Mesh Analysis

Problem 1

Using mesh analysis, find the transfer function ( VV 21 )for the network shown in the figure.

Solution

Given:

R1=10 Ω

R2=1 Ω

Inductor 1= j 2 Ω

Inductor 2= j5 Ω

( 10+ j2 ) I 1 − j 2 ( I 2 )=V 1 … (1)

(− j ) I 1+ ( 1+ j7 ) I 2=0 … (2)

V 2=( j 5)I 2 … (3)

Solving for I 2

I 2=
|
10+ j 2 V 1
−j2 0 |
|10+ j2
− j2
−j2
1+ j7 |
( j 2)V 1
I 2=
10+ j 70+ j 2−14 +4
( j 2)V 1
I 2=
+ j72

( j2)V 1
∴ V 2=( j .5)
j72
−10 V 1
V 2=
j 72
¿−0.138 ∠ 90 ° V 1

V2
∴ =0.138 ∠ 90 ° (i . e . ,the required transfer function)
V1
Problem 2

Find the current through Z Lusing mesh analysis for the network shown in the figure.

Solution

Given

( 10+ j2.5 ) I 1−10 I 2=−10∠ 0° … (1)

( 20+ j5 ) I 3−20 I 2=10∠ 0° … (2)

−10 I 1−20 I 3 + I 2 ( 33+ j 4 )=0 … (3)

( 10+ j 2.5 ) 10∠ 0° × (−20 )−(−10 ∠ 0 ° ) 10 ( 20+ j5 )

¿
∆Z
−2000− j500+2000+ j 500
¿
∆Z
0
¿
∆Z

¿0

Thus, it is seen that no current would flow through Z L, since I 2is found to be zero and at the start of
the solution, I 2 had been the current flowing through Z L.
Problem 3-

Using mesh current analysis, find the drop in the capacitor for the network shown in the figure.

Solution

Given

( 2+3+ j5 ) I 1−(3+ j 5) I 2=V 1

Or ( 5+ j5 ) I 1−( 3+ j 5 ) I 2 =V 1=20 ∠ 30 ° V … (1)

( 3 - j8+ 3+5 ) I 2−(3+ j5)I 1=10 ∠ 45°

Or ( 6 - j3 ) I 2−(3+ j 5)I 1=10 ∠ 45 ° … (2)

70.7 ∠ 90 °+116.6∠ 89°
47.44 ∠ 18.44 °−33.99 ∠ 118 °
j 70.7+2.03+ j116.58
¿
45+ j 15+15.96− j 30
2.03+ j 187.28
¿
60.96− j15
187.29 ∠89.38 °
¿
62.78∠−13.81 °

¿ 2.98 ∠ 103.29 ° A

∴ Drop∈the capacitor

¿ I 2 (− j8 )

¿ 23.84 ∠13.19 ° V
Problem 4

What is the value of V 2such that the current in (2+ j3)Ω impedance is zero?

Solution

Given

Mesh ABGH

5 I 1 + j5 I 1− j 5 I 2=30 ∠ 0 °

Or I 1 ( 5+ j5 )− j 5 I 2=30 ∠ 0 ° … (1)
Mesh BCFG

( 2+ j3+6+ j 5 ) I 2− j5 I 1−6 I 3=0

Or ( 8+ j 8 ) I 2− j5 I 1−6 I 3 =0 … (2)
Mesh CDEF

( 4 +6 ) I 3−6 I 2=−V 2

Or 10 I 3 −6 I 2 =−V 2 … (3)

| |
(5+ j5) 30 ∠ 0 ° 0
−j5 0 −6
0 −V 2 10
I 2=
∆Z
(5+ j 5 ) ( −6 V 2 )−30 ∠ 0 ° (− j5 ×10)
I 2=
∆Z

But I 2 being the current through (2+ j3)Ω , as per the question, I 2=0. i.e.

¿ ( 5+ j5 ) (−6 V 2 ) −30 ∠ 0 ° (− j5 ×10 )=0

 ¿−V 2 ( 5+ j5 )

¿ 5 ∠ 0 ° ×(− j50)

¿ j 250

j250
∴ V 2=
5+ j 5

¿ 35.36 ∠45 ° V

Problem 5

Find the current in the 8 Ω resistor in the circuit shown in the figure.

Solution

Given

Mesh ABEFA

−10(i 1 )+ 15 – 5 i1 – 15 – 8(i 1 – i2 )−5 i 1=0

−10 i 1 – 5 i 1 – 8 i 1+ 8i 2 – 5 i 1=0

−28 i 1+ 8i 2=0

−28 i1 i 1=−8 i 2

i1
i 2=28
8
¿ 3.5 i 1

Mesh BCDEB

−10 i 2+ 25−10 i 2 – 8(i 2 – i 1)+15=0

−10 i 2+ 25 – 10 i2 – 8 i 2 +8 i 1+15=0

−28 i 2+ 8i 1 + 40=0

40=28 i 2 – 8 i1 … … … ..(2)

¿ i2∈equ (2)

40=28(3.5i 1 )−8 i 1
 40=98 i 1−8 i 1

40=90 i 1

40
i 1=
90

¿ 0.44 A

i 2=3.5(0.44)

¿ 1.54 A

current through 8 Ωresistor =i 2−i 1

¿ 1.54−0.44

¿ 1.1 A
Problem 6

Determine the values of I 1and I 2 in a figure using mesh analysis.

