ] and B = [1 2
3 −4 ], then A = B
  Transpose of Matrices: Let A be any matrix. Then the matrix obtained by
interchanging its rows and columns is called the transpose of A and is denoted by A'
or AT. If A is m × n matrix, then A' will be n × m matrix.
 Compatibility of Matrices
 Addition of Matrices: If two matrices A and B are of same order, then the
sum of A and B (written as A + B ) is the matrix obtained by adding the
corresponding elements of A and B.
For example: If then A= [ ] [ ]
1 2
3 4
∧B=
5 6
7 8

then, A+ B= [ 1+5 2+6

][ ]
=
3+7 4 +8 10 12
6 8

Properties of Addition of Matrices:

(i) A + B = B + A
[Addition is commutative]
(ii) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
[Addition is associative]
(iii) A + 0 = 0 + A = A where '0' is the zero matrix of the same order of A.
(iv) A + (- A) = 0

 Subtraction of Matrices: If two matrices A and B are of same order, then the
difference (subtraction) of A and B (written as A - B ) is the matrix obtained by
subtracting the corresponding elements of A and B.
For example: If then A=
1 2
3 4 [ ] [ ]
∧B=
5 6
7 8
,

then A−B= [
−4 −4
−4 −4 ]
Properties of Subtraction of Matrices:
(i) A−B ≠ B− A
(ii) A−( B−C ) ≠ ( A−B )−C
(iii) A−0 ≠ 0− A
(iv) A−(−A ) ≠ 0

Note: If the order of the matrices is not same, then they cannot be added or
subtracted.

Question 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. A matrix which has only 1 row is called
(a) column matrix
(b) square matrix
(c) diagonal matrix
(d) row matrix
2. A matrix A=
2 0
0 3 [ ]
is an example of:
(a) identity matrix
(b) scalar matrix
(c) diagonal matrix
(d) square matrix

3. Which of the following order is not possible if the matrix has 6 elements
(a) 3 × 2
(b) 2 × 2
(c) 2 × 3
(d) 6 × 1

4. If A= [−22 13] , B=[ 31 −21 ] , then what will be the order of matrix X if AB = X
(a) [
−3 7 ]
7 −3

(b) 2 × 2
(c) [ 5 −1
−1 4 ]
(d) 2 × 1

[ ][ ]
2
x −2 x −1 3 −1
5. If = ,then what will be the value of x ?
−2 3 −2 3
(a) -3, 1
(b) 3, -1
(c) 3, 1
(d) none of these

6. If A= [ 01 10] , then A is :
3

(a) A
(b) I
(c) A3
(d) none of these

7. Given A= [ 0p 02] , B=[ 01 −40 ] , C=[ 22 −22 ] and BA = C , then the value of 2p is:
2

(a) 8
(b) 16
(c) -4
(d) 4

Question 2: Assertion and Reason Questions

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
C. Assertion is true but Reason is false.
D. Assertion is false but Reason is true.

1.
A: If two matrices A and B are of the same order, they can be added.
R: Matrix addition is only defined for matrices of the same dimensions.
2.
A: ( A+ B )T = AT + BT .
R: The transpose of a sum equals the sum of the transposes.
3.
A: A matrix with all elements zero is called a zero matrix.
R: A zero matrix acts as the additive identity in matrix addition.
4.
A: For any square matrix A, A . I =I . A= A , where I is the identity matrix.
R: The identity matrix is the multiplicative identity for matrices.
5.
A: The order of the product AB is determined by the number of rows of A and the number of
columns of B.
R: To multiply A and B, the number of columns in A must equal the number of rows in B.
6.
A: ( AB )T =BT A T .
R: The transpose of a product reverses the order of multiplication.
7.
A: If A is invertible, then A−1 A=I .
R: The inverse of a matrix undoes the effect of the original matrix.
8.
A: Determinant is defined only for square matrices.
R: Only square matrices can have an inverse.
9.
A: If A is symmetric, then AT = A .
R: Symmetric matrices are equal to their transposes.
10.
A: A diagonal matrix has nonzero entries only on the main diagonal.
R: All non-diagonal entries in a diagonal matrix are zero.
11.
A: If A is orthogonal, then AT = A−1.
R: Orthogonal matrices satisfy A AT =I .
12.
A: The determinant of AB equals the product of the determinants, i.e.,
det ( AB ) =det A . det B .
R: Determinant is a multiplicative function over square matrices.
13.
A: A skew-symmetric matrix satisfies AT =− A .
R: All diagonal entries of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.
14.
A: The rank of a matrix equals the maximum number of linearly independent rows.
R: Rank also equals the maximum number of linearly independent columns.
15.
−1
A: If A is invertible, ( A−1 ) = A .
R: Taking the inverse twice brings you back to the original matrix.

Question 3: Short Answer Type / Long Answer Type Questions

1
1. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix whose elements are: a ij= [2i−3 j]
2
2. Write down a matrix A=[ aij ]2 ×2 ,where a ij=2i− j.
3. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix whose elements are a ij=i+ij−1.
4. Find the transpose of the matrix [ ] 1 3
2 6
.

5. If matrix[ ][ ]
a+b 2
5 ab
=
6 2
5 8
,find the values of a and b.

[ ] [ ] [ ]
6. If A=
3 −1
1 2
, B=
1 3
0 1
∧C=
3 1
−2 1
, find X such that A + B – C = 3X

[ ] [ ] [ ]
7. If A=
1 0
0 1
, B=
0 2
2 0
∧C=
3 0
0 3
, show that 3(A + B - C) = 3A + 3B – 3C.

[ ] [ ]
8. If A=
1 3
3 4
∧B=
−2 1
−3 2
2 2
∧ A −5 B =5 C . Find matrix C where C is a 2 by 2 matrix

[ ] [ ]
9. If A=
2 3
0 −2
∧B= −8 , find a matrix X such that 2AX = B.
8

[ ] [ ]
10. If A=
2 x
0 1
∧B=
4 36
0 1
, find the value of x, if A2 = B.

[ ] [ ] [ ]
11. If A=
1 4
2 1
, B=
−3 2
4 0
∧C=
1 0
0 2
,compute the matrix A2 + BC.

[ ] [ ] [ ]
12. If A=
3 7
2 4
, B=
0 2
5 3
∧C=
1 −5
−4 6
, find AB−5 C .

[ ]
13. If A=
4 3
2 5
, find the value of x and y such that A2 – xA + yI = 0.

14. If[ ][ ] [ ]
1 2 x 0
3 3 0 y
=
x 0
0 0
,find x and y.

[ ] [ ]
15. If P=
9 1
4 3
∧Q=
1 5
7 12
,find the matrix R such that 5P + 3Q + 2R is a null matrix
16. If A=
−3 6
−2 4 [ ] 2
, show that A = A .

17. Show that the matrix A=

2 3
1 2[ ],satisfies the equation A3 -4A2 + A = 0

18. (i) If A=
−2 1
1 −3 [ ]
, compute (− A )
2

(ii) If A= [
4 −2
6 −3
, B=
0 2
1 −1] [∧C=
] [ −2 3
1 −3 ] , find A2 – A + BC.

Solutions
Question 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Question 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Question 3:

[ ]
−1
−2
2
1.
1
−1
2

2. [ 13 02 ]
3. A2 × 2= [ 13 25]
4. Type equation here .
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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14.
15.
16.
17.