Chapter 1,2,3

1. What is Disaster Management? (10 marks)

→ Disaster management is the planned way of dealing with disasters. Disasters are
sudden and serious events that can be natural (like earthquakes, floods, or cyclones)
or man-made (like fires, accidents, or terrorist attacks).

→ The main aim of disaster management is to save lives, reduce damage, protect
nature, and help people recover quickly. It involves help from the government,
institutions, and the community.

→ Disaster management includes many areas like law, engineering, healthcare,

social work, and environment. It focuses on finding dangers, making plans, using
resources, training people, building strong buildings, and spreading awareness.

→There are four main steps in disaster management, called the disaster
management cycle:

1.​ Mitigation – reducing the effects of disasters

2.​ Preparedness – getting ready before a disaster
3.​ Response – taking action during a disaster
4.​ Recovery – helping people and places return to normal after a disaster

→ All these steps help people stay safe and be ready for future disasters.

→ For disaster management to work well, there should be teamwork between central
and state governments, early warnings, public participation, proper training, good
technology (like satellites and GIS), and strong communication systems.

→ Disaster management is a continuous process—it starts before a disaster,

continues during it, and goes on afterward to help things get back to normal.

2. Factors, Characteristics, and Effects of Disasters (10 marks)

→ Disasters occur due to a combination of natural and human-induced factors.

Understanding these factors, characteristics, and effects helps in better preparedness
and response.

→ Factors Causing Disasters:

●​ Natural Factors: Earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts, landslides, tsunamis,

volcanic eruptions
 ●​ Man-made Factors: Industrial accidents, nuclear hazards, terrorism,
deforestation, urbanization, pollution, dam failures, poor infrastructure planning

→ Characteristics of Disasters:

●​ Sudden: Most disasters occur suddenly, leaving little time for preparation.
●​ Unpredictability: Disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis cannot be predicted
accurately.
●​ Severe Impact: Disasters often cause widespread destruction of life, property,
and the environment.
●​ Urgency of Response: Disasters demand immediate and large-scale rescue,
relief, and recovery efforts.
●​ Multi-sectoral Involvement: They affect health, economy, environment,
governance, and infrastructure.

→ Effects of Disasters:

●​ Human Impact: Deaths, injuries, displacement, psychological trauma

●​ Economic Impact: Loss of property, infrastructure damage, unemployment,
reduced GDP
●​ Environmental Impact: Soil erosion, water contamination, destruction of forests
and habitats
●​ Social Impact: Breakdown of communication, disruption of education, law and
order issues

3. Meaning of Disaster Management (10 marks)

→ Disaster management is the planned way of dealing with disasters. Disasters are
sudden and serious events that can be natural (like earthquakes, floods, or cyclones)
or man-made (like fires, accidents, or terrorist attacks).

→ The main aim of disaster management is to save lives, reduce damage, protect
nature, and help people recover quickly. It involves help from the government,
institutions, and the community.

→ Disaster management includes many areas like law, engineering, healthcare,

social work, and environment. It focuses on finding dangers, making plans, using
resources, training people, building strong buildings, and spreading awareness.

→There are four main steps in disaster management, called the disaster
management cycle:

1.​ Mitigation – reducing the effects of disasters

2.​ Preparedness – getting ready before a disaster
3.​ Response – taking action during a disaster
4.​ Recovery – helping people and places return to normal after a disaster
→ All these steps help people stay safe and be ready for future disasters.

→ For disaster management to work well, there should be teamwork between central
and state governments, early warnings, public participation, proper training, good
technology (like satellites and GIS), and strong communication systems.

→ Disaster management is a continuous process—it starts before a disaster,

continues during it, and goes on afterward to help things get back to normal.n b

4. Phases of Disaster Management (10 marks)

Disaster management is divided into four interrelated phases, each of which plays a
vital role in minimizing the impact of disasters:

1.​ Mitigation:
○​ Aim: To reduce the potential impact of disasters.
○​ Activities: Risk assessments, enforcing building codes, zoning regulations,
retrofitting buildings, afforestation, flood barriers, etc.
○​ Importance: Saves lives and reduces costs by preventing damage.
2.​ Preparedness:
○​ Aim: To ensure effective response to disasters.
○​ Activities: Creating disaster management plans, training personnel,
community awareness programs, setting up emergency operation centres,
and stockpiling supplies.
○​ Importance: Reduces confusion and ensures quick response.
3.​ Response:
○​ Aim: To provide immediate assistance during or immediately after a
disaster.
○​ Activities: Evacuation, search and rescue, emergency medical aid, relief
distribution, coordination between agencies.
○​ Importance: Saves lives and reduces suffering.
4.​ Recovery:
○​ Aim: To restore normalcy and recovery affected communities.
○​ Activities: Rebuilding infrastructure, providing financial aid, restoring
livelihoods, trauma counselling.
○​ Importance: Helps communities recover quickly and become resilient.

All four phases are part of a continuous cycle aimed at reducing disaster risk and
improving community resilience.

5. Explain Various Disaster Management Authorities in India (10 marks)

India has a well-organized institutional framework for disaster management at national,

state, and district levels.
 1.​ National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):
○​ Peak body headed by the Prime Minister.
○​ Develops policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management.
○​ Coordinates disaster response at the national level.
○​ Provides technical and financial support to states.
2.​ State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):
○​ Chaired by the Chief Minister.3
○​ Prepares state-level disaster management plans.
○​ Implements national policies and coordinates response efforts within the
state.
3.​ District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):
○​ Headed by the District Collector.
○​ Responsible for district-level planning, coordination, and implementation.
○​ Ensures community participation and manages local resources.
4.​ National Executive Committee (NEC):
○​ Headed by the Union Home Secretary.
○​ Assists NDMA in policy implementation.
○​ Coordinates response across ministries and departments.
5.​ Local Authorities:
○​ Includes municipalities and panchayats.
○​ Responsible for implementing disaster management at the grassroots
level.
○​ Organize training, public awareness, and response activities.

6. Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)

In India, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is the main ministry that handles disaster
management. Inside the MHA, there is a special Disaster Management Division that
takes care of everything related to natural and man-made disasters.

This division is responsible for:

●​ Responding to disasters
●​ Providing relief
●​ Getting ready before disasters
●​ Making disaster-related laws and policies
●​ Training people
●​ Preventing future disasters
●​ Helping with long-term recovery after a disaster

Under the Disaster Management Act of 2005, MHA manages important disaster
management bodies:

1. NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority)

●​ Led by the Prime Minister

 ●​ Makes national-level disaster policies and plans
●​ Coordinates with state disaster agencies
●​ Works under MHA

2. NDRF (National Disaster Response Force)

●​ A special team trained to handle disasters like floods, earthquakes, and

chemical hazards (CBRN)
●​ Controlled by NDMA and MHA
●​ Acts quickly to save lives during disasters

3. NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management)

●​ Focuses on training, research, and building skills for disaster management

●​ Helps people and organizations learn how to handle disasters better
●​ Works under NDMA’s guidance

7. Importance of Disaster Management (5m)

Disaster management is very important because it helps save lives, protect homes
and jobs, and keep communities safe during disasters.

Here are the key reasons why disaster management matters:

1. Protects People

Disaster management helps reduce deaths and injuries. Early warning systems and
quick relief efforts should be there make sure people get help on time.

2. Reduces Economic Loss

Disasters can damage houses, farms, roads, and shops. By planning ahead like
building flood walls or making earthquake proof buildings etc that can reduce damage.
This protects the local economy and helps areas recover faster.

3. Supports Quick Recovery

If a disaster happens, disaster management helps bring life back to normal quickly. It
includes giving food, water, shelter, and rebuilding homes. This reduces long-term
problems for affected people.

4. Builds Community Strength

Ongoing efforts like community mock drills and disaster education teach people how to
act in emergencies. This makes people and places stronger and better prepared for the
next disaster.
5. Helps Sustainable Development

Disasters can destroy years of development work. Good disaster management makes
sure schools, hospitals, roads, and other projects are protected and not destroyed again
and again. This supports long-term growth.

8. Objectives of Disaster Management Policy

The National Disaster Management Policy (2009) of India sets clear goals to make
disaster management stronger, smarter, and more people-focused. These goals help
India prepare better, reduce risks, and recover faster from disasters.