Solution

Given

60 ∠0 °× I 1 −( j3)[ I ¿ ¿ 1−I 2 ]=9 ∠0 ° ¿ … (1)

−V x −2V x +3 ∠ 0 ° I 2=0

Or −3 V x +3 I 2=0

Or −V x + I 2=0 … (2)

V x =(− j3)(I 1−I 2) … (3)

Using (3) in (2)

j 3 ( I 1−I 2 ) + I 2=0

j 3 I 1 +(1− j3)I 2=0 … (4)

Simplification of (1) yields

(2− j)I 1+ j I 2=3 … (5)

Equations (4) and (5) can be arranged in matrix form as

[ 2−j3 j 1−3 I 1
j I2 ][ ] [ ]
=
0
3
 −3+ j 9
¿
−3−2+ j6+ j+3
−3+ j 9 9.487 ∠ 108.43 °
=
−2+ j 7 7.28 ∠ 106 °

1.30 ∠ 2.43 °
And,

I =
|2
j3
2
0
− j3
=
| j9
−2+ j 7 7.28 ∠ 106 °
1.24 ∠−16 ° A

Problem 7

Obtain the output voltage V o across x-y using mesh analysis in the network of the figure.

Solution

Given

2 I 1 + ( I 1−I 2 )=60 ∠ 30 °−2 I o

Or 4 I 1− j1 I 2+ j1 I 2=6 ∠ 30 ° … (1)

−I 1 (− j1 ) + I 2 ( 4+ j2 ) −2 I o + I 2 (− j 1)=0

Or I 1 (−2+ j1 ) + I 2 ( 4+ j1 ) =0 … (2)
These two equations can be configured in matrix form as

60 ∠ 30 ° (2− j1)
¿
( 4− j 1 ) ( 4+ j 1 )−( j1)(−2+ j1)
60∠ 30° ×2.24 ∠−26.565 °
¿
16+1+ j2+1
13.44 ∠ 3.435 °
¿
18+ j 2
13.44 ∠ 3.435 °
¿ =0.742∠−2.91 °
18.11∠ 6.34 °
 ∴ V 0=4 I 2=2.96 ∠−2.91° V

Problem 8

Using mesh current analysis, find V2 such that the source current of V2 is zero.

Solution

Given

( 5+ j5 ) I 1−5 I 2=50 ∠ 0 ° … (1)

−5 I 1+ [ ( j2 ± j 4 )+ 5 ] I 2−(− j 4 ) I 3=0

−5 I 1+ ( 5− j 2 ) I 2 + j 4 I 3=0 … (2)

−(− j 4 ) I 2 + [ (− j 4 ) +1 ] I 3=−V 2

j 4 I 2 + ( 1− j 4 ) I 3=−V 2 … (3)

−( 5+ j5 ) ( 5− j 2 ) V 2 +25 V 2− j1000
¿
[ ( 5+ j 5 ) (−3− j22+16 )+5 (−5+ j200)]
V 2 (−10− j 15 )− j1000
¿
175− j 45+ j100−25
 −V 2 (−10+ j15 )− j 1000
¿
150+ j55

But as per the question, the current through V 2 or coming out from V 2 must be zero

∴ I 3 =0

−V 2 (−10+ j15 )− j1000

=0
150+ j55
V 2 (−10+ j 15 )=− j1000

− j 1000 −1000 ∠ 90 °
∴ V 2= =
(10+ j15) 18.03∠ 56.31 °

¿−55.46 ∠ 33.69° V

V 2=−55.46 ∠ 33.69 ° V

Problem 9

For the circuit shown in the figure, find V1 using the mesh analysis technique.

Converting the dependent current source with parallel resistance 6 Ω to dependent voltage source so we
have to redraw the circuit.

Solution

Given

−12 i1 −2(i 1−i 2)+100=0

−12 i1 −2i 1 +2i 2 +100=0

100=14 i 1−2i 2 … (1)

−10 i 2 – 6 i2 −3V 1−2(i 2 – i1 )=0

−16 i 2−3 V 1 – 2i 2 +2 i 1=0

−3 V 1=– 2i 1 +18 i2 … (2)

But

V 1=2(i ¿ ¿ 1−i2 )¿

equ (2) becomes

3¿

−3(2 i 1−2 i 2)=−2 i 1+ 18i 2

−6 i 1+ 6 i 2=−2i 1 +18 i 2

0=4 i 1 +12 i2 … (3)

Solving equ (1) & (3)

i 1=6.82 A ,i 2=−2.27 A

V 1=2 ¿

¿ 18.18 V

Problem 10

Determine the voltage across the 3 Ω resistors in the network shown in

Let the currents in the various meshes of the network be i1, i2, i3, and i4.

mesh AHGBA

−3(i 1 – i 4 ) – 20(i 1 – i 2)=0

−3 i 1+3 i 4 – 20i 1 +20 i 2=0

−23 i 1+ 20i 2 +3 i 4=0

mesh GFCBG

−3(i 2 – i 4 ) – 20(i 2 – i 3) – 20 (i 2 – i 1 )=0

−3 i 2+ 3i 4 – 20i 2 +20 i 3 – 20 i2 +20 i 1=0

20 i 1−43 i 2 +20 i3 +3 i 4 =0

mesh FEDCF

−3(i 3 – i 4 )– 20(i 3 )– 20(i 3 – i 2)=0

−3 i 3+ 3i 4 – 20i 3 – 20 i 3 +20 i 2=0

20 i 2−43 i 3 +3 i 4=0

mesh ABCDJIA.

