ECS556

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

Ir. Ts. Dr. AK Thevaneyan

T1-L13-6A
[email protected]
[email protected]
0174614088

Deformation
 LESSON PLAN (OCT 2021– FEB 2022)

Lecturer IR. TS. DR. AK THEVANEYAN

Program EC220 : BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) (CIVIL)
Course ECS 556 : STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
Contact Hour Lecture : 4.0 hrs/week
03-55211850 / [email protected]
Room T1-A13-6A Phone 017-4614088 E-mail [email protected]

Continuous Assessment:
Test 1 20%
Quiz/Assignments 40%
Evaluation
Faculty/Final Exam 40%
100%

Deformation
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course deals with analysis of forces and deformations in statically determinate
and indeterminate structures using where appropriate virtual work, moment-
distribution, stiffness and flexibility, and approximate methods.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:-
a. apply virtual work in deformation analysis of common skeletal structures. (CO1)
b. apply equilibrium and compatibility principles in structural analysis of common
statically indeterminate skeletal structures. (CO2)

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)

1. Analyze civil engineering problems by applying first principles of engineering
sciences and virtual work in deformation analysis of common skeletal structures.
(PO2)
2. Create solution to determine the reactions, internal forces and deformations of
common and complex statically determinate and indeterminate skeletal structures
with the application of equilibrium and compatibility principles. (PO5)

Deformation
Deformation
Deformation
Deformation
Deformation
E-LEARNING (i-learn)
All the lecture notes & hands on can be downloaded from i-learn.
 Students should get ready the hard copies of lecturer note prior to the lecture.
 All the announcements or notices will be posted on i-learn, students should alert and aware
from time to time.
 Students are encouraged to collaborate / discuss the problem/opinion/idea in understanding
the lectures or in solving the exercises/assignments in i-learn forum.

RECOMMENDED TEXT
1. Hibbeler R.C, (2009), Structural Analysis, S.I. 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, Singapore.
2. Siti H. H., Goh C. H., Lee S. W., Flexibility Method for Structures, UPENA, UiTM Malaysia.
3. Goh C. H., Yong C. B., Lee S. W., Mohd Raizamzamani M.Z., Oh C. L., Problem and Solution on
Stiffness method for Structures, UPENA, UiTM Malaysia.

REFERENCES
1. Aslam Kassimali (2005), Structural Analysis, 2nd Edition, Thomson.
2. Nelson J.K, McCormac J.C, (2003), Structural Analysis, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
3. A.Ghali, A. M. Neville, T. G. Brown, (2003), Structural Analysis: A Unified Classical and Matrix
Approach, 5th Edition, SPON Press, NY.
4. Hsieh, Y. Y. (1995), Elementary Theory of Structures, Prentice Hall.

Deformation
OBE INFORMATION TO STUDENTS

Deformation
 In the past
Shortcomings identified

1. Wrong application of concepts Performance

2. Students' weak basic and fundamentals 7

3. Misinterpretation of questions asked 6

and their lackadaisical approach to their

No. of Students
studies 5

Therefore: 2

READ 1

REVISE
0
90 - 80 - 75 - 70 - 65 - 60 - 55 - 50 - 47 - 44 - 40 - 30 -
100 89 79 74 69 64 59 54 49 46 43 39
Marks
RETENTION
Or else you will
REPEAT
Deformation
 DO YOU KNOW?
• How to determine internal forces for truss
members?
• What are the methods used to determine internal
forces for a truss?
• How to determine the reactions for any structural
system (i.e. beam, frame, truss & composite
structure) for a given loading condition?
• What is the differences between Statically
determinate and Statically indeterminate
structure?
• What is degree of indeterminacy?
Deformation
 Test your knowledge

1. Find the internal forces for members 8 kN

AB, AC and BC using an appropriate method

2. Determine the reactions at support A

and B for the overhanging beam
subjected to the loading as shown

3. Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam in Figure 3

Figure 3
Deformation
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

LEARNING OUTCOME:

By completing this lesson, students shall be able to:

1.0 identify structural systems, determinate and

indeterminate structures
2.0 determine the degree of indeterminacy of a
structure.