1. Promote Prevention and Awareness

Teach people and institutions about disasters, so they focus on avoiding them rather
than only reacting after they happen.

2. Use Safe and Sustainable Methods

Reduce disaster risks using the right mix of technology, traditional knowledge, and
eco-friendly methods.

3. Include Disaster Planning in Development

Every development project like roads, buildings, and cities—should consider disaster
risks to avoid creating more danger.

4. Strong Rules and Institutions

Create and follow clear laws and build organizations (like NDMA and SDMAs) to keep
people and infrastructure safe.

5. Better Risk Assessment

Build systems that help identify and monitor possible dangers in different areas of the
country.

6. Early Warning and Communication

Set up fast and reliable systems to forecast disasters and alert people in time so they
can stay safe.

7. Work with Media and Public

Use media to spread awareness and involve society through campaigns so everyone
knows what to do during disasters.
8. Support for Vulnerable People

Make sure emergency help reaches the most at-risk groups like children, the elderly,
and people with disabilities.

9. Build Back Better

When rebuilding after a disaster, make homes, roads, and buildings stronger and more
resistant to future disasters.

9. Disaster Risk Profile of India

🌍 Earthquakes
●​ Around 60% of India’s land is in earthquake-prone areas.
●​ The Himalayan region and north-east India feel earthquakes often and
strongly.

🌊 Floods
●​ About 12% of India’s land (40 million hectares) gets flooded during heavy rains.
●​ Big rivers like the Ganga and Brahmaputra often overflow.
●​ States like Bihar, Assam, and Uttar Pradesh get affected every year.

🌪️ Cyclones
●​ India has a long coastline (7,500 km), and about 8% of the land faces
cyclones.
●​ The Bay of Bengal often creates strong cyclones.
●​ States like Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu are at high
risk.

🌾 Droughts
●​ Around 69% of India can suffer from drought.
●​ Less rainfall or failed monsoons cause water shortages and crop failures.
●​ States like Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and parts of South India are most
affected.

🏔️ Landslides
●​ Hilly areas like the Himalayas, Western Ghats, and North East often see
landslides.
●​ Heavy rain, earthquakes, and cutting trees make the problem worse.

🌊 Tsunamis
 ●​ Coastal places like the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra
Pradesh are at risk.
●​ A big tsunami happened in 2004, causing huge damage.

🔥 Other Disasters
●​ Heatwaves, cold waves, forest fires, and coastal erosion are increasing.
●​ In cities, dangers include fires, building collapse, and industrial accidents.

10. Challenges in Disaster Management in India

1.​ Coordination and Bureaucracy

○​ Overlapping Instructions: Multiple agencies (NDMA, SDMAs, NDRF,
armed forces, NGOs, etc.) often have unclear or overlapping roles.
○​ Decision Delays: Layered approval processes and inter‑departmental
handoffs slow down relief and rescue operations.
2.​ Rapid Urbanization and Population Growth
○​ Unplanned Expansion: Cities frequently spread-out into hazard‑prone
areas floodplains, seismic zones, and steep slopes because of lax zoning
enforcement.
○​ High Density & Congestion: Densely populated urban centers like Delhi
and Mumbai face higher casualty risks, and narrow roads block
evacuation and emergency vehicles.
3.​ Poor Infrastructure
○​ Weak Structural Strength: Many rural and peri‑urban buildings lack
earthquake or cyclone‑resistant designs; storm‑water drains and
embankments are often poorly maintained.
○​ Insufficient Shelters & Facilities: Cyclone shelters, community halls,
and safe rooms are scarce in many vulnerable regions.
4.​ Climate Change and Extreme Weather
○​ Increasing Unpredictability: More intense cyclones, heavier monsoons,
and longer droughts make forecasting and preparedness planning more
complex.
○​ Compound Disasters: Shifts in rainfall patterns can trigger simultaneous
hazards (e.g., landslides during floods).
5.​ Limited Funding and Financial Mechanisms
○​ Under‑funded Preparedness: Budgets tend to focus on relief and
reconstruction rather than mitigation and preparedness.
○​ Dependence on Central Aid: States often exhaust their SDRFs quickly
and must wait for NDRF replenishment, delaying non‑emergency projects.
6.​ Low Public Awareness and Community Engagement
○​ Weak Grassroots Outreach: Many communities are unaware of local
risks, evacuation routes, or basic first‑aid, due to infrequent drills and
insufficient awareness campaigns.
 ○​ Limited Local Ownership: Disaster plans are often top‑down, with little
involvement of panchayats or resident welfare associations in planning or
mock exercises.
7.​ Technical and Capacity Gaps
○​ Shortage of Trained Personnel: District‑ and block‑level authorities
frequently lack officers trained in Incident Command Systems (ICS) or
modern warning technologies.​

○​ Uneven Adoption of Technology: While NDMA issues guidelines on GIS

mapping and early warnings, many rural districts still rely on manual
methods and face equipment shortages.

11. Paradigm Shift in Disaster Management (Traditional vs Modern) (5m)

Earlier, India followed a reactive approach to disasters it means action was taken only
after damage happened. The focus was on relief and rescue.

But after the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the focus shifted to a proactive and
preventive approach. A three-level system was created:

●​ NDMA (National level),​

●​ SDMAs (State level),​

●​ DDMAs (District level)

This new system promotes planning, preparation, and risk reduction before
disasters occur.

🔁 Traditional vs Modern Approach

Traditional (Old) Modern (New)

Relief after disaster Prevention before disaster

Ad-hoc, unplanned Planned and integrated disaster

response strategy
No special institutions NDMA, NDRF, NIDM created

Public not involved Communities participate actively

Less technology used Early warnings, GIS, real-time data

used

Emergency improvisation SOPs, drills, and pre-disaster

planning

12. Key Reforms in Disaster Management Administration

India has made many important changes in disaster management to become more
organized, proactive, and prepared. Some of the major reforms are:

🏛️ 1. Disaster Management Act (2005)

●​ This law changed everything — it created a proper system with:
○​ NDMA at the national level (headed by PM)
○​ SDMAs at the state level
○​ DDMAs at the district level
●​ It also established the NDRF for rescue operations and NIDM for training and
research.

💰 2. Relief Funds
●​ Created National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) and State Disaster Relief
Funds (SDRF).
●​ These ensure quick release of money for relief work during disasters.

📝 3. National Policy & Plans

●​ National Policy (2009) and Disaster Management Plan (2016) give a clear
step-by-step roadmap.
●​ All ministries now make their own disaster plans for their departments (like
Health, Railways, etc.).

📡 4. Technology & Early Warnings

 ●​ Use of mobile cyclone alerts, weather forecasts, hazard maps, and Disaster
Resource Network to stay prepared and warn people in advance.

🏘️ 5. Local Participation
●​ Local bodies like Gram Panchayats and municipalities must now make their
own disaster plans.
●​ NDMA is also training local officers through Incident Command System.

🏗️ 6. Legal & Regulatory Measures

●​ Stronger building codes (especially in earthquake and coastal areas).
●​ Land-use rules to avoid risky construction.
●​ Insurance schemes like PMFBY for crops to reduce financial loss.

13. Importance of Disaster Management Policies

Disaster management (DM) policies are very important because they provide a clear
plan and guidelines to manage disasters better. Here’s why they matter:

🔍 1. Focus on Prevention, Not Just Relief

●​ Earlier, action was taken after disasters.
●​ Now, policies like NDMP 2016 promote prevention, preparedness, and
resilience (e.g. flood protection, safe buildings).
●​ All departments (health, education, etc.) are asked to plan ahead.

👥 2. Clear Roles for Everyone

●​ Policies explain who is responsible NDMA, states, districts, NGOs, and even
local communities.
●​ This avoids confusion and delay during emergencies.

⚖️ 3. Legal and Institutional Support

●​ Policies backed by laws (like Disaster Management Act 2005) ensure:
○​ Building rules
○​ Environmental laws
○​ Disaster plans at all levels

💰 4. Budget and Resource Support

●​ Governments allocate funds for:
○​ Building shelters
○​ Emergency kits
 ○​ Training and awareness programs
●​ Without policies, funding might not be regular or fair.

📢 5. Public Awareness
●​ Policies promote media, education, and community participation.
●​ Examples: School drills, awareness campaigns, training for locals.

