Basic Electronics

INTRODUCTION
 Electronic components are the basic building blocks of
an electronic circuit.
 Electronic components are very small, cheep and have
two or more terminals.
 When a group of electronic components is connected
together in an printed circuit board (PCB), a useful
electronic circuit is formed.
 Electronic components are classified as
 1. Passive Components
 2. Active Components
Resistors
 Resistors are electronic components used to oppose the flow of current.
 Resistance is the property of material which opposes the flow of current
through it.
 Unit of resistance is ohm (Ω).

Symbol of resistor
 Resistor = Speed Breaker

The resistor slows down the flow of electrons.

 Power rating – The power rating indicates how much
power the resistor can safely tolerate. Unit is watts.

 Tolerance – It is the allowed variation of resistance value

from its normal value. A 100Ω resistor with 10% tolerance
, means that its value can be any fixed value between
90 to 110Ω
Resistors in series

 The total resistance of the resistors are

 Rt =R1 + R2 +R3
Resistors in parallel
Calculate the resistance of these
circuits
Answers
Another question
1)Calculate the total
resistance of the circuit
2)The battery current
3)The power supplied
from the battery
4) The power supplied to
the 9 ohm resistor

P = I2R
V = IR
P = IV
P = V2 /R
Answer
CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE

 Capacitor
 Capacitor is a device used to store electric charge and electrical energy.
 It consists of two conducting objects (usually plates or sheets) separated
by some distance.
 Capacitors are widely used in many electronic circuits and have
applications in many areas of science and technology.
 A simple capacitor consists of two parallel metal plates separated by a
small distance
Parallel plate capacitor
Capacitor connected with a battery
Symbolic representation of capacitor
When a capacitor is connected to a battery of
potential difference V, the electrons are
transferred from one plate to the other plate by
battery so that one plate becomes negatively
charged with a charge of –Q and the other
plate positively charged with +Q.
The potential difference between the plates is
equivalent to the battery’s terminal voltage.
If the battery voltage is increased, the amount
of charges stored in the plates also increase
 In general, the charge stored in the capacitor is proportional to the
potential difference between the plates Q ∝ V so that Q = CV where the
C is the proportionality constant called capacitance.
 The capacitance C of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the
magnitude of charge on either of the conductor plates to the potential
difference existing between the conductors.
 C=Q/V
 The SI unit of capacitance is coulomb per volt or farad (F) in honor of
Michael Faraday.
 Farad is a very large unit of capacitance.
 In practice, capacitors are available in the range of microfarad (1μF =
10-6 F) to picofarad (1pf = 10-12 F).
 A capacitor is represented by the symbol
 Note that the total charge stored in the capacitor is zero (Q - Q = 0).
 When we say the capacitor stores charges, it means the amount of charge
that can be stored in any one of the plates.
 Nowadays there are capacitors available in various shapes (cylindrical,
disk) and types (tantalum, ceramic and electrolytic), These capacitors are
extensively used in various kinds of electronic circuits.
 Series and Parallel Capacitors
 When capacitors are connected in series, the total capacitance is less than
any one of the series capacitors’ individual capacitances.
 If two or more capacitors are connected in series, the overall effect is that of
a single (equivalent) capacitor having the sum total of the plate spacings of
the individual capacitors.
 As we’ve just seen, an increase in plate spacing, with all other factors
unchanged, results in decreased capacitance.
 Thus, the total capacitance is less than any one of the
individual capacitors’ capacitances. The formula for
calculating the series total capacitance is the same
form as for calculating parallel resistances:
 When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total capacitance is the
sum of the individual capacitors’ capacitances.
 If two or more capacitors are connected in parallel, the overall effect is
that of a single equivalent capacitor having the sum total of the plate
areas of the individual capacitors.
 As we’ve just seen, an increase in plate area, with all other factors
unchanged, results in increased capacitance.
 Thus, the total capacitance is more than any one of the
individual capacitors’ capacitances. The formula for
calculating the parallel total capacitance is the same
form as for calculating series resistances:
 Inductor and Inductance
 An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-
terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic
field when electric current flows through it.
 An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a
core.
 An inductor is characterized by its inductance, which is the ratio of the
voltage to the rate of change of current.
 In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of inductance is the henry (H)
named for 19th century American scientist Joseph Henry.
 Inductor in Series Circuit

 The current, ( I ) that flows through the first inductor, L1 has no other way to
go but pass through the second inductor and the third and so on. Then,
series inductors have a Common Current flowing through them,
for example:
IL1 = IL2 = IL3 = IAB …etc.
 Inductors in Series Equation
Ltotal = L1 + L2 + L3 + ….. + Ln etc.
 Inductors in Series Example No1

 Three inductors of 10mH, 40mH and 50mH are connected together in a series
combination with no mutual inductance between them. Calculate the total
inductance of the series combination.
Inductors in Parallel Circuit
Use of Basic Electronics In Civil
Engineering
 Basic electronics can be used in various aspects of civil
engineering, including the design and implementation of
building automation systems, sensing and monitoring
systems for structural health monitoring, and
instrumentation and control systems for civil
infrastructure. Some examples of the use of basic
electronics in civil engineering are:
1. Building Automation Systems:

Basic electronics components such as sensors,

controllers, and actuators are used in building
automation systems to control and monitor
HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning), lighting, security, and other
building systems.
These systems improve energy efficiency and
occupant comfort, and they are widely used in
modern buildings.
2. Structural Health Monitoring:

 Civil engineers use electronic sensors to monitor the

structural health of buildings, bridges, and other civil
infrastructure.
 These sensors can detect changes in strain, deformation,
temperature, and other parameters that can indicate
potential damage or failure.
 By continuously monitoring these structures, engineers
can identify potential problems and take corrective
action before they become catastrophic.
 3. Instrumentation and Control Systems:
Instrumentation and control systems are used in civil
engineering to control and monitor a wide range of
equipment, including pumps, motors, valves, and
other devices.
These systems use electronic sensors, controllers, and
actuators to regulate the flow of fluids, control
temperature, and perform other tasks necessary for
the efficient operation of civil infrastructure.
In summary, basic electronics
can be used in civil engineering
to improve the safety, efficiency,
and sustainability of buildings,
bridges, and other civil
infrastructure.