| WHI T E PAP E R |

VQA Benefits for AMR Networks

October 2007
Contents
Cop,||| 2007 0|ec| Newo||s 2/12
Introduction....................................................................................................................................3
BackgroundonAMR........................................................................................................................3
AMRBenefits...................................................................................................................................3
AMR-FRversusAMR-HR....................................................................................................................4
AMRLimitationsinNoisySpeech.......................................................................................................8
ConventionalWaysofAddressingtheAMRLimitations.......................................................................9
Handset-BasedNoiseSuppression......................................................................................................9
RestrictingtheUseoftheLowestAMRCodecRates..........................................................................10
DitechsVQASolution................................................................................................................ 10
VQAOverview........................................................................................................................... 10
ResultsfromVQADeploymentinAMRNetwork................................................................................11
VQABenefitsforAMR-HRandAMR-FR............................................................................................11
Conclusions...................................................................................................................................12
References.....................................................................................................................................12
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
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Introduction
ThispaperprovidesanoverviewoftheAdaptiveMulti-Rate(AMR)codecanditsbeneftsforGSMcarriers.
ItdiscussesthepracticallimitationsofAMRduetothelowbit-ratecodecssensitivitytobackgroundnoiseandacous-
ticecho,andtheresultingimpactondeliveredvoicequality,capacity,andcustomersatisfaction.
Thepaperalsodescribestheroleofadvancednetwork-basedvoicequalityenhancementsolutions,suchasDitechs
VoiceQualityAssurance(VQA),andhowthesesolutionsareabletoaddressthelimitationsofAMRbyremoving
externalimpairmentssuchasbackgroundnoiseandacousticecho,thusenablingcarrierstounlockthefullpotential
ofAMR.
Background on AMR
AMR Benefts
TheAMRcodecwasstandardizedby3GPPandisthelatestcodecintheGSM/UMTSfamily.Itisalsothedefault
codecinallfutureGSMandUMTSnetworks.
AMRprovidesvoicequalityandcapacitybeneftsbycontinuouslyselectingtheoptimalspeechcodecrateaccording
tochangingradioandtraffcconditions.ThecodecprovidesexcellentradiolinkadaptationindiffcultRFenviron-
mentsandcandeliverbothbettercoverageandcapacityinexistingGSMnetworks.AMRreliesonacombinationof
lowbit-ratespeechcodecsandpowerfulerror-correctioncodingtoachievethesebenefts.
Figure1showsthefullsetofAMRspeechcodecrateswhichspansfrom4.75kbpsupto12.2kbps.AMRwillgen-
erallyselectahighspeechcodecrateingoodchannelconnectionstomaximizespeechquality.
Inpoorchannelconditions,ontheotherhand,additionalforwarderrorcorrectioncodingisnecessarytoimprove
robustnessandpreventexcessiveFrameErasureRates(FER).Sincethetotalbandwidthavailablepercallforspeech
andchannelcodingisconstant,AMRwillhavetoselectalowerspeechcodecratetoaccommodatetheincreased
channelcodingrequiredinpoorerconditions.
Thus,inAMRthereisatradeoffbetweenspeechcodecrateandtheamountofchannelcoding:
Speech Bit-rate Speech Bit-rate Speech Bit-rate Speech Bit-rate
12,2 10,2 7,95 7,4 6,7 5,9 5,15 4,75 7,95 7,4 6,7 5,9 5,15 4,75
Robustness
Robustness
AMR-FR
AMR-HR
Speech coding
Channel coding
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
B
i
t

r
a
t
e
(Original Source: Nokia)
Figure1::AMRemploys8speechcodecrates(lightblue)inAMR-FRmodeand6speechcodecratesinAMR-HR
mode.Remainingbandwidthisusedbyerror-correctingchannelcoding(darkblue).
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
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AMR-FR versus AMR-HR
AMRhastwochannelmodes;AMRFullRate(AMR-FR)andAMRHalfRate(AMR-HR),andacallmayswitchback
andforthbetweenthesemodesasnecessary.