🧩 6. All-Round Coordination
●​ DM policies connect health, roads, agriculture, housing, etc.
●​ This multi-sector approach helps reduce disaster risk more effectively.

14. Principles of Disaster Management

Disaster Management (DM) works on key principles to make it effective, organized, and
people-focused. These principles guide all actions — from planning to response and
recovery.

🌀 1. Continuous and Complete Approach

●​ DM is not a one-time task. It includes:
●​ Prevention, Mitigation
●​ Preparedness, Response
●​ Recovery and Reconstruction
●​ Example: Building a dam helps before, during, and after floods.

🛑 2. Proactive Prevention
●​ Focus is on stopping disasters or reducing impact, not just reacting.Example:
Earthquake-safe buildings, planting trees near coasts (like mangroves).

🧩 3. Holistic and Multi-Sectoral

●​ Involves all sectors and people: government, NGOs, local communities, and
private companies.
●​ DM is not only for disaster departments — health, housing, education are also
involved.

🏗️ 4. Linked with Development

●​ All development projects (like roads, bridges, schools) must consider disaster
risks.
●​ Example: Don’t build schools in flood zones.

👥 5. Community and Vulnerable Groups Focus

 ●​ DM must include local people, especially:
●​ Poor families
●​ Women, children
●​ Elderly, disabled
●​ Community-based plans help reach the “last mile”.

🧭 6. Incident Command System (ICS)

●​ During emergencies, roles are clearly assigned:
●​ Incident Commander
●​ Operations, Logistics, Planning teams
●​ Ensures order and coordination.

🛰️ 7. Use of Science and Technology

●​ Use modern tools:
●​ Weather forecasts
●​ Hazard maps
●​ Early warning systems (like cyclone alerts on phones)

🔗 8. Coordination & Unity of Command

●​ There should be one main leader in charge during a disaster.
●​ Information should be clear and flow fast across departments.

❤️ 9. Humane and Quick Response

●​ Help should be:
●​ Fast, caring, and fair
●​ Focused on people’s safety, dignity and well-being

15. Key Aspects of Command and Control in Disaster Management

🧭 1. Incident Command System (ICS)

●​ India is implementing the globally accepted Incident Command System (ICS).
●​ Each disaster is managed by an Incident Commander (IC) — usually the
District Collector or a trained officer.
●​ ICS assigns teams with clearly defined responsibilities:​

○​ Operations Section: Handles rescue, medical care, relief distribution.​

○​ Logistics Section: Arranges shelter, transport, equipment.​

○​ Planning Section: Tracks situation updates and plans next actions.

○​ Safety and Communications Units ensure protection and information
flow.
 ●​ This structure prevents confusion, duplication, and ensures resource
optimization.

🏢 2. Unified Command & Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

●​ A single chain of command is followed at district, state, and national levels.​

●​ Agencies like police, fire services, and health workers work together under one
roof.​

●​ SOPs guide every action — such as how to evacuate, when to distribute food,
and who announces alerts.​

●​ These SOPs are prepared in advance and are regularly updated after mock drills
and lessons from past disasters.

📡 3. Joint Operations Centre (JOC)

●​ A central command center or Joint Operations Centre is set up during
disasters.​

●​ It connects field officers, Incident Commander, and higher authorities using:​

○​ Radios, satellite phones, internet, mobile apps.​

●​ Enables real-time decision-making and tracking of resources, casualties, and

needs.

🌐 4. Branching and Task Forces

●​ In large-scale disasters, operations are divided into branches:​

○​ Geographical (e.g., zones or districts)​

○​ Functional (e.g., health care, transport, shelter)​

●​ Each branch is headed by a team leader who reports to the Incident

Commander.​

●​ This ensures scalability and better division of labor.

🔄 5. Flexibility and Adaptability

●​ The ICS model allows dynamic reallocation of resources.​
 ●​ If new challenges arise (like a chemical leak during a flood), special task forces
can be created within the same structure.​

●​ Ensures the system is not rigid, but responsive to real-time developments.

📢 6. Communication and Public Information

●​ A Public Information Officer (PIO) is appointed to share verified updates via:​

○​ Media briefings, social media, helplines.​

●​ Accurate communication helps avoid rumors, panic, and misinformation.​

●​ Citizens receive alerts via SMS, mobile apps, TV, and radio.

🤝 7. Support from State and National Agencies

●​ If the district is overwhelmed, help comes from:​

○​ State Disaster Response Force (SDRF)​

○​ National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)​

○​ These forces work under the local ICS command, ensuring unified
action.​

●​ NDMA and SDMA also provide technical expertise, funding, and backup.

✅ 8. Safety, Documentation, and Accountability

●​ The Incident Commander ensures:​

○​ All responders are kept safe (e.g., using PPE, safe shelters).​

○​ All actions follow legal frameworks and guidelines.​

○​ Every decision and action is recorded for transparency and

post-disaster audit.

16. Role of FEMA in Disaster Management

FEMA stands for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. It is the main
disaster management agency in the United States. FEMA handles all stages of
disasters from planning and prevention to response and recovery. As FEMA itself says,
it “coordinates the federal government's role in preparing for, preventing,
mitigating, responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters (natural or
man-made).”
🛡️ 1. Preparedness
●​ FEMA creates national plans like the National Response Framework to guide
how disasters should be handled.
●​ It trains emergency workers (like fire, police, and medics) and runs mock
drills.
●​ FEMA gives grants to state and local governments to improve their
emergency readiness (buying equipment, building shelters, etc.).

🌧️ 2. Risk Mitigation
●​ FEMA tries to reduce damage before disasters happen.
●​ It runs the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) and National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP).
●​ FEMA funds flood zone maps, promotes strong building codes, and helps
people buy disaster insurance to cover losses.
●​ Example: If a flood-prone town wants to build a dam or raise buildings, FEMA
can help with funds and technical advice.

🚨 3. Response Coordination
●​ When a disaster is too big for a state to handle, the President can declare an
emergency, and FEMA takes charge of the federal response.
●​ FEMA coordinates with other federal agencies (like the Department of Defense,
Health & Human Services) and sends:
○​ Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT)
○​ Urban Search and Rescue Teams
○​ Incident Management Assistance Teams (IMAT)
●​ These teams go to the affected area with doctors, rescue workers, and
equipment.

🏚️ 4. Recovery Assistance
●​ FEMA helps after the disaster by giving:
○​ Individual Assistance: Money or loans for people to rebuild homes, rent
places, or buy essentials.
○​ Public Assistance: Grants to repair roads, schools, hospitals, etc.
●​ It works with the Small Business Administration (SBA) to offer loans to
affected businesses.
●​ FEMA also runs programs like Crisis Counselling to support mental health after
disasters.

🧩 5. Coordination with States and Other Partners

●​ FEMA helps when a state government is overwhelmed.
●​ It works directly with governors and local leaders to send federal help —
people, supplies, and money.
 ●​ FEMA also works with NGOs like the Red Cross, and with international
agencies if needed.

17. Impacts of Floods and Mitigation

🌊 Impacts of Floods
Floods can cause serious damage both immediately and in the long term. The effects
are both direct and indirect:

✅ Direct Impacts
●​ Loss of human lives, especially when floods come suddenly.
●​ Destruction of houses, roads, bridges, crops, and power supply lines.
●​ Example: “Floods often cause huge losses to homes, roads, power supply and
other infrastructure.”

❌ Indirect Impacts
●​ Spread of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and dengue due to dirty water and
overcrowded shelters.
●​ Loss of jobs and income especially for farmers and daily wage workers (e.g.,
crops, animals destroyed).
●​ Environmental loss forests and animal habitats get damaged, leading to less
biodiversity.

For example, the 2018 Kerala floods and 2017 Bihar floods killed
hundreds, displaced lakhs of people, and caused losses worth tens of
thousands of crores.

🛡️ Mitigation Measures (How to Reduce Flood Damage)

Flood risk can be reduced using a mix of structural and non-structural strategies:

🧱 1. Structural Measures
●​ Build dams, reservoirs, embankments, and levees to hold back floodwaters.
●​ Create flood retention ponds, floodwalls, and safe overflow zones
(floodways).
●​ Example: Embankments along rivers to prevent water from spilling into towns.

