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Telecom Switching Notes Part2

The document covers essential topics in telecom switching, including network control and management, subscriber access technologies, and various connectivity techniques such as ISDN, DSL, and wireless. It also discusses cellular networks, fiber optic communication, traffic engineering, and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) protocols. Key management functions and standards, along with the advantages and challenges of different technologies, are highlighted.

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9 views4 pages

Telecom Switching Notes Part2

The document covers essential topics in telecom switching, including network control and management, subscriber access technologies, and various connectivity techniques such as ISDN, DSL, and wireless. It also discusses cellular networks, fiber optic communication, traffic engineering, and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) protocols. Key management functions and standards, along with the advantages and challenges of different technologies, are highlighted.

Uploaded by

glikhitheshwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Telecom Switching – Complete Notes

for Competitive Exams


13. Network Control and Management, Subscriber Access

🔧 Network Control and Management

Network control and management ensures the network runs efficiently, reliably, and
securely.

Network Management Functions (FCAPS Model):


- Fault Management: Detect, isolate, correct network faults.
- Configuration Management: Provision and configure devices.
- Accounting Management: Usage tracking for billing or auditing.
- Performance Management: Monitor throughput, delay, utilization.
- Security Management: Control access, detect breaches.

Standards:
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
- TMN (Telecommunication Management Network – from ITU-T)

Subscriber Access

- Refers to how end-users connect to the telecom network.


- Known as the “last mile” or access network.

Access Technologies:
- Copper (POTS, DSL)
- Coaxial Cable (Cable modem)
- Fiber (FTTH/B)
- Wireless (Wi-Fi, LTE, 5G)

14. Techniques: ISDN, DSL, Wireless Connectivity

🖧 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)


- Digital transmission over traditional telephone lines.
- Channels:
- B (Bearer) – 64 kbps for voice/data
- D (Delta) – 16/64 kbps for signaling
- Types:
- BRI (Basic Rate Interface) – 2B+D
- PRI (Primary Rate Interface) – 23B+D (USA), 30B+D (Europe)

🌐 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)


- High-speed internet over twisted-pair copper.
- Types:
- ADSL – Asymmetric (faster download)
- VDSL – Very high data rate DSL
- Uses frequency multiplexing (voice + data simultaneously)

📡 Wireless Connectivity
- Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11): Short range wireless LAN.
- Bluetooth: PAN (Personal Area Network).
- WiMAX (IEEE 802.16): Broadband over long range.
- 5G/4G/LTE: Cellular-based broadband wireless access.

15. Cellular Networks and Mobile Telephony

📶 Cellular Network Architecture:


- MS (Mobile Station)
- BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
- BSC (Base Station Controller)
- MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
- HLR/ VLR (Databases for subscriber info)

Generations:
- 1G – Analog voice
- 2G – GSM, digital voice + SMS
- 3G – WCDMA, UMTS (Voice + Data)
- 4G – LTE, full IP-based high-speed broadband
- 5G – Ultra-high speed, low latency, IoT support

Techniques:
- Frequency Reuse
- Handoff (hard/soft)
- SIM-based identity
16. Fiber Optic Communication Systems, Optical Network Standards

🔦 Fiber Optic Communication


- Data transmitted using light over optical fibers.
- Advantages:
- Very high bandwidth
- Low attenuation
- Immune to EMI

Components:
- Transmitter: LED/Laser diode
- Receiver: Photodiode
- Fiber Types: Single-mode (long distance), Multi-mode (short)

💡 Optical Network Standards


- SONET/SDH – High-speed synchronous optical networks.
- GPON/EPON – Used in FTTH (Gigabit Passive Optical Networks).
- DWDM – Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (multiplexing multiple optical signals).

17. Telecommunication Traffic Engineering and Analysis Delay Systems

📊 Telecommunication Traffic Engineering


- Analyzes network load and designs systems to handle demand efficiently.

Key Concepts:
- Traffic Intensity (in Erlangs): A = λ × h
- Grade of Service (GoS): Blocking probability
- Erlang-B formula: Calculates blocking in loss systems.
- Erlang-C: For queuing systems (call centers).

Delay Systems:
- Focus on delay in transmission or processing.
- Queuing theory used to analyze these systems.

18. Voice-over-IP (VoIP)

🎤 VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)


- Converts voice to IP packets and transmits over IP networks.
Protocols:
- SIP (Session Initiation Protocol): Call setup
- RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol): Media transmission
- H.323: Older ITU standard

Advantages:
- Cost-effective
- Scalable
- Integrates with multimedia

Challenges:
- Latency, jitter, packet loss
- QoS mechanisms like DiffServ, MPLS needed

🛠 Codecs:
- G.711, G.729, G.723 used to compress voice for IP networks

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