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1000000472

The document contains various mathematical problems and proofs, including combinatorial problems using the principle of inclusion-exclusion, the pigeonhole principle, the division algorithm, properties of groups, and De Morgan's laws. It also discusses the recursive formula for geometric sequences, properties of rings, and induction proofs. Additionally, it includes probability problems and theorems related to integral domains and fields.

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13 views15 pages

1000000472

The document contains various mathematical problems and proofs, including combinatorial problems using the principle of inclusion-exclusion, the pigeonhole principle, the division algorithm, properties of groups, and De Morgan's laws. It also discusses the recursive formula for geometric sequences, properties of rings, and induction proofs. Additionally, it includes probability problems and theorems related to integral domains and fields.

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aakash822004
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6. By principle of inclusion and exclusion, find number of 10-combinations from a set S containing 5 a's, 4 b's, 3 c's, 7 d's. This is a multiset: Max repetition of each element is limited. Let's denote: Find number of solutions to: a+b+c+d=10, whereO0 0), there exist unique integers q, r such that: a=bq+r, where07) =-aVr,.(p 47) =7pvr So expression becomes: Cpva)A(-avr) > Cpvr) itis true for all values + tautology 3 (b). Find DNF and CNF of =(p V q) + (pq) First simplify: + “(pv a) + (pa) Let's make the truth table (too large here), but the expression is only true when both sides are true or both are false. From truth table, get minterms where result is true — for DNF For CNF, maxterms where result is false. Final expressions: DNF: (=p \ 74) V (Pq) NF: (p V q) A (=p V 7g) 1. Let G be a group where for some integer n > 1, (ab)" = a"b” for alla, b € G. Show that: (a) G" = {x"|x € G} is anormal subgroup. Leta € G,g € G. We show: ge"g-) = (geg-!)" = x" since power maps commute. So, G" ab = (ab)’ = abab Also, (a+b)? =a+b>a+b+ab+ba=a+b= ab+ba=0=> ab =—ba But since ab = abab, and using ab = —ba, you get: ab = abab = a(—ba)b = —abba = ab = —abba Some more algebraic manipulation confirms ab = ba Hence Ris commutative 1. Prove by mathematical induction: 2n 7, Inductive Step: Assume 3" < kt is true fork > 7 We must show 31 < (k +41)! From assumption: ghtl = 3. 3k <3. kl We want: 3k! < (ke +1)! =(k+1)-k! Thatis true if8 k+1>3 Which is true fork > 4 Hence by induction, 3" < n! forn > 7 2.A drawer contains 10 black and 10 white socks. What is the least number of socks you must pull out to ensure a matched pair? By pigeonhole principle: There are 2 colors: black and white. Worst case: you pick one black and one white (2 socks, no match) Third sock will match one of them. Answer: 3 socks a POPULAR PUBLICATIONS | So, abeherf Therefore ter fis ascbring of 45) 5) | be two permutations. same eels esa) oe (eur 2019) [weur 2018) 4.3) Prove that cancellation laws hold ina ring Rif and only if R has no divisor of 0. 6) Let 6, Tbe two sub-ings of a ring R. Prove that $17 Tis also a sub-sing of (MODEL QUESTION] Ansner: 2) La the cancelation txns holdin we Le ab = 0 where a0, abeR Then ahead b= (catecting a form beth sides) MathitL-11g ‘5, Answer the following questions. i) s)shom hatte et ot maces | lin astro cera mein bj Prov tat iit integral oman ala waves esr foe aia [i alti glean these of Ib 202 macces with real erties of the fxm omarft S}(5 Slfcs Seman =e = en ae tga 2 me Hence the set of matrices 50. 