−3(i 4 – i1 )– 3(i 4 – i 2 )– 3(i 4 – i 3 )+ 50=0

−3 i 4 +3 i 1 – 3i 4 + 3i 2 – 3 i 4 +3 i 3+50=0

3 i 1−3 i2 +3 i 3 – 9 i 4=– 50

Subtracting equ (1) from equ (3)

20 i 2−43 i 3 +3 i 4=0 →(3)

−23 i 1+ 20i 2 +3 i 4=0

23 i 1 – 43 i 3=0 … … … .(5)

23 i 1=43 i 3

i 1=1.87 i 3 … … … … . ( 6 )

Substracting equ (2) from equ (3)

20 i 2−43 i 3 +3 i 4=0 →(3)

−20 i 1+ 43 i 2 – 20i 3 – 3 i 4=0→( 2)

– 20i 1 +63 i 2 – 63i 3=0 … … … .(7)

Sub equ (6) in equ (7)

−20(1.87 i 3 )+63 i2 – 63 i 3=0

−37.4 i 3 +63 i 2 – 63i 3=0

−100.4 i 3 +63 i 2=0

63 i 2=100.4 i 3

100.4
i 2= i
63 3

i 2=1.6 i 3 … … …..(8)

Substituting equ (6) & (8) in equ (1)

−23 i 1+ 20i 2 +3 i 4=0

−23(1.87 i 3 )+20(1.6 i 3)+3 i 4 =0

−43.01i 3 +32i 3 +3 i 4=0

 −11.01i 3 +3 i 4=0

3 i 4=11.01 i 3

11.01
I 4= i
3 3

I 4=3.67 i 3 … … … ..(9)

Substituting the values of i1, i2 and i4 into equ (4)

3 i 1+3 i 2 +3 i3 – 9i 4 =−50

3(1.87 i 3 )+ 3(1.6 i 3)+3 i 3−9 (3.67 i3 )=−50

5.61 i3 + 4.8 i3 +3 i 3−33.03 i 3=−50

−19.62 i3 =−50

i 3=2.55 A

i 1=1.87(2.55)

¿ 4.76 A

i 2=1.6(2.55)

¿ 4.08 A

i 4 =3.67(2.55)

¿ 9.35 A
Voltage across branch AB

V 1=3 ×(i 4 −i1 )

¿ 3 ×(9.35−4.76)

¿ 13.77 V
Voltage across branch BC

V 2=3 ×(i 4 −i2 )

¿ 3 ×(9.35−4.08)

¿ 15.81 V
Voltage across branch CD

V 3=3 ×(i 4 −i3 )

¿ 3 ×(9.35−2.55)

¿ 20.4 V
Problem 11

Find the drop across the 2Ω resistor in the figure network using mesh analysis.

Solution

Given

Application of KVL at the right-hand loop yields

 ( J 1 ) I 2 + ( 2− j2 ) I 2−2∠ 30 ( 2− j 2 )=−8 ∠ 45°

2∠ 30 ( 2− j2 )−8 ∠ 45 °
I 2=
( 2− j 1 )

¿ 3.18 ∠−65° A
However, since the drop across 2Ω resistor is 2(I1 – I2) hence we find Vdrop(2Ω) = 2(I1 –I2)

¿2¿

2 ( 0.38+ j3.88 ) =( 0.76+ j7.76 ) V

¿ 7.80 ∠ 84.41 °

Problem 12

Find the current coming out from a 150∠120˚ volts source in the figure by mesh current analysis.

Solution
Given

loop-1

10 ∠ 45 ° ( I 1 ) −10 ∠ 45 ° ( I 3 ) =150 ∠ 120°

loop-2

10 ∠ 45 ° ( I 2) −10 ∠ 45 ° ( I 3 ) =150 ∠ 0 °

loop-3

10 ∠ 45 ° (−I 1) + 10∠ 45 ° (−I 2 ) +30 ∠ 45 ° ( I 3 )=0

The determinant of Z of the above equation is given by

¿ 10 ∠ 45 ° [ 300 ∠ 90 ° −101∠ 90 ° ]−10 ∠ 45° ×100 ∠ 90 °

¿ 3000 ∠ 135 °−1000 ∠ 135 °−1000 ∠ 135°

¿ 1000 ∠ 135 °

The current coming out of a 150 ∠120˚ V source

45000 ∠ 210 °−15000 ∠210 °+ 15000∠ 90 °

¿
1000 ∠ 135°

¿ 45 ∠ 75 °−15 ∠ 75 ° +15 ∠−45 °

¿ 11.65+ j 43.47−3.88− j14.49+10.6− j10.6

¿ 18.37+ j18.38=25.99 ∠ 45 ° A

Problem 13

Solve the mesh and branch currents shown in figure

Solution

Given
mesh ABCA

−30 i 1−10(i 1−i 2)+120=0

−30 i 1 – 10i 1 +10 i 2+120=0

−40i 1 +10 i 2+120=0

12 0=40 i1 – 10 i 2 … … … …(1)