Deformation
 Introduction
• What is statically DETERMINATE structure?
– When all the forces (reactions) in a structure can be determined
from the equilibrium equations its called statically determinate
structure
– Structure having unknown forces equal to the available
equilibrium equations

No. of unknown = 3 No. of unknown = 6

No. of equilibrium equations = No. of equilibrium equations = 6
3
6 = 6 thus statically determinate
3 = 3 thus statically
determinate
Deformation
 Introduction
• What is statically INDETERMINATE structure
– Structures having more unknown forces than available
equilibrium equations
– Additional equations needed to solve the unknown reactions

No. of unknown = 4 No. of unknown = 10

No. of equilibrium equations = 3 No. of equilibrium equations = 3
4  3 thus statically Indeterminate 10  3 thus statically
Indeterminate

Deformation
 Indeterminate Structure
Why we study indeterminate structure
– Most of the structures designed today are statically
indeterminate
– Reinforced concrete buildings are considered in most cases
as a statically indeterminate structures since the columns &
beams are poured as continuous member through the joints
& over the supports
– More stable compare to determinate structure or in another
word safer.
– In many cases more economical than determinate.
– The comparison in the next page will enlighten more

Deformation
Statically Indeterminate Structures
•Advantages & Disadvantages
–For a given loading, the max stress and deflection of an
indeterminate structure are generally smaller than those of its
statically determinate counterpart
–Statically indeterminate structure has a tendency to
redistribute its load to its redundant supports in cases of
faulty designs or overloading.
–Although statically indeterminate structure can support loading
with thinner members & with increased stability compared to
their statically determinate counterpart, the cost savings in
material must be compared with the added cost to fabricate
the structure since often it becomes more costly to construct
the supports & joints of an indeterminate structure
–One has to careful of differential displacement of the
supports as well

Deformation
 Contrast
Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
Considerable compared to Generally smaller than determinate
indeterminate structure structure
Deflection

P P

PL3 PL3
48EI 192EI

High moment caused thicker Less moment, smaller cross section

member & more material needed & less material needed
P P
Stress

PL PL
4 8

Deformation
 Contrast
Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
Support will not develop the Will develop horizontal force &
horizontal force & moments that moment reactions that will hold
necessary to prevent total collapse the beam
No load redistribution Has the tendency to redistribute
Stability in case of over load

its load to its redundant supports

When the plastic hinge formed When the plastic hinge formed
certain collapse for the system the system would be a
determinate structure
P P

Plastic Hinge Plastic Hinge

Deformation
 Contrast
Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
No effect & no stress would be Serious effect and stress would be
developed in the beam developed in the beam
Temperature

P P

No effect & no stress would be Serious effect and stress would be

developed developed
Displacement
Differential

P P

Deformation
Statically Determinate Statically Indeterminate
Structure Structure

when the static

when the static equilibrium
equilibrium equations are
equations are not sufficient to
sufficient to determine
the unknown support VS determine the unknown support
reactions.
reactions.

Deformation
Newton’s laws of motion,

Static Equilibrium Equations

For 3-D structures
 Fx  0  Fy  0  Fz  0
 M x 0  M y 0  M z 0 eqn 2.1

For 2-D structures, it can be reduced to:

 Fx  0
 Fy  0
 M o 0 eqn 2.2

Deformation
Degree of static indeterminacy (d)
Is the excess of unknown reactions as compared to the
static equations (known as Redundant).

For beam & frame: For plane truss:

d=r-n-c d = m + r - 2j
d = degree of static indeterminacy d = degree of static indeterminacy
r = number of support reactions m = number of members
n = number of static equilibrium r = number of reactions
equations (n=3 for 2D structures)
j = Number of joints
c = number of internal hinge

Deformation
 Examples (beams):

a)

d = 2 – 3 = -1
statically unstable
b)

d=3–3=0
statically determinate

c)
d=4–3=1
statically indeterminate to 1
degree

Deformation
 Examples (frame and truss):

B C A
B

C D
A D Truss
Frame

d = r-n-c = 5 – 3 d = m+r-2j = 6+4-2(4)

=2 =2
Statically indeterminate to 2 degree. Statically indeterminate to 2 degree.

Deformation
 Determinacy and Indeterminacy

• For a 2D structure
No. of components

r  3n, statically determinat e

r  3n, statically indetermin ate

No. of unknown forces r  3n : degree of indetermin acy

• The additional equations needed to solve

for the unknown forces are referred to as
“compatibility equations”.

Deformation
 Try this out
Classify each of the beams as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the no. of degree of
indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to external loadings that are
assumed to be known & can act anywhere on the beams.

Deformation
Try this out

Deformation
Deformation
 Try this!
Classify each of the pin-connected structures as statically determinate
or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the no. of
degree of indeterminacy. The structures are subjected to arbitrary
external loadings that are assumed to be known & can act anywhere on
the structures.