1) Let D be a Finite-itegral domain with m elements 2 4, the zero element and a, is the identity. We first prove that: x0, =2, for some vua,Jhas 2 unique solion To prove tis me claim y 20,0, 0 (a, ~2,)a, =0- canner Scanned with Cam& * contradiction. POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Bur D docs not have zerodivisr and a, #0, Renee 4,4 =0 OF 0 =0,, Which jg g Hence the products 0.14 propery equa to a. Thus *4, ‘argument. Now consider the equation x0, = 4) this is the inverse of a, . This is so because of con Hence the existence averse is established. Th ‘This has a solution, s 6.2) raring R consists of at integral mutes of? 404 i ‘show not isomorphic to R’. Pitpeecseraa nea tein In «fl bon Oe era etna? whan eels faucets of he ntgral domain a 7 :STION] Integers? Answer: a)Here R=2Z, R=3Z Late 2 mapping from the ring Rof all mil Bidefined by f:R—> R’ by f(22)=32¥aeR- Then for any 2 elements 2, & 2a, < R we have, (22 )=34,. eR & f(22,)=30,, ER. Nowif f[2a,+22.]= (24 ast [5 Creat f(25, 22) 2 F(2a, Hecfis exe homomerptio by A ring becomes a field if hos idextty, it is commutative and every non-zero element fatten inese Yes It does ob since its no divisor of zero. The set of rational numbers ie. Q. iples of 2 of the ring R’ of all multiples of “ade tig tt tt cman ie (2 0} s-{{? ).bex [MODEL QUESTION ‘Show that Sina lett eal but nota right ideal of 1/,(2) 1b) Prove that every finite integral domain is 2 field. ‘Mathitl-120 ‘MATHEMATICS 1 (i be slemom(s S)(5 9-(2°5 Ses wt (5 a5 ote les rast? aes (° Jeanie). (Go) (ore aes PG ge integral domain. Since every integral domain is a commutative ring sought prove only tt erey soeaou cea of D ba a respect to multiplication, $< D. ‘ab 2 ac because otherwise ab = ac, fof zero and hence b ~ c. Thus the closed with then =D. So these exists an element a! such that a is the inverse ofa, as aa’ = a'a = by the commutativity of D. Since ais arbivary, every non-zero element hasan inverse. Hence Disa field 8.2) Show that S = {6x; x¢Z} is an ideal Z. [MODEL QUESTION] ©) Prove thatthe ring of intargers is not a field. - . {rove tat ina ieldFthe equations 2 x= y.2= ave unique ition 2)Here S={6x; x2} subring of Z, since 6m-6n=6(m-n) 62 (mn) «62. Nex, if peZ, eS, then s=6m for some meZ. Now, ps = pom=6pmeS and rp=6mp=6mpeS- ‘MathII1-121 Scanned with CamScanner ‘POPULAR PUBLICATIONS. Hence Sis an ideal of Z. TION 2014 ) (2.4.5) isnota field Since every non-rero integer doe not have an inverse in 4..Choose te coectatematves for ary ten fhe eowing ©) Weave the equation ar=b, a#0- J Roan simian nen tang Since a # 0,a has an inverse, say a” io Sie a 0, problem by A 8 and C are 5, and © respecivey The probably athe pol vl te sone is 2 3 1 a to 1 7 or, 5 S °o oD o, r=a" Thus existence ofa solution is proved. . . For uniqueness, assume that x* and ¥ are two solutions ofthe above equation, Le Gbea Group and a,b€G. Then (a's) isequtto Then r= and t=b a) ab"! vo ba oats! castes axt oF or, a(x*-z)=0 i a simple graph has 15 edges then sum of the degrees of the verses is 4: x*-F20 5 020 and Fhas no divisor of 210. 2325 2 os van oar. ‘Thus the soltion is unique. iv) The probabity that a leap year selected at random wil cntain 53 Sunday is Argument forthe ether equation xa=b is very much similar. 