The AMR-FR Channel Mode
AMR-FRusesafullratechannelandoffersthebestpossibleAMRvoicequalitywhenusingthe12.2kbpsratein
goodlinkconditions.AMR-FRisalsothemostrobustchannelmodesinceithasthehighestamountofchannel
codingavailablewhenthelowestcodecratessuchasthe4.75kbpsrateareemployed,ascanbeseeninFigure1.
AcarriercanusetherobustnessoftheAMR-FRmodetoachievethefollowingbenefts:
1) Bettercoverageinsidebuildingsandinruralareas
2) IncreasedcellcapacityandreducedneedtobuildnewBaseTransceiverStation(BTS)sitesthankstotheabilityto
dotighterfrequencyreuseandtherebyimprovespectrumeffciency
Thesecondpointmeansthatacarrierwithspectrumlimitationscanreuseitsfrequenciesmoreaggressivelythanks
totheimprovedrobustnessofAMR-FRcomparedtothestandardEnhancedFullRate(EFR)codec;i.e.theAMR-FR
modecandealwithlowerCarrier-to-Interference(C/I)levelsthanEFRandstillprovideacceptablequality.
ThisessentiallyallowsamobilecarriertoincreasethenumberoffrequenciesavailableperBTSsiteandtodeploy
moretransceiversandimprovecapacitypersite.Inotherwords,acarriercanmeetincreasingtraffcvolumesby
deployingadditionaltransceiversatexistingsitesratherthanhavingtoacquireandbuildnewsites,whichisavery
time-consumingandexpensiveundertakingespeciallyinurbanareas.
Figure2belowillustratesthecleanspeechperformanceofAMR-FRvs.EFRasafunctionofC/I:
Experiment 1a - Test Results
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Condi ti ons
MOS
Sel. Requir.
AMR-FR
EFR
Sel. Requir. 4.01 4.01 4.01 3.65
AMR-FR 4.06 4.06 4.13 4.08 3.96 3.59 2.66
EFR 4.01 4.01 3.65 3.05 1.53
No Errors C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB C/I= 1 dB

Figure2::AMR-FRandEFRperformanceincleanspeech.AMR-FRisabletoprovideasimilarqualityasEFRat
about4-5dBlowerC/Ilevel.(Source:GSM06.75v7.2.0[1])
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
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AscanbeseeninFigure2,AMR-FRenablesaC/Igainofabout4-5dBoverEFR,whichtranslatesintoapoten-
tialcapacitygainofupto150%[2].However,thisassumescleanspeechandanextensiveuseofthelowest
codecratesincludingAMR4.75andAMR5.90.
The AMR-HR Channel Mode
TheAMR-HRmodeusesahalfratechannel,whichmeansthatitonlytakesuphalfoftheradiobasestation
resourcesasacorrespondingAMR-FRcall.TheAMR-HRmodeenablescarrierstosupportmorecallswiththeir
existingradioinfrastructure,thusimprovingtheirequipmentutilization.Thisisparticularlyusefulindealing
withcapacitydemandpeakswhereacarriercanuseAMR-HRtoenablemoretraffcchannelsandavoidcon-
gestion.
TheAMR-HRcodecisbetterthantheoldGSMHalfRate(HR)codec,butitcannotmatchtheEFRcodec,ascan
beseeninFigure3:

Experiment 1b - Test Results

1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Condi ti ons
MOS
Sel. Requir.
AMR-HR
EFR
FR
HR
Sel. Requir. 3.99 3.99 3.99 3.14 2.74 1.50
AMR-HR 4.11 4.04 3.96 3.72 3.38 3.10 2.00
EFR 4.21 4.21 3.74 3.34 1.58
FR 3.50 3.50 3.14 2.74 1.50
HR 3.35 3.24 2.80 1.92
No Errors C/I=19 dB C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB
Figure3::AMR-HRvs.EFR,FR,andHRperformanceincleanspeechasafunctionofC/I.AMR-HRdeliversbet-
terperformancethanHRandFR,butitcannotmatchthatofEFR.(Source:GSM06.75v7.2.0[1])
Also,AMR-HRdoesnotperformaswellasAMR-FRparticularlyinpoorC/Iconditionsduetothelimitedchan-
nelcodingthatisavailableinAMR-HR.