🌿 2. River and Environment Management

●​ Desilting and dredging rivers to maintain their water-carrying capacity.
●​ Afforestation and watershed management planting trees and preserving
wetlands in catchment areas to absorb extra rainwater.

🏘️ 3. Land-Use Planning
 ●​ Stop construction in flood-prone areas, especially on floodplains.
●​ Use floodplains for parks or agriculture (they can flood safely without much loss).

📡 4. Early Warning and Forecasting

●​ Use weather radars, satellites, and computer models to predict floods.
●​ Set up early warning systems to inform people early so they can evacuate.
●​ Authorities must plan timely evacuations based on this data.

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 5. Community Preparedness

●​ Build community shelters on higher ground.
●​ Store emergency food, water, medicines in advance.
●​ Train villagers in evacuation drills, sandbagging, and basic rescue
techniques.
●​ Educate the public to follow warnings and stay calm.

📍Examples of Good Mitigation

●​ In Odisha, during cyclones, people are moved to strong cyclone shelters on
stilts using early warnings.
●​ In Assam, authorities are:
○​ Strengthening river embankments along the Brahmaputra.
○​ Planting trees to stop erosion and slow down water.

These steps help reduce loss of life and property during floods.

18. Four Phases of Disaster Management

Disaster management is usually described as a cycle of four key phases, each with
distinct activities:

5.​ Mitigation:
○​ Aim: To reduce the potential impact of disasters.
○​ Activities: Risk assessments, enforcing building codes, zoning regulations,
retrofitting buildings, afforestation, flood barriers, etc.
○​ Importance: Saves lives and reduces costs by preventing damage.
6.​ Preparedness:
○​ Aim: To ensure effective response to disasters.
○​ Activities: Creating disaster management plans, training personnel,
community awareness programs, setting up emergency operation centres,
and stockpiling supplies.
○​ Importance: Reduces confusion and ensures quick response.
7.​ Response:
○​ Aim: To provide immediate assistance during or immediately after a
disaster.
○​ Activities: Evacuation, search and rescue, emergency medical aid, relief
distribution, coordination between agencies.
 ○​ Importance: Saves lives and reduces suffering.
8.​ Recovery:
○​ Aim: To restore normalcy and recovery affected communities.
○​ Activities: Rebuilding infrastructure, providing financial aid, restoring
livelihoods, trauma counselling.
○​ Importance: Helps communities recover quickly and become resilient.

These four phases form a continuous cycle. Recovery and reconstruction must
integrate mitigation and preparedness to reduce future disaster risks.

19. Rescue Operations in Disaster Management

Rescue operations are the first and most urgent efforts to save people’s lives during
a disaster. These operations are fast, well-planned, and done by trained teams. Below
are the main steps and parts of a rescue operation:

1. Starting the Rescue Teams:

When a disaster warning is received or the disaster happens, local disaster officials
quickly send rescue teams into action.​
These may include:

●​ NDRF (National Disaster Response Force)

●​ Fire departments
●​ Police
●​ Local trained volunteers

Each team has special skills like rescuing people from collapsed buildings, giving first
aid, or rope climbing in tough areas.

2. Assessment and Planning:

Once teams arrive, they first check how bad the situation is:

●​ How many people are trapped?​

●​ What areas are most affected?

They set up a command center and a communication system so that everyone works
together smoothly. They also set rescue priorities, like helping those in life-threatening
situations first.

3. Search and Rescue:

Rescue workers use different tools and equipment to find and save survivors:

●​ Shovels, cutters, search dogs, and drones are used in building collapses.
 ●​ Boats and helicopters are used in floods.
●​ Thermal cameras or sound detectors help find people under debris.

Safety gear like helmets, gloves, and ropes are always used to protect rescuers from
injury.

4. Giving Medical Help:

Rescue often includes emergency medical care:

●​ Doctors or paramedics come with rescue teams.

●​ They give first aid, oxygen, or stop bleeding before sending injured people to
hospitals.

This quick treatment saves lives.

5. Evacuating People:

Rescued people are safely moved from danger areas to:

●​ Shelters
●​ Hospitals
●​ Safer places

Transport like ambulances, buses, or boats is arranged. Special care is taken for
children, senior citizens, and persons with disabilities.

6. Communication During Rescue:

Teams stay in touch with the command center using radios or phones.​
This helps:

●​ Update progress
●​ Ask for more help if needed
●​ Send alerts to the public (e.g. “Evacuate area X immediately”).

7. Coordination Among Teams:

All rescue teams work under one central plan.​

This avoids confusion — for example:

●​ Police manage crowd and security

●​ Firefighters do rescues
●​ Medical teams treat victims

If help is needed from the army or international groups, it is also managed through this
central system.

8. Community Participation:
Local people and trained groups like the Red Cross also help:

●​ Clearing debris
●​ Giving first aid
●​ Guiding victims

Public help desks tell people how to assist safely without putting themselves at risk.

Example Situations:

●​ In an earthquake, NDRF and Army work together to rescue people from

collapsed buildings.
●​ In a cyclone, government teams use buses and boats to evacuate coastal
areas before the storm hits.

Speed and safety are the most important — every minute saved can save more
lives.

After the rescue phase, the focus shifts to relief (food, water, shelter) and then to
rehabilitation and rebuilding.

20. Impacts and Mitigation of Various Disasters (Earthquake, Cyclone, Landslide,

Flood, Drought)

1. Earthquake

Impact:

●​ Strong shaking breaks buildings, bridges, roads.

●​ Can cause fires (from gas leaks) and cut power/water lines.
●​ Example: 2001 Bhuj earthquake killed ~20,000 and made millions homeless.

Mitigation:

●​ Use earthquake-resistant building codes.

●​ Retrofit old buildings.
●​ Avoid construction near fault lines.
●​ Teach people to “Drop, Cover and Hold” during quakes.
●​ Conduct earthquake drills in schools and offices.

Rescue:

●​ Teams use sniffer dogs and thermal cameras to find people in rubble.
●​ First 24 hours are most important (“golden hours”).
●​ Provide first aid, shelters, and clean water quickly.

2. Cyclone (Tropical Storm)

Impact:
 ●​ High-speed winds break trees and buildings.
●​ Storm surge floods coastal areas.
●​ Heavy rain causes floods inland.
●​ Example: Cyclone Amphan (2020) damaged homes in Odisha and West
Bengal.

Mitigation:

●​ Build strong, elevated cyclone shelters.

●​ Protect and plant mangroves to block waves.
●​ Use IMD forecasts and early warnings for evacuation.
●​ Improve city drainage to prevent urban floods.

Rescue:

●​ Move people to shelters before cyclone hits.

●​ Use boats/helicopters to save trapped people.
●​ Set up medical camps and clean water supplies.
●​ Quickly clear roads and restore electricity.

3. Landslide

Impact:

●​ Mud, rocks, and soil fall from hills, burying roads and homes.
●​ Mostly happens after heavy rain or earthquakes.
●​ Example: 2013 Uttarakhand landslides destroyed villages and stranded
pilgrims.

Mitigation:

●​ Build retaining walls, terraces, and plant trees to hold soil.

●​ Avoid deforestation and uncontrolled road cutting on hills.
●​ Use bioengineering (plant roots to bind soil).

Rescue:

●​ Experts check slope safety before sending teams.

●​ Rescue by digging through mud and rocks, using both tools and hands.
●​ Provide medical help and clear roads for access.

4. Flood (also discussed in Q17)

Impact:

●​ Drowns people, animals; destroys homes and farms.

●​ Contaminates water and spreads diseases like cholera.
●​ Blocks roads and transport.
Mitigation:

●​ Build dams, embankments, and protect floodplains.

●​ Create rainwater harvesting systems.
●​ Set up flood alerts and forecasting.
●​ Plant trees upstream to reduce water flow.

Rescue:

●​ Use boats, rafts to move people from flooded areas.

●​ Set up relief camps with food, water, and medicine.
●​ Give vaccines and clean water to prevent diseases.

5. Drought

Impact:

●​ Little or no rainfall causes crop failure and water shortage.

●​ Leads to hunger, migration, and income loss.
●​ May cause famine or farmer suicides (e.g. Marathwada, Maharashtra).

Mitigation:

●​ Promote water-saving methods (drip irrigation, check dams).