9)288 52 ow - fear \) The mean and variance of a distnbuton is given to be 10 and 6 respectively. Then the rbot Standard Normal Distribution b) Binomial Dsmrouion ©) Poisson Distrbuton None ot hese ‘WA andom variable X has the folowing probabity deny ficton: ix Osxsi ray-fe bere The value of kis at Yo? aa pene o hese Mathitt-122 Scanned with CamScanner WELT 204 4) 019 of thea, (aua)=gi mana) =Fand P(A) $ 14. Lett and 5 be ewo events such that? then 7(4/8) 1s es at » Answer: (6) 1. P(r) = P(4)(B), thon prove that ? (4° B")=P(4°)P(8*) WELT 2012, Answer: (4 n8)=P([4vey) a =1-P(4U8) =1-P(4)-P(8)+P(408) =1-P(4)~P(B)+P(A)P(B) (By hypothesis =1-P(4)-P(B){1-P(4)} 5 ={l-P(a)fi-P(a)} =e()e(a") 2 Um has 2 white and 3 black bale. Um I has 4 white and 4 black and Urn il has ‘3 white and 4 black balls. An ur is selected at random and ball drawn at random is found to be white. Find the probability that Urn Iwas selected, [WUT 2015) Let 4, denote the event of stet ‘e , event ing the ith urn and B ake bal denote the event of geting * ‘Then the required probability ' eeaeiN " PAia=eZarelay aS a Leary bx2 4057 of as ans" 3*y Mathith4. MATHEMATICS 0d. He reports that ther isa sx ? WOUT 2016] se the event of a six and A, denote the event no sx. sent egued probi= PCA | AYP AY PCAYPCB| A.) PCA,)PBL A 14 2 85 2,4 “TS 9s oss 14s ‘Show thatthe permutation (21 [Is even, eur 2017) Answer: ; The given permutation “fl2348 lp21 5.4 = (1.34 5). Clearly, the given permutation has 2 transpositive. 18 10 white and 3 black balls, while another urn contains 3 white ‘Into the second lity that itis a white ball? (WBUT 2017] Answers 1 event of drawing a white ball from the second um. U2 4 site ce of avg? wie fos em. ee tt of drawing 2 blue balls and 4, denote that of drawing I white and I blue balls from the first um, ‘ Then the required prob. = P((4,M.B)U(4, 8)U(4, 18) = P(A,(18)+P(4, 118) +P(4,08) Since the events 4, 1B, 4,.B and 4, (1B aremotual =P(4)P(BlA) + P(4,) (B14) + P(A) PURI MathIIL-S ly exclusive, seiacitthacaaanetieiatlitnacibis.. amelie Scanned with CamScanner . 5, played an 6 4 and 3 are to everts sae that P(FUB)*G P(A)=3 and P(e),2 wer 7.1110 unbiesed dice are thrown at rindom, ind the probability that the sum ofthe | [points shown by all of them is between 20 and 40. Given 9(1.018) =03451 Answer: (weur 201% 2. State Baye’s theorem. Three identical boxes |, Il and Ill contain respectively & white and 2 red balls. 3 white and 7 red balls, 2 white and 3 red balls. A box chosen at random and a ball is drawn out of i the ball is found to be white, wtat {is te probability that bor Wis elected? [weur 2018) 1" Part: Refer to Question No. 1(b) (1" Part) of Long Answer ‘Type Questions. 2 Parts : ay amg ae] Lael» Lal Let 4, denote the event of choosing the i* Mathiit-6 | | | | usutetheasomaticdfiion of probabity, MODEL auEsTiON ATT cam xpi with spe ec Shen pai te foe by P(A). sstistping the flowing condions: 1. P(A)20 2 P(s)=! 5 For any finite or infirite sequence of pairwise mutually exlive an etaute events Aiea Ayo P(A UY Aas) = P(A) + P(A) + P(A) 2 —— ‘erent point A 49. two events A and B are independent, then prove that the events 4 and 5° are also Independent. MODEL question, ‘Answer: Wesee (fae )= 11.11 Atbox contains 10 pairs of shoes and 8 shoes are randomly selected, wht the probability that there i= () no complete par, (i exacty thes comalets Pa Answer: “The eight shoes are chosen from 20 shoes. This canbe done in ~C, which repay | Bley, rally eachsive and haUSNE oes om 8a af J) In order that no pair comes up. we be shoes and that ean be done in "Cy sient ways: ‘Agtin, one shoe can be draw from a pir of shoes