Mesh BDCB

−50 i 2−60−10 (i 2 – i1 )=0

−50 i 2−10 i2 +10 i 1−60=0

−60 i 2+ 10i 1−60=0

−60=−10 i1 +60 i 2 … … … … ..(2)

Multiplying equ (2) by 4 and adding equation (2) into equ (1)

120=40 i 1−10 i2

−240=−40 i 1+ 240 i2

−120=230i 2

−120
i 2= =−0.521 A
230
The i, value is substituted in equ (1)

40 i 1−10 (−0.521)=120

40 i 1 +5.21=120

40 i 1=114.79

114.79
i 1= =2869 A
40

The mesh currents i 1=2869 A

i 2=0.521 A

Current in branch CAB is

i 1=2.869 A

Current in branch CDB is

i 2=0.521 A

Current in branch BC is ¿ i 1+ i2
 ¿ 2. 8 69+0.521

¿ 3.39 A

Problem 14

Determine the power dissipation in the 4 Ω resistor of the circuit shown in figure.

Mark the current direction in this network

Solution

Given

For mesh ABGHA

−5 i 1−3(i 1 – i 2 i2)+60=0

−5 i 1−3 i1 +3 i 2+ 60=0

60=8 i1 – 3 i 2 … … … …(1)

For mesh BCFGB

−2 i 2−4 (i 2 – i3 )– 3(i 2 – i 1)=0

−2 i 2 – 4 i 2+ 4 i 3 – 3 i 2+ 3i 1=0

– 3 i 1 +9 i 2 – 4 i 3=0 … … … … .(2)

For mesh CDEFC

−6 i 3−20−4 (i 3 – i 2)=0

−6 i 3−20 – 4 i 3 +4 i 2=0

−20=−4 i 2 +10 i 3 … … … …(3)

Using the above three equations

[ ][ ] [ ]
8 −3 0 I 1 60
−3 9 −4 I 2 = 0
0 −4 10 I 3 −20

[ ]
8 −3 0
∆= −3 9 −4
0 −4 10

¿ 8 ( 90−16 ) +3 (−30 )

¿ 592−90=502

[ ]
8 60 0
∆= −3 0 −4
0 −20 10

¿ 8 (−80 )+ 60 (−30 )

¿−640+1800=1160

[ ]
8 −3 60
∆= −3 9 0
0 −4 −20
 ¿ 8 (−1 80 ) +3 ( 60 ) +60 ( 12 )

¿−14 40+ 180+720=−540

∆2 1160
I 2= = =2.31 A
∆ 502
∆3 −540
I 3= = =−1.07 A
∆ 502
Power dissipated in 4Ω resistor = (i2 - i3)2 × 4
2
[2.31−(−1.07)] × 4

¿ 45.69 W

Problem 15

For the circuit shown in fig. Find the current flowing through the 10 Ω resistor.
Solution

Given

For loop: 1

−10 i 1−2(i 1−i 2)−2(i 1−i3 )+40=0

−10 i 1 – 2i 1 +2i 2 – 2 i 1+2 i 3+ 40=0

−14 i 1 +2i 2 +2 i 3+ 40=0

40=14 i 1 – 2 i2 – 2 i 3 … … … …(1)

For loop: 2

−2 i 2−12(i 2−i 3)−2 (i2 −i1 )=0

−2 i 2 – 12 i 2+ 12i 3 – 2 i2 +2 i 1=0

−16 i 2+ 12i 3 +2 i1

0=−2 i1 +16 i 2−12 i3 … … … … (2)

For loop : 3

−2 i 3−12(i 3 – i2 )−2(i 3−i 1 )=0

−2 i 3 – 12 i 3 +12i 2 – 2 i3 +2 i 1=0

−16 i 3+ 12i 2 +2 i1=0

0=−2 i1 – 12 i 2+16 i 3 … … … …(3)

By solving the above three equations

i 1=3.33 A , i2=1.67 , A ,i 3=1.67 A

The current flowing through the 10Ω resistor is 3.33

Nodal Analysis
Problem 1

Determine the real power output of the source in the circuit shown in the figure, by nodal analysis and verify
the results by using loop analysis.