●​ Use crop insurance (like PMFBY).
●​ Grow drought-resistant crops.
●​ Encourage rainwater harvesting with tanks and ponds.

Relief:

●​ Supply water through tankers.

●​ Give fodder and food grains to affected families.
●​ Use programs like MGNREGA for employment during drought.

21. Global Warming and Climate Change

Global Warming means the increase in Earth's average temperature, mainly caused
by human activities like burning coal, oil, and gas. These activities release
greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) into the
atmosphere.

As per Stanford University and NASA, this warming is causing climate change, which
means long-term changes in weather patterns around the world.

Key Effects of Global Warming on Climate:

1.​ More Heatwaves:

○​ Days are getting hotter and heatwaves are lasting longer.
 ○​ This increases health problems like dehydration, heatstroke, especially in
cities.
2.​ Stronger Storms:
○​ Warmer oceans give more energy to cyclones and hurricanes.
○​ Storms are becoming more powerful and more damaging.
3.​ Unpredictable Rainfall:
○​ Some places get too much rain (floods), others get too little (drought).
○​ In India, monsoons are becoming less predictable and more extreme.
4.​ Melting Glaciers and Rising Sea Levels:
○​ Polar ice and mountain glaciers are melting.
○​ This leads to sea level rise, which can flood low-lying areas and coastal
cities.
5.​ Environmental and Ecosystem Damage:
○​ Warmer temperatures affect crops, water sources, and wildlife.
○​ Animals lose their natural habitats; farmers face crop failure.

Example in India:

●​ Hotter summers, water shortages, and irregular monsoons are already being
felt.
●​ Cities like Delhi face extreme temperatures; coastal regions like Odisha face
stronger cyclones.

22. What is Disaster Management? [ QUESTION 1 SAME QUESTION WE CAN

REFER THAT ALSO]

Disaster management is the organized effort to reduce the impact of disasters on

people and property. It is a continuous, integrated process that includes planning,
organizing, coordinating and implementing measures for prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, response and recovery. In simple terms, it is what governments,
organizations and communities do before, during and after a disaster to protect
lives and livelihoods.

Key points about disaster management:

●​ It covers all types of disasters (natural and man-made).

●​ It involves preparedness activities (risk assessment, early warning systems,
stockpiling relief), preventive measures (e.g. flood control, building codes) and
response actions (search-rescue, relief distribution).
●​ It also includes recovery and reconstruction (restoring infrastructure,
rehabilitating affected people).
●​ The aim is to keep disasters from becoming catastrophes. For example, by
enforcing earthquake-resistant construction, many buildings may withstand
shaking. By having an emergency plan and supplies ready, communities can
respond immediately when a flood comes.
Officially, the Disaster Management Act defines DM as an integrated approach covering
everything “necessary or expedient for the prevention of danger or threat of any
disaster…capacity building, preparedness…evacuation, rescue and relief; rehabilitation
and reconstruction”. Ultimately, disaster management’s goal is to save lives, reduce
suffering and enable quick recovery whenever disaster strikes.

23. Direct and Indirect Effects of Disasters

1. Direct Effects (Immediate Damage):

These are the visible and immediate impacts right after the disaster.

Examples:

●​ Loss of life and injuries

●​ Destruction of houses, roads, bridges, power lines
●​ Crop damage and loss of livestock

👉 For example, in a flood, people may drown, and homes or roads get washed

👉
away.​
A GCW study also shows that floods destroy infrastructure like power supply and
housing — these are direct effects.

2. Indirect Effects (After the Disaster):

These are the long-term and hidden impacts that appear after the initial damage.

Examples:

●​ Health problems from dirty water (e.g. cholera, diarrhea)

●​ Homelessness and crowding in shelters
●​ Loss of jobs and income
●​ Children dropping out of school
●​ Mental trauma and stress
●​ Economic slowdown, fall in tourism, or migration

👉 For example, after an earthquake, the buildings collapse (direct effect), but later,
people may lose jobs and suffer emotional stress — these are indirect effects.

24. Role of Urbanization in Creating Disaster Risk

Urbanization means more people moving into cities. If this happens too fast or
without planning, it increases the risk of disasters.

How Urbanization Increases Disaster Risk:

1.​ More People in Danger Zones:​

 ○​ Slums often grow in unsafe areas like riverbanks or hillsides.​

○​ These areas are at high risk for floods and landslides.​

2.​ High Population Density:​

○​ Crowded cities mean more people affected during disasters (fires,

earthquakes).​

○​ Evacuation is harder due to traffic and narrow roads.​

3.​ Loss of Natural Buffers:​

○​ Concrete buildings and roads stop rainwater from soaking into the
ground.​

○​ This causes urban flooding.​

○​ Cutting down trees removes natural protection from heat and storms.​

4.​ Strained Infrastructure:​

○​ Fast-growing cities often don’t have enough clean water, sewage, or

electricity.​

○​ This can cause health problems or water shortages — a type of

socio-economic disaster.​

5.​ Urban Heat Island Effect:​

○​ Cities become hotter due to buildings and roads absorbing heat.​

○​ This makes heatwaves worse, especially for poor communities.

25. Types of Man-Made Disasters

Man-made disasters are caused by human actions, errors, or negligence. These

are not natural, but can be just as harmful.

Main Types of Man-Made Disasters:

1.​ Industrial Accidents:

○​ Chemical leaks, gas explosions, factory fires.
○​ Example: 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 2020 Beirut blast.
2.​ Nuclear/Radiological Accidents:
○​ Accidents at nuclear power plants.
○​ Example: Chernobyl (1986), Fukushima (2011).
 3.​ Fires:
○​ Urban fires in slums or buildings due to bad wiring or no safety.
○​ Example: Frequent market/slum fires in cities.
4.​ Transportation Accidents:
○​ Airplane crashes, train derailments, road pile-ups.
○​ Also includes ship accidents and oil tanker spills.
5.​ Pollution Disasters:
○​ Air pollution: Smog (e.g., Delhi winters, London 1952).
○​ Water pollution: Toxic waste in rivers.
6.​ Environmental Destruction:
○​ Oil spills (e.g., Deepwater Horizon, 2010).
○​ Deforestation causing habitat loss and imbalance.
7.​ Terrorism and War:
○​ Bomb blasts, mass shootings, armed conflict.
○​ Cause mass deaths and displacement.
8.​ Technological Failures:
○​ Bridge collapses, dam failures, cyberattacks on critical infrastructure.
9.​ Public Health Disasters:
○​ Disease outbreaks due to negligence.
○​ Example: Accidental pathogen leaks, opioid crisis.

Conclusion:

●​ All these disasters are caused by humans (errors, neglect, conflict).

●​ They often require strict safety rules, strong laws, and emergency plans.
●​ Managing man-made disasters also involves security, compensation, and
accountability.

26. Causes of Landslides

Landslides happen when soil, rocks, or debris slide down a slope due to gravity.
They can be triggered by both natural and human-made causes.

🔹 Natural Causes:
1.​ Heavy or Prolonged Rainfall:
○​ Water seeps into the ground, loosening the soil and adding weight.
○​ Common during monsoons in hilly regions.
2.​ Earthquakes:
○​ Shaking of land can cause sudden slope failure.
3.​ Volcanic Activity:
○​ Eruptions and loose ash make slopes unstable.
4.​ Erosion:
○​ Rivers or sea eroding the base of a hill can remove support.

🔹 Human (Anthropogenic) Causes:

 1.​ Deforestation:
○​ Cutting trees removes root support that holds soil together.
2.​ Unplanned Construction / Slope Cutting:
○​ Roads or buildings on hills without support can weaken the slope.
3.​ Mining & Quarrying:
○​ Blasting and excavation disturb slope stability.
4.​ Water Leakage:
○​ Leaking pipes or poor drainage increase soil moisture and slide risk.
5.​ Poor Land-Use Planning:
○​ Building homes or farms on known landslide-prone areas.

📌 Example (India):
In the Himalayas and Northeast, cutting forests and building without planning has
made landslides more common during monsoons.