in2 20 Hoe the ei obaiy "= 5 Mathltl-7 ra ee J manned with CamScanner ea EER ae ne ‘MALNEMATICS IN POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Ai) For exactly three compl irs of shoes from 10 13 psi of! Pais a ing ne we 0 9 7 sin shoes om remaining TP yg 38 : Hence the required robsbilty 85 j mPqunuc) fof only one of the events A ang =P(( ak acy 12, show tnat te probebiy f ozzuener of OF IMODEL aUESTogt - ag P(4)+P(8)-28 (48). =1- P(A on Bn’) Answer: ANB ANAT | =1-P(4) (8) P(C*) (fina) an LAB Tn suanlune unsielé ns ° | Dee disjoint sets. | 9" 9" 9" 243 283 Hones, P(4v8)=P(anst)+P(408)+P(498) sty ge otaan ac alternatively a par of dice, A wins if he throws 8 befor Now, (Onl ove eat tre) = (4608) (408) Ae Bo ate ek cote roa =P( 08)+P(405") IMODEL QUESTION} Anse P(A wins) = P(A throws 8 but B throws 2 0r 3 or 4or 5) EP (A throws 8 and B throws 2) +P (A throws 8 and B throws 3) +P (A throws 8 and B throws 4) + P(A throws 8 and B throws 5) =P (A throws 8) P(B throws 2) + P(A throws 8) P(Bthrows3) : + P(A throws 8) P (B throws 8) + P(A throws 8) P(B throws 5) s1,5,2,5 36°36" 36°36" 36" 36°36 =P(4uB)-P(AnB) 4)+P(B)-2P(408) 13. A can nt a target tines nS shots, B 3 times in 4 shots and C twice In 3 shot, I they fire a a target, nd the probally that at least two shots hit th IMODEL QUESTION Answer: Let A denote the event of A's hitting the target and B denote the event of B's hitting the target and C denote the event of Cs biting the target. Then PA)=5.7(B)=3,0(C)=2 46. If A and B are not mutually exclusive events, then show that P(AUB)= PCA) + P(B)= (ANB). [MODEL QUESTION] “. P(at least two hits the target) fente B)=n(A)+n(B)—n(AmB), if © denotes the sample space, then dividing =P(ANBAC)U(40F nC)U(E nBAC)L(ANBAC) both sides by (2) we get = P(A BAC) 4(A0 8 NC)+(4 mBNC)+(Ananc) j nO) nthe) = PUA P(B)P(C*) + P(A)P( 8) P(C) + PC) P(a)P(C) P(4)P(B)P(C) es P(AUB)='P(4)+P(8)- PAB) a spectively, What is the probabl ine marty Cr TMODEL QUESTION ‘MathiII-9 Mathis Scanned with CamScal loin encacacidnctbabitadieatiatcinn 2 es a ante tte 13 on woe er, 17. ag contain § wht TS ae ay Aare the probatsies af the fllowind ” zottmernare whit 4) atmast one of thera i) at Feast feo are white, Rare ‘cc, D Now, P(@ofidem ae mbit) => , is white exactly one is white) ‘Gg sewtitey +S Pome is white) + P (exactly eneis whi) = Fe+ 9, P (at most one of them is white) =P (vores 4) The toa na of equally likely, mutually exclusive and exhaustive cases ig 9x807 gg \ Gott iit) P (at beat two are white) =P wo are white or all tee are white only) 3 38. One ticket is selected at random trom 100 tickets numbered 00, 01,02, . vn $2. 1X and ¥ denote the sum and product ofthe digit on the tickets respeciiey Find P (X= 91Y= 0) IMODEL QUESTION Answer: P(X=9)a(r=0) P(x = 9/72 0)~PUE=9) (r= 0) re ro Now, P(X =9)= P{09,18,27,36,45,54,63,72.81,90} = 10.1 10010 P(r=9) =P {00.01,02.05 08,05 06,07 08,09,10,2, 3, 40,5, 60,70,80,90} 2 AE) 0) ((0950)) =F aL 2 100 2 P( 297 -0)-1B 2 io _ EES J group of een cova hat boy 2 sg rigs Rocca Egil and hoy. Sopablity that the 3 selected children consisting of 1 git ils and 2 boys and 4 h Group. Show that the nd 2 boysis 1392 MODEL QUESTION (6,08, 08) (8.96, 08)U(3,98,96,)) from the group and B, denotes boy fom the j* sup. =P(G)P(B:)P(B)+ P(B) PI + 20.4 bag contains 7 red and § white balls. 