Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Trần Hoà Phú

Ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2024

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Matrix (Ma Trận)

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Matrices - Examples
 
2 4 −1
2 × 3 matrix A = 
1 9 3
A11 = 2
A12 = 4
A13 = −1
A21 = 1
A22 = 9
A23 = 3

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise
Given a matrix B as below

4 −1
 
2
 1 9 3
B= 
 0 1 2
 

−1 5 10
Find the size of matrix B
2) Find B23 , B43 , B31 .
Solution
1) Size of B is 4 × 3
2) B23 = 3, B43 = 10, B31 = 0.

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Two matrices are called equal if
They have the same size(cùng cỡ)
Corresponding entries are equal (các phần tử ở vị trí
tương ứng thì bằng nhau)

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Exercise What are 03×3 , 04×4 ?

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

  
  1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 
0 1 0 0 0
 
0 1 0 0
 
 
I4 =

0
,I =  0 1 0 0
 5

0 0 1 0
 
 
0 0 0 1 0
  
0 0 0 1

 
0 0 0 0 1
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise
Find transpose of following matrices.
 
1 2 3 4
A=
2 −5 7 1
 

1 −4 3 
B=


5 8 9 


−10 11 22

C= 1 2 3 4 5

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution
 

1 2
2 −5
 
T
A =  
3 7 

 

4 1 

1 5 −10 
BT = −4 8

11 


 
3 9 22
1
 
2
 
 
T
C = 3
 


4
 
 
5
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Matrix Operations
Addition A+B=?
Scalar Multiplication 3.A=?
Matrix Multiplication A.B=?

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Matrix Operations: Matrix Addition
Definition
If A and B are matrices of the same size, their sum A + B is
the matrix formed by adding corresponding entries.
Example

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise
   

1 2 3  3 −1 0
1. Find 


4 −1 −3
 + 6



5 3


2 0 8 1 2 3
     
2. Find a, b, c if a b c + c a b = 3 2 −1

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution
 

4 1 3 
1. 
10 4 0 



3 2 11
2.      
a b c + c a b = 3 2 −1

   
⇔ a + c b + a c + b = 3 2 −1





a+c =3

⇔ b + c = 2 ⇔ a = 0, b = −1, c = 3


a + b = −1


Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Matrix Operations: Scalar Multiplication
Definition
If A is a matrix and k is any number, the scalar multiple kA
is the matrix obtained from A by multiplying each entry of A
by k.
Example

 
1 2 3
Exercise Find 3. 
4 −1 2
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise

Compute 1)5A, 2)(A + B)T , 3)3A − 2B, 4)2B T − AT

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution !
15 −5 20
1) 5A =
10 0 30
 
!T 4 2
4 1 3
2) (A + B)T = = 1

3
2 3 8

!
3 8 ! !
9 −3 12 2 4 −2 7 −7 14
3) 3A − 2B = − =
6 0 18 0 6 4 6 −6 14
     
2 0 3 2 −1 −2
T T
4) 2B − A =  4

6 − −1
 
0 =  5
 
6

−2 4 4 6 −6 −2

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Matrix Operations: Matrix Multiplication
• 1 hàng nhân 1 cột
Example  
  5
1 3 .   = 1.5 + 3.2 = 11
2 
  
2
1 3 4 . 

−1 = 1.2 + 3.(−1) + 4.3 = 11

3  
2  
  1
1
 
     
Compute 1 3 4 −1 .   ,
 2 −3 1 . 

4
3

 
  7
2
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations: Matrix Multiplication

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Matrix Operations: Matrix Multiplication

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Matrix Operations: Matrix Multiplication

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Matrix Operations: Matrix Multiplication

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Matrix Operations: Matrix Multiplication

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise
Compute the following
  matrix
 products.
1 3  2 −1
a. A =  .
0 −2 0 1 
  2
5 0 1 
b. B =   . 1 

2 −3 4  

−1
Solution ! !
2 −1 9
a. A = b. B =
0 −2 −3

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise
If the matrix D = ABC can be formed, where B is 3 × 5 and
D is 3 × 5. What is the size of AT AB ?
A. 3 × 5
B. 3 × 3
C. 5 × 5
D. 5 × 3
Solution: A
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise

Solution: C

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Some Properties
A(B + C ) = AB + AC //distributive law
A(BC ) = (AB)C //associative law
AI = A, IA = A //A,I square matrix + same size
(A + B)T = AT + B T
(AB)T = B T AT
(AT )T = A, (kA)T = kAT
Note
In general, AB̸=BA → Not Commutative
AB = 0⇏ A = 0 or B = 0
AB = AC ⇏ B = C
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution !
T T 1 4
(X − 2I) = −2
3 11
!T !
1 4 1 3
X T − 2I = −2 = −2
3 11 4 11
! ! ! !
T 1 3 2 0 1 3 0 −6
X = 2I − 2 = −2 =
4 11 0 2 4 11 −8 −20
Thus !T !
0 −6 0 −8
X= = →C
−8 −20 −6 −20

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise
Find the matrix A if  
  T 2 1
1 −1 0 
a. A + 3  =

0 5
1 2 4

 
3 8
  T  
1 0 8 0
b. 3AT + 2  =
0 2 3 1

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution  
!!T 2 1
1 −1 0
a. A + 3 = 0 5 

1 2 4

3 8
 T
! 2 1 !
1 −1 0 2 0 3
⇔A+3 = 0 5 =
 
1 2 4 1 5 8
!
3 8 ! !
2 0 3 1 −1 0 −1 3 3
Thus A = −3 =
1 5 8 1 2 4 −2 −1 −4
!!T !
1 0 8 0
b. 3AT + 2 =
0 2 3 1
! !T !
T 1 0 8 0 8 3
⇔ 3A + 2 = =
0 2 3 1 0 1
! !! ! !
1 8 3 1 0 2 1 2 0
Thus AT = −2 = ⇒A=
3 0 1 0 2 0 −1 1 −1
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Inverse of a matrix
(Nghịch đảo của một ma trận)
Definition If A is a square matrix, a matrix B is called an
inverse of A if and only if AB = I and BA = I (B = A−1 )
A matrix A that has an inverse is called invertible matrix.
 
−1 1 0 1
Example Show that B =   is an inverse of A =  
1 0 1 1
Solution
 Compute
  ABand BA 
0 1 −1 1 1 0
AB =  =

1 1  
1 0  
0 1
−1 1 0 1 1 0
BA =  =
1 0 1 1 0 1
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise
Find the inverse of each of the following matrices
   
1 5 2 1
A= B=
2 −1 2 −4
 

1 −1 2 
C =


−5 7 −11


−2 3 −5
 

1 −1 3
D=


2 0 5

−1 1 0
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise
Let A be a square matrix satisfying

A2 − 6A + 5I = 0

Choose correct statements:

i) A is invertible and A−1 = (6 − A)/5
ii) A is invertible and A−1 = (6I − A)/5
iii) A is not invertible

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution

A2 − 6A + 5I = 0
⇔A(A − 6I) = −5I
⇔A(6I − A) = 5I
⇔A(6I − A)/5 = I
⇔A−1 = (6I − A)/5 → iii.

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise
Find A−1 if
a) A2 − 6A + 5I = 0
b) A2 + 3A − I = 0
c) A4 = I

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution
a)
A2 − 6A + 5I = 0
A(A − 6I) = −5I
A(6I − A)/5 = I
6I − A
A−1 =
5
b)
A2 + 3A − I = 0
A(A + 3I) = I
A−1 = A + 3I
c)
A4 = I
A.A3 = I → A−1 = A3
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Linear Equation and matrix multiplication

Example
Solve
 the linear system
−2x + y = −1


3x − 2y = 5


Đưa hệ về dạng ma trận

     

−2 1 x
   =
−1 
3 −2 y 5
AX = B  −1        
−2 1 −1 −2 −1 −1 −3
X = A−1 B =     =   = 
3 −2 5 −3 −2 5 −7
Thus x = −3, y = −7.
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise
Write the system of linear equations in matrix form and
then solve them.