27. Reasons for Ozone Depletion

Ozone depletion is caused mainly by man-made chemicals released into the

stratosphere. The most important are:

●​ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Once common in refrigerants, air conditioners,

and aerosols. CFCs release chlorine atoms high up, which destroy ozone
molecules.
●​ Halons: Used in fire extinguishers, these release bromine, which also breaks
down ozone.
●​ Other Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS): Methyl bromide (used as a
pesticide), carbon tetrachloride, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) also
contribute to ozone loss.
●​ When released, “those chemicals damage the stratospheric ozone layer”. The
ozone layer is our protective shield against harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.
Depletion of ozone leads to higher UV at the surface, causing skin cancer and
ecological damage.

28. Purpose of Disaster Management

The purpose (goal) of disaster management is to protect lives, property and the
environment by reducing vulnerability and ensuring timely response to emergencies. In
practical terms:

●​ Saving lives and reducing suffering: By preparing in advance (stockpiles,

shelters, drills), disaster management aims to minimize casualties. For example,
early cyclone warning saves lives by evacuation.
●​ Limiting damage: Through mitigation measures (like flood embankments or
earthquake-resistant buildings), we can prevent disasters from causing maximum
destruction. NDMA’s guidelines highlight that DM efforts “prevent… disasters or
reduce the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies”.
 ●​ Ensuring rapid recovery: Disaster management plans for relief and
rehabilitation so communities can quickly resume normal life. It ensures food,
water, medical care and housing after a disaster, reducing long-term social and
economic impacts.
●​ Building community resilience: Educating and involving communities makes
them self-reliant during disasters. This social preparedness is a key aim. Tulane
notes that DM helps “protect livelihoods and help communities recover”.
●​ Protecting development gains: Disasters can wipe out infrastructure and
progress. Effective DM preserves the country’s development achievements by
making them disaster-resilient.

Overall, disaster management’s purpose is prevention, preparedness and

coordinated response. It ensures that when natural or man-made hazards occur, their
effects on people and development are as small as possible. As one expert notes, these
coordinated efforts “save lives and lessen their impact”, which is the ultimate purpose.

29. Difference between Man-Made and Natural Disasters

Chapter 4: Institutional Framework for Disaster Management in India

1. Public Awareness and Education in Disaster Management (10 marks)

Public awareness and education play a crucial role in reducing disaster risk by
preparing people to act quickly and safely before, during, and after a disaster. It builds a
culture of safety and preparedness.

🔹 a. Objectives:
●​ Inform communities about local hazards like floods, earthquakes, and cyclones.
●​ Teach safety practices like evacuation routes, emergency contacts, and survival
kits.
●​ Encourage regular drills and preparedness activities in schools, offices, and
communities.

🔹 b. Strategies:
1.​ Education in Schools & Colleges:
○​ Include disaster management in curriculum.
○​ Conduct mock drills at least twice a year.
2.​ Mass Media Campaigns:
○​ Use TV, radio, newspapers, and social media.
○​ Share early warning signs, helpline numbers, and first-aid information.
3.​ Community Outreach Programs:
○​ Organize street plays, local fairs, and workshops to teach simple
rescue and safety skills.
○​ Target villages and urban slums for better inclusion.
4.​ Print and Digital Materials:
○​ Distribute posters, leaflets, and mobile app alerts in local languages.
○​ Use clear instructions on do’s and don’ts for common disasters.

🔹 c. Impact:
●​ More people evacuate safely during warnings.
●​ Communities respond faster and more efficiently with trained volunteers.
●​ Reduced casualties and property loss due to informed actions.
●​ Boosts overall community resilience and self-reliance.

2. Strategies for Public Awareness (10 marks)

To ensure maximum reach and lasting impact, disaster awareness campaigns must
use a mix of approaches. The goal is to educate all sections of society and make
disaster preparedness a part of daily life.

🔹 1. Multi-channel Dissemination:
 ●​ Use both traditional media (TV, radio, newspapers) and digital platforms
(social media, WhatsApp, websites).
●​ Ensures messages reach all age groups and regions, rural and urban alike.

🔹 2. Localization of Content:
●​ Translate content into regional/local languages.
●​ Use local examples, folk art, and familiar visuals in posters and videos.
●​ Helps people relate to the message and act on it.

🔹 3. Involvement of Community Leaders:

●​ Train panchayat heads, teachers, religious leaders, ASHA workers as
"awareness ambassadors".
●​ Their influence helps spread the message faster and builds trust in the
information shared.

🔹 4. Interactive Drills and Demonstrations:

●​ Conduct mock drills (e.g., earthquake, fire, flood evacuation) in schools,
offices, housing societies.
●​ Drills make learning practical and memorable, improving real-life response.

🔹 5. Feedback and Evaluation:

●​ After campaigns or drills, use surveys, quizzes, and feedback forms to assess
understanding.
●​ Helps identify knowledge gaps and improve future awareness efforts.

🔹 6. Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs):

●​ Collaborate with telecom companies to send SMS alerts and advisories.
●​ Partner with NGOs, corporates, and civil society for large-scale awareness
drives in remote or poor areas.

3. Role of Individuals and Communities (10 marks)

●​ Household Preparedness: Every family should maintain an emergency kit

(water, non‑perishable food, flashlight, medicines, important documents) and a
basic family emergency plan (meeting point, contact list).
●​ Community Response Teams: Neighbourhood groups trained in basic
search‑and‑rescue and first aid can provide initial assistance until specialized
teams arrive.
 ●​ Local Hazard Mapping: Communities identify vulnerable locations (low‑lying
areas, unsafe structures) and share this information with local authorities for
priority action.
●​ Volunteer Networks: Engage NGOs, youth organizations (Scouts, NCC), and
local clubs in awareness drives and relief operations.
●​ Community Drills and Workshops: Regular mock exercises and training
sessions at the community level build confidence and competence.

Through active involvement, individuals and communities become first responders,

reducing reliance on external assistance and shortening response time.

4. Preparation and Execution of Emergency Management Programmes (10 marks)

Effective disaster management requires thorough preparation before a disaster and

swift execution during and after the event. These two phases work together to save
lives and reduce damage.

🔹 A. Preparation Phase (Before Disaster)

1.​ Hazard and Vulnerability Assessment:
○​ Authorities conduct surveys to identify risk-prone areas (like flood zones)
and vulnerable groups (schools, hospitals, elderly).
○​ Helps in targeted planning.
2.​ Resource Inventory:
○​ List of available resources such as shelters, rescue vehicles, food,
medical supplies, and trained personnel.
○​ Regularly updated to ensure readiness.
3.​ Plan Development:
○​ Preparation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for common
disasters (e.g., earthquake, cyclone).
○​ District-level contingency plans are designed.
4.​ Capacity Building:
○​ Training of emergency responders (firemen, police, medical staff).
○​ Mock drills and joint exercises improve coordination among different
departments.

🔹 B. Execution Phase (During and After Disaster)

1.​ Activation of Emergency Operation Centres (EOCs):
○​ EOCs become the central hub for coordination, information sharing, and
decision-making.
2.​ Resource Mobilization:
○​ Deployment of NDRF, SDRF, military forces, and volunteers to affected
zones.
○​ Supplies and personnel reach quickly due to pre-staging.
 3.​ Real-Time Monitoring:
○​ Use of GIS dashboards, drone footage, and field reports to assess
damage and guide relief work.
4.​ Coordination Meetings:
○​ Frequent meetings between officials to adjust strategy, fix delays, and
ensure smooth operations.
5.​ Public Communication:
○​ Alerts via TV, radio, mobile SMS, and local networks inform people about
safe routes, shelters, and helpline numbers.

5. Scope and Responsibilities of National Institute of Disaster Management

(NIDM) (10 marks)

NIDM serves as the peak training, research, and advisory body for disaster
management in India. Its key roles include:

●​ Training and Capacity Development: Designing and delivering courses for

central/state officials, NDRF/SDRF personnel, NGOs, and community leaders.
●​ Research and Documentation: Conducting studies on hazard trends, best
practices, and policy evaluation; publishing manuals and toolkits.
●​ Knowledge Management: Operating an India Disaster Knowledge Network to
share data, case studies, and training materials.
●​ Policy Support: Assisting NDMA in drafting policies, guidelines, and updates to
the National Plan based on empirical research.
●​ Outreach and E‑learning: Hosting webinars, e-courses, and workshops to
extend training to remote areas.

By advancing knowledge and skills, NIDM underpins the professionalization of disaster

management across India.