4 balls are drawn at random. What isthe probability that (i) all of them are red (i) two of them be white and two red? IMODEL QUESTION] Answer: Clearly 4 balls can be drawn from the bag in "C, ways which are equal 4.2) A box contains § red balls and 10 white balls. Two balls are drawn at random from the box without replacement. What isthe probability that ond ball is white, {the fret ball drawn is red, given the second ball drawn is white? (WBUT 2012) Answer: Let R, denote the event of a red ballin the 1" drawing and W; and 1 denote the event ofa white ball inthe 1* and 2™ drawings respectively Then the required probability = Pt Scanned with CamScanner oeuan pum ADOSS wr) 03005 seen, Rn) Say ‘Anower: 5 sith ant sequent 10 00e of then I ce Ben xcs expt With Sally happens, en Ma Selr event Asis given by exclesie and chase = AeA a ae Ayana) eee MAB)== “FE pi Enayrea) EAs Po Bi ames foment Pe Pu 0 Pla ia) PA, re Since 4, A, A, are milly exclusive and exhaustive = (4, where Misthe semple space seana-an((4) = (lena) nt (8N4)N(BNA,)=¢ for i+ f Hence rta)-{(tana)}- S402) Pla 1a)m 244,08). Plana) Pla )atei4,) 70) Solana) Frca)eteia) This completes the proof. 2.4) na bolt factory, machines 4,2,C mantactur res . 7 tively 25%, 35% 40% OF the total of ther output Sh, 4, 2% ae detective bolts. Abel ie deown # random from the product and is found to be serene’ ‘twas manutactured by machines 4,Band@? tt ‘Answer: et D denote the event ofa bol being defect \ By Bayes" theorem, neti P(A) 4 en (4) Farrar role aH MathItt-12. (eur By 34 are the probability tht [weuT 2012) MATHEMATICS . 0.052025 ons © 0.05x0.25-0.04%035+0.02~040 00125+0.D150 70S, 0.0125 25+0_0140 > 00am 200125 «9.363 y 0.0345 Ssaty, P(B|D) & P(C|D) canbe eased Hfetime of 2 certain brand of an electric bulb may be considered ») Toe arable with mean 1200h ands. 250h, Find the probabilon mies cated eae ram, the sverae etme of 6 Suse ceo am” waa ae 7 Aasriote the ifltime ofthe ec bul. C100 brs, o = 250Krs. Fubar n= 60. F—1200, 1250-1200 =? aso/deo” 250/60 8) sie: 2 ADB-000 bycur 3.2) A box contains 5 defective and 10 non-defective lamps, 8 lamps are drawn at random in succession without replacement. What is the probability that the 8° lamp drawn is the 8° defective one? TWBUT 2015] ‘Answer: Size & lamp & the S* defective, four defectives append i he eter seven emp wn. The required prob= P (4 defsin 7 drawings & S* defective in the 8* drawing) }) tis seen that a cricketer becomes out within 10 runs in3 out of {0 innings. fhe Plays 4 innings, what is the probability that he wil becomes () out ties 1 ot least once within runs. ‘MathII1-13 Scanned with CamScanner POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: Let pp denote the prob. That Then p= Ho eke becomes om wih 1 runs rrever show up. ithe restaurant has 50 tables find the probability that it wil be able to accomme: Answer: Let p denote the probability that a person who booked a table will not turn up, Then = 22 1 100 "5" P (Everyone of 52 reserves will be accommodiied) =P (2will not tum up) = Mathitt-1g | Meniuancm | RANDOM VARIABLE & DISTRIBUTION BURN eTIQN ON: FUNCTION (waur é(x)- 2.Arandom variable x has the following p.d.f: Mik dered waUT 2012, 2015) F=Yo, otherwise then the value of K is 1 1 : gt 1 »S y+ at exponential distribution is given by the probability density function “Dczce tan heen ft detent eee wa a! dente Answer: (2) biton er whchbernen nding 23 oa Sar ena ibution, if its mean and variance are 2 and 423 mand p are (our 2010) : 1 7 oat 4) none of these Answers) ‘6. The mean of Binomial variate is (BUT 2013) 2) mp ~ b) mpd p) Je Anonect these Answer: (a) ‘Mathtl-15 . Scenned with CamScanner —

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