2x

−y =4
3x + 2y = −4







2x+ 3y + z = 10

2x − 3y − 3z = 22


4x − 2y + 3z = −2


Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise
Find A if  
2 1
(AT − 2I)−1 =
−1 0

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution !
T −1 2 1
(A − 2I) =
−1 0
!−1 !
T 2 1 0 −1
⇔ (A − 2I) = =
−1 0 1 2
! !
T 0 −1 2 −1
⇔ A = 2I + =
1 2 1 4
!T !
2 −1 2 1
⇔A= =
1 4 −1 4

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise
Find A when 
1 2
a. (3A)−1 =  
0 −2
 
2 1
b) (I + 2A)−1 =
3 2
 
1 4
c) (A−1 − 2I)T = −2 
3 11

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution ! !−1 !
−1 1 2 1 2 −1 −2 −2
a.(3A) = ⇔ 3A = ⇔ 3A = ⇔A=
0 −2 0 −2 2 0 1
! !
−1 −2 −2 1 2 2
=
6 0 1 6 0 −1
! !−1
−1 2 1 2 1
b) (I + 2A) = ⇔ I + 2A =
3 2 3 2
! ! ! !
2 −1 1 2 −1 1 1 −1
⇔ I + 2A = ⇔A= −I =
−3 2 2 −3 2 2 −3 1
! !T
−1 T 1 4 −1 1 4
c) (A − 2I) = −2 ⇔ (A − 2I) = −2
3 11 3 11
! ! !
−1 1 3 −1 1 3 0 −6
⇔ A − 2I = −2 ⇔ A = 2I − 2 =
4 11 4 11 −8 −20
!−1 !
0 −6 −1 −20 6
A= =
−8 −20 48 8 0
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Matrix Transformations

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Tập R2
2 √
R là tập hợp các số thực. Ví dụ 1, 4, −10, , 11, ...
5
2
R là tập hợp gồm các bộ (x , y ) trong đó x , y là các số thực.
1 3
Ví dụ những phần tử trong tập R2 là (−2, 1), (3, 5), ( , ), ...
2 4

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Rotation through π/2 counterclockwise
T(x, y) = (−y, x)

Find the matrix of this transformation.

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Projection through y=mx
1
T(x, y) = (x + my, mx + m2 y)
1 + m2

Find the matrix of this transformation.

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise
1. Find the projected point of P(2, 0) through y = x .
2. Find the projected point of P(−2, 0) through y = −x .

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Reflection through y=mx
 
1 
T(x, y) = 2 (1 − m2 )x + 2my, 2mx + (m2 − 1)y
m +1

Find the matrix of this transformation.

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise
Find the point that is reflected to P(1, 2) through the line y = x .

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Summary
 
1 0
Reflection in X-axis 
0 −1 
−1 0
Reflection through origin  
0 −1  
0 −1
Rotation through π/2 about origin  

1 0 
1 1 − m2 2m 
Reflection y = mx
1 + m2  2m  m2 − 1
1 1 m 
Projection y = mx
1 + m2 m m 2

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 The Composition of transformations
Let T be the reflection in the X − axis : T (x , y ) = (x , −y )
Let S be the rotation through π/2 counterclockwise about the
origin S(x , y ) = (−y , x )
S ◦ T is the reflection in the X − axis followed by rotation through
π/2. (S ◦ T )(x , y ) = S(T (x , y )) and
Matrix of S ◦ T = Matrix of S × Matrix of T

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise
Let T : R2 → R2 be rotation through 90o followed by reflection in
the line y = 3x .
Find the (2, 1)-entry of the matrix of T .
A = 4 B = −4 C = 4/5 D = −4/5
E . None of them is correct

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution  
1 −8 6
Matrix of reflection in the line y=3x:

10 6 8
0 −1
Matrix of rotation through π/2: 
 
1 0
1 −8 6 0 −1
Matrix of T :
10 6 8 1 0
1
(2,1) entry of matrix of T is (6.0 + 8.1) = 4/5
10

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise
Let A = (aij ) be the 2 × 2 matrix of reflection in the x-axis followed
by reflection in the line y = x . Find a12 .
A = 2 B = −2 C = −1 D = 1 E = 0