6. Scope and Responsibilities of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

(10 marks)

As the peak policy zmaking body, NDMA’s functions encompass:

●​ Policy Formulation: Drafting and periodically revising the National Disaster

Management Plan and sector-specific guidelines (cyclones, floods, earthquakes).
●​ Coordination and Monitoring: Ensuring central and state entities follow policy;
overseeing implementation of SDRFs and NDRF deployments.
●​ Resource Allocation: Recommending budgetary releases from the National
Disaster Response Fund to states and union territories.
●​ Capacity Building: Endorsing training modules and facilitating capacity building
by NIDM and other agencies.
 ●​ Early Warning Dissemination: Coordinating with IMD, Indian Tsunami Early
Warning Centre, and state meteorological departments for timely alerts.
●​ Research and Evaluation: Commissioning studies, post-disaster reviews, and
impact assessments to inform policy updates.

NDMA provides strategic vision and ensures a unified framework for disaster risk
management nationwide.

7. Institutional Framework for DM in India (10 marks)

India’s institutional framework is a three-tier system ensuring decentralization and

specialization:

1.​ National Level:

○​ NDMA: Policy, planning and oversight.
○​ NEC: Assists NDMA; chaired by Home Secretary for inter-ministerial
coordination.
○​ NDRF: Specialized response force under NDMA.
2.​ State Level:
○​ SDMA: Chaired by Chief Minister; state planning and policy.
○​ State Executive Committee (SEC): Chaired by Chief Secretary;
executes state plans.
○​ State Disaster Response Force (SDRF): State-level rescue teams.
3.​ District Level:
○​ DDMA: Chaired by District Collector; localized planning and execution.
○​ District Emergency Operation Centre (EOC): Field-level coordination
hub.
4.​ Local Bodies:
○​ Municipalities and Panchayats: Ground-level awareness, planning and
relief implementation.

This structure balances national guidance with local agility, ensuring tailored responses
and community participation.

8. Responsibilities of NDMA (10 marks)

NDMA’s key responsibilities include:

●​ Framing comprehensive DM policies and plans.

●​ Approving and monitoring the National and State Plans.
●​ Allocating funds from NDRF to states and union territories.
●​ Coordinating national-level capacity-building and training initiatives.
●​ Ensuring the effectiveness of early warning systems.
●​ Reviewing post-disaster reports and recommending corrective actions.
NDMA steers the country’s disaster management efforts, uniting diverse stakeholders
under a common policy umbrella.

9. explain block diagram of institutional framework for dm in India.

10. Methods and Measures to Avoid Disasters (10 marks)​

Avoiding disasters involves a combination of structural, non-structural, and cross-cutting
measures. These reduce risks and strengthen community resilience.

A. Structural Measures (Physical Infrastructure)

1. Flood Control:

Build dams, embankments, levees, and regularly dredge river beds to prevent
overflowing.

2. Earthquake Safety:

Use earthquake-resistant building designs, seismic codes, and base-isolation

foundations.

3. Cyclone Shelters:
Construct elevated, reinforced shelters in coastal areas for safe evacuation.

4. Drainage & Watershed Management:

Develop stormwater drains, retention ponds, and plant trees in hilly areas for better
water absorption.

B. Non-Structural Measures (Policy & Planning)

1. Land-Use Planning:

Ban construction on floodplains, landslide-prone slopes using zoning laws.

2. Building Codes & Regulations:

Enforce strict codes, with regular inspections and penalties for unsafe structures.

3. Early Warning Systems:

Use weather forecasts, sirens, SMS alerts, and community radios to warn people early.

4. Public Education & Drills:

Conduct evacuation drills in schools, workplaces, and colonies to increase readiness.

C. Cross-Cutting and Modern Initiatives

1. Community Risk Financing:

Set up village-level disaster funds, and micro-insurance to support recovery.

2. Ecosystem Protection:

Restore mangroves, wetlands, forests to act as natural buffers against floods and
storms.

3. Climate Adaptation:

Promote drought-resistant crops, rainwater harvesting, and heat-proof housing.

4. Urban Resilience Planning:

Redesign cities with multi-use parks (evacuation areas), green roofs, and better
drainage in slums.

5. Technology Use:

Use IoT sensors, mobile alert apps, GIS maps for real-time monitoring and safer
development.
6. Legislative Strengthening:

Update disaster laws to include risk reduction mandates, clear budgets, and roles.

7. Public–Private Partnerships:

Work with companies to pre-stock relief materials and help build shelters.

8. Capacity Building:

Train local officials regularly; conduct after-action reviews post-disaster or drill for
improvements.

11. Setup for Emergency Facilities and Casualty Management (10 marks)​
A robust casualty‑care network requires four pillars: facilities, transportation,
personnel, and supplies.

1.​ Pre‑Identified Medical Facilities

○​ Primary Health Centres (PHCs) & Community Health Centres (CHCs):
First triage and basic life‑support.
○​ Field Hospitals & Mobile Units: Rapidly deployed for surgeries, trauma
care and infectious‑disease isolation.
○​ Casualty Collection Points: Safe zones near the incident for stabilization
before onward transfer.
○​ Staging Areas: Open grounds (schools, stadiums) pre‑designated for
landing air ambulances and setting up field operations.
2.​ Ambulance & Evacuation Network
○​ Mixed Fleet: Road ambulances, boat ambulances (in flood‑prone areas),
and air ambulances coordinated via a dedicated dispatch centre.
○​ Centralized Helplines: Toll‑free numbers linked directly to the District
Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) to mobilize transport.
3.​ Trained Personnel & Drills
○​ Medical Teams: Doctors, nurses, paramedics and counsellors skilled in
mass‑casualty triage and psychological first aid.
○​ Support Staff: Logistics officers, technicians, and volunteers (NGOs, Red
Cross) trained in infection control and crowd management.
○​ Regular Mock Exercises: Simulations involving hospitals and ambulance
services to rehearse surge capacity, patient flow, and inter‑agency
communication.
4.​ Supply Chain & Stockpiles
○​ Pre‑Positioned Stocks: Essential drugs (antibiotics, analgesics), IV
fluids, blood products, vaccines and PPE stored near high‑risk zones.
○​ Cold Chain Management: Refrigerated transport and portable cold
storage maintain vaccine and blood viability.
5.​ Referral Protocols
 ○​ Triage System: Colour‑coded tagging (red/yellow/green) to prioritize care
and evacuation.
○​ Transfer Arrangements: Pre‑arranged protocols for moving critical
patients from PHCs/CHCs to tertiary care hospitals.
6.​ Post‑Casualty Support
○​ Mental Health Services: On‑site counselling units in relief camps to
address trauma.
○​ Rehabilitation & Follow‑Up: Linking survivors to local health
programmes and tele‑medicine follow‑ups for chronic needs.

This integrated setup ensures timely, continuous care from the point of injury through
full rehabilitation.

12. Importance of Effective Communication Among Agencies (10 marks)​

Clear, timely information exchange is the backbone of a coordinated response:

●​ Unified Platforms:
○​ EOCs at All Levels: District, state and national EOCs share a common
GIS‑enabled dashboard, real‑time incident logs, and resource‑tracking
portals.
○​ Common Alerting Protocol (CAP): Ensures uniform warning messages
across sirens, SMS, radio and TV.
●​ Standard Operating Protocols (SOPs):
○​ Predefined guidelines on message formats, update frequencies, and
roles/responsibilities to avoid confusion.
●​ Technology Integration:
○​ Radio & Satellite Backup: Maintains connectivity when cell networks fail.
○​ Mobile Apps with Geotagging: First responders upload live photos,
videos and status updates to EOCs.
○​ Social Media Monitoring: Dedicated cells analyze citizen posts for
real-time situational awareness and rumor control.
●​ Inter‑Agency Liaison:
○​ Liaison Officers: Police, fire, medical, NDRF/SDRF, and local
government representatives stationed in the EOC ensure seamless
coordination.
○​ Joint Briefings: Regular Situation Reports (SITREPs) and press
conferences align all stakeholders.
●​ Public Information Management:
○​ Media Cells: Official spokespeople manage accurate press releases, live
updates and social‑media feeds.
○​ Feedback Channels: Hotlines and IVR systems collect citizen reports
and service requests, which feed back into operational planning.