Solution

Given

( 13 + − 1j10 + 2+1j 5 ) V =10 ∠ 0 °

1

⇒ ( 31 + 10j + 2−29j 5 ) V =10 ∠ 0 °

1

⇒ ( 0.402− j 0.072 ) V 1=10 ∠ 0 °

⇒ ( 0.41 ∠−10.2 ) V 1=10∠ 0°

10∠ 0°
⇒ V 1=
0.41 ∠−10.2

¿ 24.4 ∠−10.2 ° V

∴ Real power output of the source = V 1 I cos ⁡(10.2)

¿ 24.4 × 10× cos 10.2=240 W

Loop Current Method:

I 1=10 A … … .(i)

Applying KVL to loop 2, we get

−( I 2−I 3 ) (− j10 )+ ( I 1 −I 2 ) 3=0

−( I 2−I 3 ) ( j10 )+ 3 I 2=3 I 1=30

( 3− j 10 ) I 2 + j 10 I 3=30

Applying KVL to loop 3, we get

( 2+ j5 ) I 3 + ( I 2−I 3 ) ( j 10 )=0
 j 10 I 2 + ( 2− j 5 ) I 3=0

− j10 I 2
∴ I3 =
(2− j5)

Substituting the value of I 3 in loop 2, we get

( 3− j 10 ) I 2 + j 10 [ (2− j5) ]
− j10 I 2
=30

[
⇒ ( 3− j10 ) +
100
]
I =30
2− j5 2

⇒ [ ( 3− j 10 ) +6.9+ j17.24 ] I 2=30

⇒ 12.27 ∠ 36 ° I 2 =30

30
I 2= =2.45 ∠−36 °
12.27 ∠ 36 °
Current through 3Ω

I 1−I 2

¿ 10−2.45∠−36 °

¿ 10−(1.98− j 1.46)

¿ 8.02+ j1.46

=8.15 ∠ 10.36 ° A

∴ Voltage across 3Ω

¿ 3 ×8.15 ∠ 10.3 °V

¿ 24.45 ∠10.3 ° V
Power from the source

¿ 24.45 ×10 cos 10.3 °

¿ 240.6 W
Problem 2

In the network shown in the figure, find the node voltages V1 and V2. Find also the current supplied by the
source.

Solution

Given

By inspection

| |[ ] [
1 1 1 −1
+ +
5− j2 3 j 5
−1 −1 1
j5
+ +
1
V1
V2
=
1.86 ∠ 51.8 °
0 ]
j5 j5 5 2− j 2

| |[ ] [
5+ j 2 1 − j −1
+ +
29
−j
3 5 j5 V1
− j 1 2+ j 2 V 2
+ +
=
1.86 ∠ 51.8 °
0 ]
5 5 5 8

⇒ |0.51−j0.2j 0.13 0.45+j 0.2j0.05|[VV ]=[1.86 ∠051.8 ° ]

1

∆=|
0.45+ j 0.05|
0.51− j 0.13 j0.2
j0.2

¿ ( 0.51− j 0.13 ) ( 0.45+ j 0.005 )−( j0.2)( j 0.2)

¿ 0.236− j 0.033+0.04

¿ 0.276− j 0.033=0.278 ∠−6.82 °

∆ 1= |1.86 ∠0 51.8 j 0.2

0.45+ j 0.05 |
¿ ( 1.86 ∠ 51.8 ) ( 0.45+ j0.05 )

¿ ( 1.86 ∠ 51.8 ) 4.53 ∠ 6.3 °=0.843 ∠ 58.1 °

 ∆ 2= |0.51−j 0.2j 0.13 |
1.86 ∠ 51.8
0

¿(− j 0.2)1.86 ∠ 51.8 °

¿ 0.2 ∠−90 ° ×1.86 ∠ 51.8 °

¿ 0.372 ∠−38.2°

∆1 0.843 ∠ 58.1°
∴ V 1= =
∆ 0.278 ∠−6.82°
¿ 3.03 ∠ 64.9 °V

∆2 0.372 ∠−38.2
∴ V 2= =
∆ 0.278 ∠−6.82°
¿ 1.34 ∠−31.38 °V
From the given fig., the current supplied by the source

10∠ 30 °−V 1 10 ∠ 30 °−3.03 ∠ 64.9 °

¿ =
5− j 2 5− j 2
( 8.66− j5 )−(1.3 + j 2.75)
¿
5.39 ∠−21.8 °
736− j7.75 10.69 ∠−43.5 °
¿ =
5.39∠−21.8 ° 5.39∠−21.8 °

¿ 1.98 ∠−21.7 ° A
Problem 3

Using nodal analysis, find the current through the 4-ohm resistor in the circuit shown in the figure.

Solution

Given

By inspection

| |[ ] [
1 1 1 −1
+ +
5 j2 4
−1 1
+
4
1 1
V1
+ V2
= 5 ∠0 °
25 ∠90 ° ]
4 4 − j2.5 2

⇒ |0.45− j0.5
−0.25
−0.25
|[
0.75+ j0.4 V
V
] =[
25 ∠ 90 ° ]
1

2
5∠0°

∆=|
0.75+ j0.4|
0.45− j0.5 −0.25
−0.25

¿ ( 0.45− j 0.5 ) ( 0.75+ j 0.4 )−(0.0625)

¿ 0.5375− j 0.195+0.0625

¿ 0.475− j 0.195=0.513∠−22.3 °

∆ 1=|255 ∠∠ 090° ° −0.25

0.75+ j 0.4|
¿ 3.75+ j2+ j6.25=3.75+ j 8.25

¿ 9.06 ∠ 65.5 °

∆ 2= |0.45− j 0.5
−0.25
5∠ 0°
25∠ 90 ° |
¿ 25 ∠ 90 ° ( 0.45− j0.5 )+ 5∠ 0 ° (0.25)
 ¿ j 11.25+12.5+ 1.25=13.75+ j11.25