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution  
1 0 2
Matrix of reflection in the line y = x : 

2 2 0
1 0
Matrix of reflection in the x-axis: 
0 −1
Matrix A of reflection
  in the x-axis followed by reflection in the line
1 0 2 1 0 
y=x: A = 
2 2 0 0 −1
1
Thus, a12 = (0.0 + 2.(−1)) = −1
2

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise

A = 1/10 B = −1/10 C = 3/10 D = −3/10

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution  
1 1 −1
Matrix of projection on the line y = −x : 
2 −1 1
1 1 3 
Matrix of projection on the line y = 3x :
   
10 3 9  
1  1 −1 1 1 3 1  1 −1 1 3
Matrix of T is =
2 −1 1 10 3 9 20 −1 1 3 9
1 1
(2,1)-entry of T is (−1.1 + 1.3) =
20 10

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise

A. Reflection in the x-axis

B. None of the other choices is correct
C. Reflection about y = −x
D. Rotation through 180 degrees
E. Reflection in the y-axis

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Linear Transformation
(Phép biến đổi tuyến tính)

Definition
2 2
T : R →
 R  is called
  a linear
 transformation
   if it satisfies
x x x x
T   1  +  2   = T  1  + T  2  ∀x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ R
y1 y2 y1 y2
    
x x
T α    = αT   for all x , y ∈ R and α ∈ R
y y

Example T (x , y ) = (−y , x ) is a linear transformation.

Example T (x , y ) = (x + 1, y ) is not a linear transformation.
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise

A.(1,1) B.(1,2). C.(2,2) D.(2,1)

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution Find a, b, c ∈ R such that
(3, 2, 1) = a(1, 1, 1) + b(1, 1, 0) + c(1, 0, 0)
Then 




a +b+c =3

 a + b+ = 2 ⇔a=b=c=1


a = 1


We have
(3, 2, 1) = (1, 1, 1) + (1, 1, 0) + (1, 0, 0)
T (3, 2, 1) = T (1, 1, 1) + T (1, 1, 0) + T (1, 0, 0)
= (0, 1) + (1, 0) + (1, 1) = (2, 2)
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
 Exercise
Let T : R2 → R2 be a linear transformation and assume that
T (1, 2) = (−1, 1) and T (0, 3) = (−3, 3). Compute T (2, 7).
A. (-4,4)
B. (-7,7)
C. (-5,5)
D. (-6,6)

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution
Find a, b ∈ R such that
5
(2, 7) = a(1, 2) + b(0, 3) ⇔ a = 2, b =
3
We have
5
(2, 7) = 2(1, 2) + (0, 3)
3
5
T (2, 7) = 2T (1, 2) + T (0, 3)
3
5
= 2(−1, 1) + (−3, 3)
3
= (7, 7)

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise
Let L : R3 → R2 be a linear transformation for which we know that
     
1   0   0  
  1   2   5
L 0 =   , L 
  
1
=  ,L
0

= 
  −2   −3   1
0 0 1
 

1
Find L 


−2

 
3      
12 7 8 −4
A.  B.  C.  D. 
7 12 −4 8
Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra
Solution
Find a, b, c ∈ R such that
       
1 1 0 0
−2 = a 0 + b 1 + c 0 ⇔ a = b = c = 1
       
3 0 0 1

We have        
1 1 0 0

 −2 
 = 0
 
  − 2 1
 
  + 3 0
 
3 0 0 1
Then
       
1 1 0 0 ! ! ! !
1 2 5 12
L −2 = L 0 − 2L 1 + 3L 0 = −2 +3 =
       
−2 −3 1 7
3 0 0 1

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

 Exercise

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra

Solution
Find a, b ∈ R such that
! ! ! 
7 1 1 a + b = 7 10 11
=a +b ⇔ ⇔a= ,b =
3 2 −1 2a − b = 3 3 3

We have ! ! !
7 1 1
=a +b
3 2 −1
Then
! ! ! ! ! !
7 10 1 11 1 10 −3 11 3 1
T = + = + =
3 3 2 3 −1 3 6 3 −6 −2

Trần Hoà Phú Chapter 2: Matrix Algebra