By minimizing duplication, speeding decisions, and keeping the public informed, strong
communication greatly enhances response effectiveness and trust.
13. Use of Internet and Software in Disaster Management (10 marks)​
Digital tools streamline every phase of disaster management:

●​ Centralized Web Portals & Dashboards:

○​ NDMA/State Sites: Host plans, SOPs, resource inventories, training
modules and real‑time status.
○​ Citizen Platforms: Enable registration for assistance, volunteer sign‑ups,
and relief tracking.
●​ Mobile Applications:
○​ Early Warning Apps: Push real‑time alerts (cyclone, flood, heatwave)
with geofenced notifications.
○​ Crowd‑Sourced Reporting: Citizens report shelter availability, road
blockages and local hazards via user‑friendly apps.
●​ Decision Support Systems (DSS):
○​ Integrate meteorological data, hazard models, demographic and
infrastructure data to recommend evacuation zones and logistics plans.
●​ Data Analytics & Visualization:
○​ Dashboards (Power BI/Tableau): Display metrics on shelter occupancy,
casualty counts, and stock levels.
○​ Predictive Models: Machine‑learning algorithms forecast likely hotspots
and resource needs based on historical data.
●​ Collaboration & Communication Tools:
 ○​ Virtual EOCs & Video Conferencing: Allow remote coordination when
travel or access is restricted.
○​ Cloud Document Sharing: Enable multiple agencies to edit plans,
SITREPs and checklists simultaneously.

Harnessing these technologies gives disaster managers faster situational awareness,

data‑driven decisions, and seamless multi‑agency coordination.

14. Application of GIS, Remote Sensing, and GPS (10 marks)​

Geospatial technologies underpin modern disaster planning and response:

●​ Hazard & Vulnerability Mapping:

○​ GIS layers combine elevation, land use, population density, infrastructure
networks and historical disaster data to identify high‑risk zones.
●​ Real‑Time Monitoring:
○​ Remote Sensing & Drones: Capture live imagery of floods, fires,
landslides and industrial accidents.
○​ IoT Hydrological Sensors: River‑level gauges feed data into
flood‑forecast systems.
●​ Forecasting & Early Warning:
○​ Integration of satellite data and meteorological models produces cyclone
tracks, flood forecasts and drought indices.
●​ Operational Support:
○​ GPS Tracking: Monitors locations of rescue teams, relief convoys and
equipment.
○​ Route Optimization: GIS‑based routing apps find clear paths around
blocked roads for quicker evacuations.
●​ Damage Assessment:
○​ Post‑disaster high‑resolution imagery enables rapid damage mapping and
prioritization of relief and reconstruction.

Example: In the 2020 Assam floods, real‑time satellite imagery guided NDRF
deployments, cutting response time by a third.

15. National Executive Committee (NEC) and Its Responsibilities (10 marks)​
The NEC, chaired by the Union Home Secretary, translates NDMA policy into action:

●​ Policy Oversight: Monitors state and central compliance with the National and
State Plans.
●​ Inter‑Ministerial Coordination: Convenes ministries (Health, Agriculture, Urban
Development, etc.) to align sector‑specific contingency plans.
●​ Resource Mobilization: Directs central agencies (Armed Forces, NDRF, NHAI)
to provide engineering, transport and logistics support.
 ●​ Post‑Disaster Review: Conducts after‑action evaluations, compiles lessons
learned and recommends policy updates.
●​ Financial Approvals: Advises on disbursal of funds from the National Disaster
Response Fund to states and union territories.

NEC ensures accountability, smooth inter‑agency cooperation, and continuous

improvement of India’s disaster frameworks.

16. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) and Its Responsibilities

(10 marks)​
Each SDMA, chaired by the Chief Minister, steers state‑level preparedness and
response:

●​ State Plan Development: Aligns the National Plan with region‑specific hazards,
geography and resource capacities.
●​ Fund Management: Oversees the State Disaster Response Fund, approves
district‑level releases and audits expenditures.
●​ Capacity Building: Partners with NIDM for state‑focused training, drills and
certification of officials and first responders.
●​ Public Awareness: Launches campaigns in local dialects via television, radio,
print and social media.
●​ Post‑Event Evaluation: Reviews the state’s performance after each disaster,
commissions independent audits, and updates policies accordingly.

SDMA customizes national guidelines to local contexts and ensures sustained state
readiness.

17. State Executive Committee (SEC) and Its Responsibilities (10 marks)​
The SEC, headed by the Chief Secretary, is the state’s operational arm:

●​ Plan Implementation: Directs line departments (Health, PWD, Irrigation) to

activate their contingency plans.
●​ Emergency Orders: Declares state‑level emergencies, mobilizes SDRF
battalions, and activates state EOCs.
●​ District Coordination: Issues directives to DDMAs on mutual aid, resource
allocation and inter‑district support.
●​ Monitoring & Reporting: Tracks KPIs—response times, relief distribution
metrics—via state EOC dashboards.
●​ Training Oversight: Identifies gaps in skills and infrastructure, coordinates
advanced courses with NIDM and state institutes.

SEC translates policy into prompt, synchronized action across all state agencies and
districts.
18. Search and Rescue Operations (SRO) (10 marks)​
SROs are the frontline life‑saving efforts in the golden 24–48 hours:

●​ Organizational Structure:
○​ Led by an Incident Commander under an Incident Command System
(ICS) with branches for Operations, Logistics, Planning, Safety and
Liaison.
○​ Teams drawn from NDRF, SDRF, Fire Services, Police, Army Engineers
and Civil Defence.
●​ Techniques & Equipment:
○​ Urban SAR: Hydraulic cutters, concrete‑breaking tools, listening devices,
sniffer dogs, fiber‑optic cameras.
○​ Water Rescue: Inflatable boats, life jackets, scuba gear, rope rescue.
○​ High‑Angle Rescue: Rappelling, aerial lifts, and harness systems.
●​ Medical Triage & Evacuation:
○​ On‑site tagging of victims (red/yellow/green) to prioritize critical
evacuations via road or air.
●​ Safety Protocols:
○​ Structural stability checks, gas detection in industrial or collapsed sites,
and full personal protective equipment for responders.
●​ Community Support:
○​ Trained local volunteers assist with perimeter control, victim spotting and
basic first aid under professional guidance.

Well‑coordinated SROs in that golden window can cut disaster mortality by up to 50 %.

19. District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) (10 marks)​

The DDMA, led by the District Collector, is the pivotal local body:

●​ District Plan Preparation: Uses local hazard and vulnerability mapping to tailor
the annual District Disaster Management Plan.
●​ EOC Operations: A 24/7 District EOC manages incident reporting, resources
requests, and Situation Reports (SITREPs).
●​ Logistics & Stockpiles: Maintains warehouses with tents, food kits, water,
medicines and rescue equipment.
●​ Community Training: Conducts village/ward‑level drills, first‑aid workshops, and
hazard‑awareness sessions.
●​ Coordination Mechanism: Brings together municipalities, block offices, NGOs
and volunteers for joint preparedness.
●​ Grievance Redressal: Runs helplines and online portals for real‑time citizen
feedback and complaint resolution.
By being closest to the ground, DDMA ensures needs are rapidly assessed and relief is
targeted effectively.

20. Role of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) (10 marks)​

NDRF is India’s elite, specialized response force under NDMA:

●​ Organizational Setup: 12 battalions strategically positioned nationwide, each

with state‑of‑the‑art rescue gear.
●​ Specialized Training: Experts in CBRN response, collapsed‑structure search,
flood and cyclone rescue, humanitarian assistance and basic life‑support
medicine.
●​ Rapid Mobilization: Can be deployed anywhere in India within 6–12 hours of a
disaster declaration, thanks to pre‑staged equipment and hubs.
●​ Multi‑Hazard Capability: Equipped to tackle chemical spills, biological threats,
nuclear emergencies, urban collapse and natural calamities alike.
●​ Capacity Building Role: Conducts ICS, SRO and community preparedness
training for state and district agencies.
●​ International Missions: Participates in United Nations OCHA‑coordinated
rescue and relief operations, demonstrating India’s goodwill and expertise.

NDRF’s professionalism, rapid readiness and multi‑disciplinary skills make it the

cornerstone of India’s national disaster response architecture.