Thus,carrierscanimproveequipmentutilizationandaddresscongestionissuesbyemployingAMR-HRforcalls
withrelativelygoodC/I.Inareaswithlowsignallevelse.g.deepinsidebuildingsorwheretheC/Iconditions
arepoorduetohighinterference,AMR-FRismoresuitablethankstoitshigherrobustnessagainstframeloss.
TherelationshipsandtradeoffsinAMRbetweenQuality,SpectrumEffciency,andBTSEquipmentUtilizationare
illustratedinFigure4:
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
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Spectrum Utilization
- Maximize frequency reuse
- Minimize required C/I
- Maximize use of AMR-FR
at lowest codec rates
BTS Equipment Utilization
- Maximize AMR-HR use
- Maintain relatively high C/I
Voice Quality
- Maximize C/I
- AMR-FR at 12.2 kbps
- Minimize AMR-HR use
Figure4::Trade-offsbetweenVoiceQuality,BTSEquipmentUtilization,andSpectrumEffciencyinAMR.
Inordertomaximizevoicequality,acarrierneedstouseAMR-FRat12.2kbpsandmaintainagoodC/I.This
requiresanetworkwithalotofspectrum,manyBTSsites-andfewusers.Thus,providingperfectvoicequality
everywherewithtraditionalmethodsisaveryexpensiveproposition.
AMR-HRofferscost-effectivechannelcapacityandthebestBTSequipmentutilizationsinceitenablestwiceas
manytraffcchannelsperBTSthanAMR-FR.However,AMR-HRvoicequalityisparticularlysensitivetoexternal
impairmentssuchasbackgroundnoiseandacousticecho(thiswillbeexplainedinmoredetailinthefollowing
sections)anditrequiresrelativelyhighC/Iconditions.
AMR-FRissuitableformaximizingspectrumeffciencyasitsupportsthetightestfrequencyreuseschemesthanks
toitsrobustnesstolowC/Iconditions.Itisalsotherightchoiceforoptimizingcoverageinsidebuildingsand
inruralareas.TheAMR-FRmoderequiresfullratechannels,andisthereforenotaseconomicalasAMR-HRin
termsofutilizingBTSresources.However,itisthemosteffcientwayofusingtheGSMspectrumanditdoes
reducethenumberofnewBTSsitesrequiredforcoverageandcapacityreasons.
AcleartrendinmanymarketsisthatthecostofBTSequipmentkeepsgoingdown,whilethecostsofacquiring
andbuildingBTSsitesremainveryhigh.Thus,AMR-FRmaybecomethemosteconomicallong-termchoicefor
manycarriersasgrowingtraffcvolumescreateever-increasingcapacityandinterferenceissues,particularlyin
situationswhereadditionalfrequencyspectrumisexpensiveordiffculttoobtain.
AMR Limitations in Noisy Speech
AMRdependsonasetoflowercodecratesthanstandardEFRinordertoachievethequality,capacity,andcov-
eragegainspromisedbythenewcodec.
Althoughtheselowbit-ratecodecsperformquitewellinidealcleanspeechconditions,aswehaveseeninthe
3GPPlisteningtestsinFigures2and3,theyareoptimizedforthehumanvoice,andasaresult,degradesignif-
cantlyinthepresenceofbackgroundnoisecommoninbusystreets,crowdedplaces,andinsidecars,buses,and
trains.Inaddition,non-linearacousticechoisoftencreatedbylow-endhandsetsandhands-freekitssuchas
Bluetoothheadsets.Theseechoimpairmentstendtofurtherdegradetheuserexperienceofcallsemployinglow
bit-ratecodecs.
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
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ThesensitivityofthelowerAMRcodecratesisillustratedinFigure5thatshowstheperformanceofAMR-HRin
15dBSignal-to-Noise(SNR)streetnoise:
Experiment 3d - Test Results
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
No Errors C/I=19 dB C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB
Condi ti ons
DMOS
Sel. Requir.
