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Normalization_Assi3 Database

The document discusses the process of normalization in database management systems, emphasizing its importance in reducing redundancy and enhancing data integrity. It outlines the steps to achieve various normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF) using a library database example, detailing the decomposition of relations and functional dependencies. The conclusion highlights the benefits of normalization, such as improved maintenance and data integrity, while also noting potential drawbacks like increased query complexity.

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6 views3 pages

Normalization_Assi3 Database

The document discusses the process of normalization in database management systems, emphasizing its importance in reducing redundancy and enhancing data integrity. It outlines the steps to achieve various normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF) using a library database example, detailing the decomposition of relations and functional dependencies. The conclusion highlights the benefits of normalization, such as improved maintenance and data integrity, while also noting potential drawbacks like increased query complexity.

Uploaded by

Steve
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Stephen Ojata

Student ID C110146209
Department Of Computer Science
University of the People
2024/2025 Academic Session
CS 2203-01 Databases 1 - AY2025-T2
Programming Assignment Unit 3

Normalization in Database Management Systems

Introduction
Normalization is a critical process in the context of database management systems
(DBMS). It involves organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve
data integrity. The primary goal of normalization is to create a set of relations that
minimize redundancy and dependency by dividing larger tables into smaller, more
manageable ones. This process helps to ensure the database is efficient, consistent, and
free from anomalies such as insertion, deletion, and update anomalies.

Part A: Definition and Importance of Normalization


Normalization is the process of structuring a database in accordance with a series of
normal forms to reduce data redundancy and enhance data integrity. It ensures that data is
stored logically, making it easier to maintain and query.

Normalization is essential for several reasons:


1. It reduces data redundancy, minimizing storage requirements.
2. It ensures data consistency and integrity.
3. It simplifies database maintenance and improves query performance.

Part B: Normalization of the Library Database


Given the unnormalized relation:
Books (Book_ID, Title, Author, Genre, Publisher, Publication_Year, ISBN, Price)

First Normal Form (1NF)

To achieve 1NF, we ensure that each column contains atomic values, and each record is
unique. Assume that a book can have multiple authors and genres. We decompose the
relation as follows:
Books_1NF(Book_ID, Title, Author, Genre, Publisher, Publication_Year, ISBN, Price)

Second Normal Form (2NF)

To achieve 2NF, we remove partial dependencies by ensuring that all non-prime


attributes are fully functionally dependent on the primary key. The decomposition yields:
Books_2NF(Book_ID, Title, Publisher, Publication_Year, ISBN, Price)
Authors(Book_ID, Author)
Genres(Book_ID, Genre)

Third Normal Form (3NF)

To achieve 3NF, we remove transitive dependencies. For example, if Publisher depends


on ISBN, we decompose further:
Books_3NF(Book_ID, Title, ISBN, Price)
Publication(ISBN, Publisher, Publication_Year)
Authors(Book_ID, Author)
Genres(Book_ID, Genre)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)


BCNF ensures that for every functional dependency X → Y, X is a superkey. Assuming
no additional dependencies violate BCNF, the relations remain as above.

Part C: Functional Dependencies and Their Resolution


Functional dependencies in the original relation include:
1. Book_ID → Title, Publisher, Publication_Year, ISBN, Price
2. ISBN → Publisher, Publication_Year
3. Book_ID → Author
4. Book_ID → Genre
These dependencies are resolved through decomposition in each normalization step.

Part D: Advantages and Drawbacks of Higher Normal Forms


Higher normal forms like 3NF and BCNF offer significant advantages, including reduced
data redundancy, improved data integrity, and easier maintenance. However, these
benefits come with potential drawbacks, such as increased complexity in querying due to
the need for joins, which can impact performance in some cases.

Conclusion
Normalization is a vital process in database design. By progressing through various
normal forms, we can create a database that is both efficient and reliable. While
achieving higher normal forms may introduce complexity, the benefits in terms of data
integrity and maintenance often outweigh the costs.
References
Vidhya, V., Jeyaram, G., & Ishwarya, K. (2016). Database management systems. Alpha
Science International.

Peterson, R. (2023, December 9). Functional dependency in DBMS: What is, types and
examples. Guru99. https://www.guru99.com/dbms-functional-dependency.html

Peterson, R. (2023, December 26). What is normalization in DBMS (SQL)? 1NF, 2NF,
3NF example. Guru99. https://www.guru99.com/database-normalization.html

CBT Nuggets. (2021, August 15). How to normalize a database table [Video]. YouTube.

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