17.77 ∠−39.3 °

∆1 9.06 ∠ 65.5 °
∴ V 1= =
∆ 0.513 ∠−22.3 °
¿(0.677+ j17.6)V

¿ 17.66 ∠87.8 ° V

∆2 17.66 ∠ 87.8 °
∴ V 2= =
∆ 0.513 ∠−22.3°
¿ 34.64 ∠−61.6 ° V

∴ Voltage across 4Ω
V 2−V 1

¿ ( 16.47+ j30.47 )−( 0.677+ j17.6 )

¿(15.793+ j 12.867)

¿ 20.37 ∠39.17 ° V

∴ Current through 4Ω
20.37 ∠ 39.17 °V
¿
4

¿ 5.0925 ∠ 39.17 ° A
Problem 4

V1
Given the nodes 1 and 2 in the network of a figure, find the ratio of node voltage
V2

Solution

Given

| |[ ] [
1 1 1 −1
+ +
5 4 j2
−1
4
1 1 1 V2
+ +
V1
=
0.2 V g
0 ]
4 4 10 j5

⇒ |0.45− j0.5
−0.25
−0.25
|[ ] [
V1
0.35− j 0.2 V 2
=
0.2V g
0 ]
∆1 ∆2 V 1 ∆1
V 1= ,V 2= , ∴ =
∆ ∆ V 2 ∆2
 ∆ 1= |0.2 V g
0
−0.25
0.35− j 0.2 |
¿ 0.2 V g (0.35− j0.2)

∆ 2= |0.45− j 0.5 0.2V g

−0.25 0 |
¿ 0.2 V g (+ 0.25)

¿ 0.05 V g

∆1 0.2V g (0.35− j 0.2)

∴ V 1= =
∆ 0.05V g

(0.35− j 0.2)
¿
0.25
0.403 ∠−30 °
¿
0.25

¿ 1.612 ∠−30 °
Problem 5

Determine the node voltages for the network shown in fig.

Solution

Given

Apply KCL at node (1)

V 1 V 1−V 2
+ =4
2 12
0.5 V 1 +0.083 V 1−0.083 V 2=4

0.583 V 1−0.083 V 2 =4 … … … … .(1)

At node (2)

V 2 V 2−V 1
+ =0
6 12+2
0.167 V 2 +0.083 V 2−0.083V 1 =−2

−0.083 V 1 +0.25 V 2=−2

By solving the above two equations

V 1=6 V , V 2=−6 V
Problem 6

Find V1 and V2 in the circuit given below using nodal analysis.

Solution

Given

Convert the voltage source into a current source

| |[ ] [
1 1 1 −1
+ +
4 2 5
−1
5 V 1 = 12.5
1 1 V 2 −10
+
]
5 5 2

|−0.2
0.95
|[ ] [ ]
−0.2 V 1
=
12.5
0.7 V 2 −10

By solving the above matrix

V 1=10.8 V , V 2=−11.2V
Problem 7

Using nodal analysis, determine the current in the 20 Ω resistor.

Solution

Given

10
I 1= =1 A
10
20
I 2= =2 A
20
Apply KCL to node 1

V1 V1 V1
1+2= + +
10 20 10

3=V 1 ( 101 + 201 + 101 )

3=0.25 V 1
 3
V 1= =12 V
0.25

The current through 20Ω resistor is I 20

V 1 12
I 20= = =0.6 A
20 20

Problem 8

Write the node voltage equations and determine the currents in each branch for the network shown in fig

Solution

Given

To assign voltage at each node

Applying Kirchhoff’s current law at node 1

5=i10 +i 3

V 1 V 1−V 2
5= +
10 3
V1 V1 V2
5= + −
10 3 3

5=V 1 ( 101 + 13 )−V ( 13 )

2

At node 2

0=i 3+i 5 +i 1
 V 2 −V 1 V 2 V 2−10
0= + +
3 5 1
V2 V1 V2
0= − + +V 2−10
3 3 5

10=V 1 ( 13 )+V ( 13 + 15 + 1)
2

Solving equ (1) and (2)

equ (1)⇒5=V 1 (0.43)−V 2 (0.33)

equ (2)⇒10=−V 1 (0.33)+V 2 (2.65)

V 1=19.85 V , V 2=10.9 V

V1
I 10= =1.985 A
10
V 1−V 2 19 . 85−10.9
I 3= = =2.98 A
3 3
V 2 10.9
I 5= = =2.18 A
5 5
V 2−10
I 1= =10.9−10=2.18 A
1
Problem 9

Find V1, V2, and V3 using the nodal method for the given circuit.