AMR-HR
EFR
FR
HR

Figure5::AMR-HRperformanceinnoisyspeechcomparedtoHR,FR,andEFR(Source:GSM06.75[1]).
ItturnsoutthatAMR-HRperformssignifcantlyworsethanthefull-ratecodecsFRandEFRinthecriticalarea7
dB<C/I<13dBduetothesensitivityofthelowestAMRcodecratestobackgroundnoise,ascanbeseeninthe
abovefgure.
Asaresult,AMR-HRwasunabletomeettheoriginal3GPPselectionrequirementsinnoisyconditions[1].
Conventional Ways of Addressing the AMR Limitations
Handset-Based Noise Suppression
DuringthestandardizationofAMR,3GPPidentifedtheimpactofbackgroundnoiseonvoicequalityandthe
limitationsofthelowestAMRcodecratesinnoisyconditions.Itissuedasetofminimumperformancerequire-
mentsonhandset-basednoisesuppressioninanattempttoaddresstheproblem[3].
Theserequirementsarehowevernotmandatoryandapparentlynotstringentenough,aslarge-scalemeasure-
mentsonliveAMRcallsshowthatconsiderableamountsofnoiseremaininthecallswithsignifcantimpacts
onvoicequalityanduserexperience.ThiscanbeseeninFigure6,whereabout20%ofAMRcallsfallbelow
acceptablequality:
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
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Cumulative AMR Voice Quality Distribution - Uplink
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
< 1.7 < 2.2 < 2.7 < 3.3 < 3.8 < 4.3
< 33 < 43 < 53 < 63 < 74 < 100
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
C
a
l
l
s
No VQA
Acceptable
quality limit
MOS
R Factor
Figure6::About20%ofAMRcallsfallbelowacceptablequalityduetonoiseandacousticechoproblemsandhigh
useofAMR-HR(chartbasedonmixof50%AMR-FRand50%AMR-HRcallsat1%FERinaNorthAmericanGSM
network).
TheresultsintheabovechartwereobtainedfromobjectivevoicequalitymeasurementsaccordingtotheITU-T
G.107E-model[4]onmorethan10millionlivecallsinamajorGSMnetworkinNorthAmericawitha100%AMR
penetration.
TheITU-TG.107standardisanon-intrusivemeasurementmethodthatisabletotakeintoaccounttheimpactof
noiseandechoimpairmentsontheconversationalqualityoflivecalls.TheG.107standarddefnesametricfor
overallvoicequalitycalledthetransmissionratingfactorR.TheRfactorisanumberbetween0and100,where
thenumber100representsanidealcallwithnoimpairments.TheRfactorcanalsobetranslatedintoa
MOSfgure.
ItcanbenotedthatbackgroundnoiselevelsinNorthAmericanmobilephonecallsaregenerallylowerthanthose
originatinginthedenselypopulatedurbanareasofe.g.Europe,Asia,theMiddleEast,andLatinAmerica,where
noiseimpairmentsincombinationwithlower-endhandsetshaveanevenbiggerimpactonuserexperience.
Theconclusionfromtheabovelarge-scalemeasurementsofliveAMRcallsisthatthebasicnoisesuppression
algorithmsthatarepresentonAMRphonesdonotseemtobesuffcientinaddressingtheproblemofexternal
impairments.
Restricting the Use of the Lowest AMR Codec Rates
OnecommonmethodintheindustrytoaddresstheproblemwiththeperformanceofthelowestAMRcodecrates
issimplytorestricttheuseofthesecodecrateseventhoughthisdoesnotreallyaddresstherootproblemwhichis
relatedtotheimpactofbackgroundnoise.
ExtensivemeasurementsinalargeandheavilyloadedNorthAmericanAMRnetworkshowedthatthebyfardomi-
natingcodecrateinAMR-FRmodewasAMR12.2,andthedominatingcodecrateinAMR-HRmodewasAMR
7.4.Theuseofthelowestcodecrates,AMR4.75,5.15,and5.90,wasverysmall.
