1. What is the WHERE clause in SQL? Give a sample syntax.

The WHERE clause in SQL is used to filter records from a table based on specified conditions.
It is commonly used with the SELECT statement but can also be used with other statements like
UPDATE and DELETE.
Sample Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE country='USA' AND age>18;
This example retrieves records from the customers table where the country is 'USA' and age
is greater than 18.
Common Operators in WHERE Clause:
 = (equal to)
 <> or != (not equal to)
 > (greater than)
 < (less than)
 >= (greater than or equal to)
 <= (less than or equal to)
 IN (matches any value in a list)
 NOT IN (does not match any value in a list)
 LIKE (matches a pattern)
 NOT LIKE (does not match a pattern)

2. What is the purpose or use of IN and NOT IN operators in SQL? Give a sample SQL
command.
The IN operator is used to check if a value matches any value in a specified list, while NOT IN
excludes values that match any item in the list.
Purpose of IN Operator: The IN operator selects rows where a value matches any value in a
given list.
Purpose of NOT IN Operator: The NOT IN operator selects rows where a value does not
match any value in the specified list.
Sample SQL Commands:
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department IN ('Sales', 'Marketing', 'IT');
This retrieves employees from the employees table who are in the Sales, Marketing, or IT
departments.
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department NOT IN ('Sales', 'Marketing', 'IT');
This retrieves employees who are not in the Sales, Marketing, or IT departments.

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3. What is the purpose or use of AND and OR operators in SQL? Give a sample SQL
command.
In SQL, the "AND" and "OR" operators are used to combine multiple conditions within a
WHERE clause, allowing you to filter data based on whether all or at least one of those
conditions must be true, respectively; essentially, they let you specify more complex filtering
criteria in your queries.
Purpose of AND Operator
The AND operator is used to combine two or more conditions. It returns only the records that
meet all the conditions.
Purpose of OR Operator
The OR operator is used to combine two or more conditions. It returns records that meet at least
one of the conditions.
Sample SQL Command
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE (department = 'Sales' OR department = 'Marketing')
AND salary > 50000;
In this example:
1. The OR operator combines two conditions: department = 'Sales' and department =
'Marketing'.
 2. The AND operator combines the result of the OR condition with the condition salary >
50000.
3. The query returns employees who work in either the Sales or Marketing department and
have a salary greater than 50,000.
Additional Tips
 Use parentheses to group conditions and ensure correct order of operations.
 Use AND to narrow down results and OR to broaden results.
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4. What is the purpose or use of BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN operators in SQL?
Give a sample SQL command.
In SQL, the "BETWEEN" operator is used to select values that fall within a specified range,
including the starting and ending values, while "NOT BETWEEN" selects values that do not fall
within that range; essentially, it excludes values from a given range.
Purpose of BETWEEN Operator
The BETWEEN operator is used to select values that are greater than or equal to a minimum
value and less than or equal to a maximum value.
Purpose of NOT BETWEEN Operator
The NOT BETWEEN operator is used to select values that are outside a specific range.
Sample SQL Command
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 40000 AND 60000;

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 40000 AND 60000;
In the first example:
1. The BETWEEN operator selects employees with salaries between 40,000 and 60,000
(inclusive).
In the second example:
2. The NOT BETWEEN operator selects employees with salaries outside the range of
40,000 to 60,000.
Additional Tips
  Use BETWEEN to select values within a range.
 Use NOT BETWEEN to select values outside a range.
 The values in the BETWEEN clause are inclusive, meaning the minimum and maximum
values are included in the range.
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5. What is the purpose or use of IN and NOT IN operators in SQL? Give a sample
SQL command.
In SQL, the "IN" operator allows you to check if a value exists within a specified list of values,
while "NOT IN" does the opposite, excluding any rows where the value matches any item in the
list; essentially, it filters data based on whether a value is included or excluded from a set of
values.
Purpose of IN Operator
The IN operator is used to select values that match any value in a list.
Purpose of NOT IN Operator
The NOT IN operator is used to select values that do not match any value in a list.
Sample SQL Command
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department IN ('Sales', 'Marketing', 'IT');

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department NOT IN ('Sales', 'Marketing', 'IT');
In the first example:
1. The IN operator selects employees who work in the Sales, Marketing, or IT departments.
In the second example:
1. The NOT IN operator selects employees who do not work in the Sales, Marketing, or IT
departments.
Additional Tips
 Use IN to select values that match any value in a list.
 Use NOT IN to select values that do not match any value in a list.
 The list of values in the IN clause can be a list of literals, a subquery, or a table name.