Solution

Given

By inspection method

[ ]
1 1 −1 −1
+

[ ][ ]
1 1 1 1
V1 5
−1 1 1 1 −1
+ + V2 = 0
1 1 1 4 1
10
−1 −1 1 1 V3
+
1 1 1 1

[ ][ ] [ ]
2 −1 −1 V 1 5
−1 2.25 −1 V 2 = 0
−1 −1 2 V3 10
 [ ]
2 −1 −1
∆= −1 2.25 −1
−1 −1 2

¿ 2 ( 4.5−1 ) +1 (−2−1 )−1 ( +1+2.25 ) 2=0.75

[ ]
5 −1 −1
∆ V 1 = 0 2.25 −1
1 0 −1 2

¿ 5 ( 4.5−1 ) +1 ( 0+10 )−1 ( 0−22.5 )=50

∆ V 1 50
V 1= = =66.6 V
∆ 0.75

[ ]
+2 5 −1
∆ V 2 = −1 0 −1
−1 10 2

¿+2 ( 0+10 )−5 (−2−1 ) −1 (−10+ 0 )=45

∆ V 2 45
V 2= = =60 V
∆ 0.75

[ ]
2 −1 5
∆ V 2 = −1 2.25 0
−1 −1 10

¿ 2 ( 22.5+0 ) +1 (−10+0 )+5 ( 1+2.25 )=51.25

∆ V 3 51.25
V 3= = =68.33 V
∆ 0.75

Problem 10

Determine the voltage across the inductor in the circuit of Figure 6.4. Source one is 50° volts RMS and
source two 290° volts RMS.

Solution

Given

i 1+ i2 =i3
 E 1−v a E2 −v a v a
+ =
R 1− jX C R2 jX L

This can be rearranged as:

( R −1jX ) E +( R1 ) E =( R −1jX + R1 + jX1 ) v

1 C
1
2
2
1 C 2 L
a

Populate with values:

( 500− 1j300 Ω )5 ∠ 0 ° V +( 4001 Ω )2 ∠ 90 ° V =( 500− 1j 300 Ω + 400Ω

1
+
j 200 Ω )
1
v a

This simplifies to:

8.575E-3 31 ° A+ 5E-3 90° A=(5.72E-3−46 ° S )v a

Solving for the unknown, we find that

v a=2.087 98 ° volts RMS .

Problem 11

In the circuit of Figure 6.5, determine va and vb. E is 200° volts peak while I is 0.10° amps peak. The
system frequency is 2 kHz.

Solution

Given

Node a
 20∠ 0° −v a va v a−v b
= +
100− j125.7 Ω 250 Ω − j159.2 Ω
Node b

v a −v b vb
+0.1 ∠ 0 ° A=
− j 159.2Ω 400 Ω
Expanding and collecting terms yields:

Node a

0.1245 ∠−51.5 ° A= ( 2501 Ω + 100− j1125.7 Ω + − j159.2

1
Ω)
v −(
a
− j159.2 Ω )
1
v b

Node b

0.1 ∠ 0 ° A=− ( − j159.2

1
Ω)
v +(
a
400 Ω − j 159.2Ω )
1
+
1
v b

These are simplified, ready for manipulation (note diagonal symmetry).

0.1245−51.5 ° A=(8E-3 10.1 ° S)v a−(6.281E-3 90° S)v b

0.1 0 ° A=−(6.281E-3 90 ° S)v a +(6.76E-3 68.3 ° S)v b

After solving the system of equations, we see that

v a=16.24 0.09 ° V

v b=20.99−22.3° V

Problem 12

For the circuit in the Figure, find va and vb. The system frequency is 1 kHz. I1 = 2.50° A and I2 = 10° A.

Solution

Given
Node a

va v a−v b
2.5 ∠ 0 ° A= +
− j 15.9Ω 10 Ω
Node b

v a−v b vb
=1 ∠ 0 ° A=
10 Ω 4+ j 6.28Ω
Expanding and collecting terms yields (note diagonal symmetry):

Node a

2.5 ∠ 0 ° A= ( 101Ω + − j 15.9Ω

1
) v −( 10Ω1 ) v
a b

2.5 0 ° A=(0.118 32.2 ° S)v a−(0.1 0 ° S)v b

Node b

−1 ∠ 0 ° A=− ( 101Ω ) v +( 101Ω + 4+ j6.28

a
1
Ω)
v b

−1 0 ° A=−(0.10 ° S )v a+(0.206−33.3 ° S)v b

The results are: v a=30.39−38.7 ° V and v b=11.37−20.8 ° V .

Problem 13

Find va and vb for the circuit in Figure. E = 16∠0˚ volts, Ix = 0.1∠0˚ amps and Iy = 0.25∠90˚ amps.
Solution

Given

∑ i ¿ =∑i out

0.1 ∠ 0 ° A+ 0.25 ∠ 90 ° A+i 1 +i 2=i 1+ i2 +i 3 +i 4

This can be simplified to:

0.2693 ∠ 68.2 ° A=i 3+ i 4

Writing this in terms of Ohm's law we have:

1 1
0.2693 ∠ 68.2 ° A= v + v
− j 100 Ω a j 500 Ω b
0.2693 ∠ 68.2 ° A= j 10 mS v a − j 2mS v b

0.2693 ∠ 68.2 ° A= j 10 mS v a − j 2mS (v a −16 ∠ 0 ° V )