ThesemeasurementsindicatethatnetworksarenottakingadvantageofthefullpotentialofAMR.Inorderto
achievethepromisedcapacityandqualitybeneftsofAMR,theremustbeamoresubstantialuseofthelower
codecrates,bothinAMR-FRandinAMR-HRmodes.
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
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Ditechs VQA Solution
VQA Overview
DitechsVoiceQualityAssurance(VQA)solutionisacomprehensivesetofindustry-leadingvoiceprocessing
algorithmsincludingbi-directionalAdaptiveNoiseCancellation(ANC),AcousticEchoCancellation(AEC),andEn-
hancedVoiceIntelligibility(EVI)thattogethermitigatetheproblemsofusinglowbit-ratecodecsinnoisyenviron-
mentscommoninmobilecalling.Thus,VQAisanessentialcomplementtoAMR.
TheVQAsolutionisnetwork-based,whichmeansitprovidesconsistentvoicequalityenhancementtoallsubscrib-
ers,regardlessofhandsetmodelsthattheyuse.Thisenablescarrierstooptimizedeliveredqualityandcapacityin
awaythatisnototherwisepossible.Further,network-basedvoiceenhancementdoesnothavethelimitationsin
processingpowerandbatterylifethathandset-basedsolutionshave.
DitechssolutionistypicallydeployedonthestandardA-interfaceattheMobileSwitchingCenter(MSC)andis
abletoprocessandenhanceallcalltypesincludingmobile-to-mobileandmobile-to-PSTNcalls:
Figure7::DitechsSolutionatA-Interface
Thesolutionconsistsoftwosoftwarepackagesthataredeliveredononeofthreehardwareplatforms,wherethe
choiceofhardwareisbasedonnetworkinterfacerequirements:
VoiceQualityAssurance(VQA)improvesthespeechqualitybyemployingbackgroundnoisecancellation,
speechenhancementforlowbitrateGSMcodecs,backgroundnoisecompensation,acousticechocontrol,voice
leveladjustment,andoptionalhybridechocancellation
ExperienceIntelligenceTM(EXi)
o Quantifesandcategorizesexternalimpairmentssuchasnoiseandechothatarepresentonlivecalls
o GeneratesacallqualityscorebasedupontheITU-TG.107E-modelstandard[4].
Hardwareplatformsdependentonnetworkconfguration
o E1basedA-interface:QuadVoiceProcessor(QVP)
o STM1basedA-interface:BroadbandVoiceProcessor(BVP)
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
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Results from VQA Deployment in AMR Network
Figure8showstheresultsfromthemeasurementsinaNorthAmericanAMRnetworkthatwasdiscussedearlier,
includingtheeffectofVQA,whichherereducestheamountofunacceptablecallsfrom20%toonlyafew
percents:
Cumulative AMR Voice Quality Distribution - Uplink
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
< 1.7 < 2.2 < 2.7 < 3.3 < 3.8 < 4.3
< 33 < 43 < 53 < 63 < 74 < 100
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
C
a
l
l
s
No VQA
VQA
Acceptable
quality limit
MOS
R Factor
Figure8::VQAremovesexternalimpairmentsandreducestheamountofcallsbelowacceptablequalitylimit
from20%toonlyafewpercents(chartbasedonmixof50%AMR-FRand50%AMR-HRcallsat1%FERina
NorthAmericanGSMnetwork).
Theaboveresultsillustratestheabilityofanadvancednetwork-basedvoicequalityenhancementsolutionsuch
asVQAtoimprovethequalitydistributionofAMRcallsbyminimizingtheamountofcallsfallingbelowtheac-
ceptablequalitylimit.
VQA Benefts for AMR-HR and AMR-FR
VQAisanessentialcomplementtoAMRinthatitimprovestheperformanceofAMR-particularlyatthelower
codecratesbyremovingnoiseandechoimpairments.VQAalsohavelowbit-ratecodecenhancementfea-
turesincludedinEVIthatfurtherimprovethequalityofthelowestAMRcodecrates.
AmoreaggressiveuseofthelowestAMRcodecratesincombinationwithVQAwillreduceoverallFERlevelsin
thenetworkandremoveexternalimpairments,whilemaintainingorimprovingdeliveredquality.
ThisenablesGSMcarrierstocost-effectivelyimprovechannelcapacitybyincreasingtheiruseofAMR-HRin
areaswherecongestionisapotentialproblem.
Also,VQAcombinedwithamoreaggressiveuseofthelowestAMRcodecratesinAMR-FRmodewillenable
carrierstofurthertightentheirfrequencyreusetoincreaseBTSsitecapacityandspectrumeffciency,andto
lowertheneedforthecostlyconstructionofnewBTSsites.
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
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Conclusions
Anadvancednetwork-basedvoicequalityenhancementsolutionsuchasDitechsVoiceQualityAssurance
(VQA)isanessentialcomplementtotheAMRcodecthatenablescarrierstofullyrealizethecoverage
andcapacitybeneftsoriginallypromisedbyAMR.
AMRprovidesexcellentradiolinkadaptationindiffcultRFenvironmentsbyrelyingonacombinationof
lowbit-ratespeechcodecsandpowerfulerror-correctioncodingtoachievethesebenefts.
However,thelowestcodecrates,e.g.AMR4.75kbpsandAMR5.90kbps,arehighlysensitivetoback-
groundnoise,andalthoughtheselowbit-ratecodecsperformquitewellincleanspeechconditions,their
qualitytendstodegradesignifcantlyinnoisyconditionscommoninwirelesscalling.
3GPPidentifedtheselimitationsalreadyduringthestandardizationofAMRandissuedasetofminimum
performancerequirementsonhandset-basednoisesuppressioninanattempttoaddresstheproblem.
Theserequirementsarehowevernotmandatoryandapparentlynotstringentenough,aslarge-scalemea-
surementsonliveAMRcallsshowthatconsiderableamountsofnoiseremainonthecallswithsignifcant
impactsonvoicequalityanduserexperienceasaresult.
Duetovoicequalityconcernssuchasthosedescribedabove,AMRcarriersoftentendtolimittheuseof
thelowestAMRcodecrates.ThisnotonlyforcescarrierstorestricttheamountofAMR-HRthattheycan
employinordertoimprovechannelcapacityandequipmentutilization,butitalsolimitsthespectrum
effciencyandcellcapacitygainstheycouldotherwiseachievewithamoreaggressiveuseofthelowest
codecratesinAMR-FRmode.
Theaboveissuescanbeaddressedbydeployingpowerfulnetwork-basedvoiceprocessingsolutionswith
adaptivenoiseandechocancellationfunctionsandlowbit-ratecodecenhancementssuchasVQA.These
solutionsenablecarrierstoachievethefullbeneftsofAMRbyemployingadvanceddigitalsignalprocess-
ingmethodstoremoveexternalimpairmentsandenhancetheperformanceofespeciallythelowestAMR
codecrates.
References
[1]GSM06.75version7.2.0:PerformanceCharacterizationoftheGSMAdaptiveMulti-Rate(AMR)
SpeechCodec
[2]GSM,GPRSandEDGEPerformance,2ndEdition,Halonen,Romero,Melero,WileyLtd.
[3]3GPPTS26.077:MinimumPerformanceRequirementsforNoiseSuppresser;ApplicationtotheAdap-
tiveMulti-Rate(AMR)SpeechEncoder.
[4]ITU-TG.107Recommendation:TheE-Model,acomputationalmodelforuseintransmissionplanning.
VQA Benefits for AMR Networks
12/12
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About Ditech Networks
DitechNetworkssuppliesvoiceprocessingequipmentfortelecommunicationnetworksaroundtheworld.DitechNetworkstechnology
solutionsincludevoice,mediaprocessing,SIP,andsecuritydeliveredoncarrier-gradescalableplatformstoenhancethedeliveryof
communicationsservicesovermobile,VoiceoverIP,andwirelinenetworks.DitechNetworkscustomersarepremiernetworkoperators
includingVerizon,AT&T,OrascomTelecom,andothersthatcollectivelyservemorethan150millionsubscribers.