0.2693 ∠ 68.2 ° A= j 10 mS v a − j 2mS v a+ 32 E−3 ∠ 90 ° A

0.2394 ∠ 67.9 ° A= j 8 mS v a

v a=29.92 ∠−22.1 ° V

To verify, we will perform a KCL summation at each node. For node a, assuming i1 exits as drawn:

va v a−v b
i 1=0.1 ∠ 0 ° A− −
− j 100 Ω 200 Ω
29.92∠−22.1 ° V 29.92∠−22.1 ° V −16.24 ∠−43.8 ° V
i 1=0.1 ∠ 0 ° A− −
− j100 Ω 200 Ω
i 1=0.292 ∠−108 ° A

Doing likewise for node b, and assuming i1 enters as drawn:

vb v a−v b
i 1=−0.25 ∠ 90 ° A + −
j500 Ω 20 Ω
16.24 ∠−43.8 ° V 29.92∠−22.1 ° V −16.24 ∠−43.8 ° V
i1=−0.25 ∠ 90 ° A + −
j 500 Ω 200 Ω
i 1=0.292 ∠−110 ° A
Problem 14

Find node voltages va, vb, and vc for the circuit in Figure. The sources are: E = 20∠0˚ volts and I = 2∠45˚
amps.
Solution

Given

∑ i ¿ =∑i out

i 1+ i3 =i2

This is expanded using Ohm's law, and we solve for i1:

i 1=i 2−i 3

i 1= j 0.5 S v a −0.25 S (v b−v a)

i 1=(0.25+ j 0.5)S v a−0.25 S v b

On to node b

I =i 3 +i 4

2 ∠45 ° A=0.25 S(v b−v a )+ 0.1 S (v b −v c )

2 ∠45 ° A=0.25 S(v b−v a )+ 0.1 S (v b −( v a−20 ∠ 0 ° V ))

2 ∠45 ° A=0.25 S(v b−v a )+ 0.1 S (v b −v a +20 ∠ 0 ° V )

2 ∠45 ° A=0.25 S(v b−v a )+ 0.1 S (v b −v a )+2∠ 0° A

1.531 ∠ 112.5° A=−0.35 S v a+ 0.35 S v b

And finally node c

i 4 =i1 +i 5

i 1=i 4−i 5

i 1=0.1 S (v b−v c )−(− j 0.2 S)v c

i 1=0.1 S (v b−(v a−20∠ 0° V ))+ j0.2 S (v a−20 ∠0 ° V )

i 1=0.1 S (v b−v a+ 20∠ 0° V )+ j 0.2 S (v a −20∠ 0° V )

 i 1=0.1 S (v b−v a)+ j0.2 S v a +(2− j 4) A

i 1=(−0.1+ j 0.2)S v a + 0.1 S v b+ 4.472 ∠−63.4 ° A

( 0.25+ j0.5 ) S v a−0.25 S v b =(−0.1+ j 0.2 ) S v a +0.1 S v b + 4.472∠−63.4 ° A 4.472 ∠−63.4 ° A

¿(0.35+ j 0.3)S v a−0.35 S v b

4.472 ∠−63.4 ° A=( 0.35+ j 0.3 ) S v a−0.35 S v b

1.531 ∠ 112.5° A=−0.35 S v a+ 0.35 S v b

v a=9.823 ∠−151.3 °V

v b=10.31 ∠−176.2 ° V

v c =29∠−170.6 ° V
Problem 15

Write the system of equations for the circuit in Figure. I1=10∠0˚A and I2=4∠90˚A.

Solution

Given

Node a

I 1=−10 ∠ 0 ° A

−10 ∠ 0 ° A= ( 41Ω + 21Ω + 8Ω1 ) v a

Include the terms that are common between node a and node b. This is negative.

−10 ∠ 0 ° A= ( 41Ω + 21Ω + 8Ω1 ) v −( 2Ω1 ) v

a b

And finally, include the terms common between node a and node c. This is also negative.

−10 ∠ 0 ° A= ( 41Ω + 21Ω + 8Ω1 ) v −( 2Ω1 ) v −( 81Ω ) v

a b c

Find all of the items connected to this node and create a sum of admittances.

0=…+ ( 11Ω + 21Ω + − j15Ω ) v … b

0=− ( 21Ω ) v +( 1Ω1 + 2Ω1 + − j15 Ω ) v …

a b

0=− ( 21Ω ) v +( 1Ω1 + 2Ω1 + − j15 Ω ) v −( 1Ω1 ) v

a b c

10 ∠ 0 ° A+ 4 ∠ 90° A=…

10 .77 ∠ 21.8 ° A=… ( 11Ω + 81Ω + j 10Ω

1
)v c

10 .77 ∠ 21.8 ° A=− ( 81Ω ) v …( 1Ω1 + 81Ω + j101 Ω ) v

a c

10 .77 ∠ 21.8 ° A=− ( 81Ω ) v −( 11Ω ) v +( 1Ω1 + 81Ω + j101 Ω ) v

a b c

v a=10.9 ∠ 72.8 °V
v b=23.6 ∠ 34.7 ° V

v c =31.2∠ 37.3 ° V