Deformation
Deformation
Classification of structures:
From the perspective of Degree of Indeterminacy

Degree of Classification of
Indeterminacy (d) structure
d is negative (-ve ) statically unstable
d is zero (0) statically determinate

d is positive (+ve) statically indeterminate

Deformation
 Statically Indeterminate Structures

• Methods of Analysis
– To satisfy equilibrium, compatibility & force-
displacement requirements for the structure
• Force Method (i.e. flexibility method)
• Displacement Method (i.e. moment
distribution method, stiffness method)

Deformation
 Force Method:
 Originally developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864 and
later refined by Otto Mohr and Heinrich Muller-Breslau.
 First available method for the analysis of indeterminate
structures.
 Other names: compatibility method, method of consistent
displacements, flexibility method.
 The fundamental principles involve establishing equations
satisfying compatibility and force-displacement
requirements for the structures.
 The method solve for redundant force(s).

Deformation
 Displacement Method:

 Fundamental of the method lies with the

establishment of force-displacement relations
for the members and then satisfying
equilibrium requirements for the structure.
 The method determines displacement first
before solving all the remaining forces.
 The common classical techniques used in the
application of displacement method are
moment distribution method and stiffness
method.

Deformation
 Summary of Force and Displacement Methods

Methods Unknowns Equations Used Coefficient of

the unknowns
Force Forces Compatibility & Flexibility
Force Displacement coefficient
Displacement Displacements Equilibrium & Force Stiffness
Displacement coefficient

Deformation
 Concluding Remarks

 It is important to identify the indeterminate

structure and determine the degree of
indeterminacy before analysis of a structure.
 Analysis of the indeterminate structure can be
carried out by using the method of
superposition, slope-deflection, moment
distribution, flexibility and stiffness.

Deformation
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

Topic 1:
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
(DIRECT METHOD)

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Determine the elastic deflections of a given structure by using

energy method known as Virtual Work Method (Direct
Method)

Deformation
 Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

 Deflections of structures can caused by loads,

temperature, fabrication errors or settlement
 In designs, deflections must be limited in order to
prevent cracking of attached brittle materials
 A structure must not vibrate or deflect severely
for the comfort of occupants
 Deflections at specified points must be
determined if one is to analyze statically
indeterminate and/or determinate structures

These are known as SERVICEABILITY characteristics of

a given structure

Deformation
 Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

 In this topic, only linear elastic material response is

considered
 It means a structure subjected to load will return to
its original un-deformed position after the load is
removed
 It is useful to sketch the shape of the structure when
it is loaded in order to visualize the computed results
& to partially check the results

Deformation
 Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

This deflection diagram represent the elastic curve for the

points at the centroids of the cross-sectional areas along
each of the members.

Deformation
Virtual Work Method
(Unit Load Method)

Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Introduction to Principle of Virtual Work

 The principle of virtual work was developed by John

Bernoulli in 1717 and is sometimes referred to as the unit-
load method. It provides a general means of obtaining the
displacement and slope at a specific point on a structure, be
it a beam, frame, or truss.
 The concept is based on principle of conservation of energy.
 Consider the external work done by a unit virtual load
applied to a structure in equilibrium that moves due to the
deformations associated with a real-load system. By the
principle of conservation of energy, the external work is
equal to the internal strain energy done by the internal
virtual forces under-going real deformations.
Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Introduction to Principle of Virtual Work

 If we take a deformable structure of any shape or size &

apply a series of external loads P to it, it will cause internal
loads U at points throughout the structure
 It is necessary that the external & internal loads be related
by the equations of equilibrium
 As a consequence of these loadings, external displacement,
 will occur at the P loads & internal displacement,  will
occur at each point of internal loads U
 In general, these displacement do not have to be elastic, &
they may not be related to the loads

Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

 In general, the principle states that:

Works of External Loads = Works of
Internal Loads
P = U
 Consider the structure (or body) to be of
arbitrary shape as shown.
 Suppose it is necessary to determine the
displacement  of point A on the body
caused by the “real loads” P1, P2 and P3

Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

 It is to be understood that these

loads cause no movement of the
supports
 They can strain the material beyond
the elastic limit
 Since no external load acts on the
body at A and in the direction of ,
the displacement , can be
determined by first placing on the
body a “virtual” load such that this
force P’ acts in the same direction as
.

Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

 We will choose P’ to have a unit

magnitude, P’ =1
 Once the virtual loadings are
applied, then the body is subjected
to the real loads P1, P2 and P3.
 Point A will be displaced an amount
 causing the element to deform an
amount dL
 As a result, the external virtual
force P’ & internal load u “ride
along” by  and dL & therefore,
perform external virtual work of 1.
 on the body and internal virtual
work of u.dL on the element
Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

In a similar manner, if the rotational displacement or slope of the tangent at

a point on a structure is to be determined.
Virtual Loadings

1 .  = u . dL
Real Displacements

Where
M’ = 1 = external virtual unit couple moment acting in the direction
of .
u = internal virtual load acting on an element in the direction of dL.
 = external rotational displacement or slope in radians caused by
the real loads.
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads.
Deformation
 Virtual Work Method
Applying Principle of Work & Energy (Bending Member)

Based on principle of conservation of energy Ue = Ui compatibly equation can

be developed.
L mM L mM
therefore 1.  0 EI
dx OR 1.  
0 EI
dx where

Where
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the beam or frame in the stated direction
of .
m = internal virtual moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x
and caused by the external virtual unit load.
 = external joint displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on
the beam or frame.
M = internal moment in the beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and
caused by the real loads.
E = modulus of elasticity of a the material.
I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the neutral axis
Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

Since Works for External Loads = Works for Internal Loads

Virtual Loadings

1 .  = u . dL
Real Displacements

Where
P’ = 1 = external virtual unit load acting in the direction of .
u = internal virtual load acting on an element in the direction of dL.
 = external displacement caused by the real loads.
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads.

Deformation
 Virtual Work Method
Applying Principle of Work & Energy (Axial Force Member)

Based on principle of conservation of energy Ue = Ui compatibly equation can

be developed.
nNL
therefore 1.   where
AE
Where
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction
of .
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external
virtual unit load.
 = external joint displacement caused by the real loads on the truss.
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads.
L = length of a member.
A = cross-sectional area of a member.
E = modulus of elasticity of a member.

Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Temperature Changes in Trusses

In some cases, truss members may change their length due to temperature.
The displacement of a selected truss joint may be written as;

1. = nTL
Where
 = External joint displacement caused by temperature
change
 = Coefficient of thermal expansion for member
T = Temperature changes in member

Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Fabrication Errors in Trusses

Errors in fabricating the lengths of the members of a truss may occur. Truss
members may also be made slightly longer or shorter in order to give the
truss a camber. The displacement of a truss joint from its expected position
can be written as;

1. = nL
Where
 = External joint displacement caused by fabrications errors
L = Differences in length of member from its intended size as
caused by fabrication error

Deformation
Virtual Load Method
TRUSS
REMEMBER THIS!
nNL
1.  
AE

Deformation
Trusses
Trusses are triangular frame works in which the members are subjected
to essentially axial forces due to externally applied load. Therefore it is
known as axial member/structure.

Types of Trusses

(b)Space Truss

Deformation
Deformation
Deformation
 PIN JOINTED TRUSSES
1. Frames are stable/perfect and imperfect
 Perfect frame are m=2j-3(m= no of members, j= no of joints)
 Deficient frame are m< (2j-3) Redundant frame are m>(2j-3)
2. Methods to analysis the trusses are
 Method of joints, Method of sections, Tension coefficient method and
Graphical method.
3. Assumptions made in the analysis of plane truss are
➢ Truss members are connected by smooth pins.
➢ All loadings is applied at the joints of the truss.

4. Condition of equilibrium for the stable/determinate structures

∑V = 0
∑H= 0
∑M= 0

Deformation
RECOLLECT
Determinate Structures
(No of Unknown =No of Equilibrium Equation)

Deformation
 RECOLLECT
Indeterminate Structures
(No of Unknown is not equal to No of Equilibrium Equation)

Deformation
 RECOLLECT
Degree of redundancy :
(No of unknown – No of equilibrium equations)
DOR=4–3=1

DOR=4–3=1

DOR=5–3=2

DOR=6–3=3

Deformation
 Example 1

The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss is A = 400 mm2 and E
= 200 GPa.

1. Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 8-kN force is

applied to the truss at C.
2. If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical
displacement of joint C if member AB were 5 mm too short?

8 kN

Deformation
 Example 1
Step 1.
Calculate all member forces of the truss

FY+ = 0
FAC
-3 + 0.6FAC = 0
C 8 kN
FAC = 5 kN #
8 kNA
FAB
3m
FX+ = 0
-3 kN
HA A
B FAB + 0.8FAC – 8 =
0
VA 4m 4m V FBC  FAB = 4 kN #
B

FY+ = 0
MA + = 0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0 B
FAB 3 + 0.6FBC = 0
8VB = 8 (3) VA + VB = 0 8 - HA = 0
3 kN FBC = - 5 kN #
VB = 3 kN VA = - 3 kN  HA = 8 kN
# # #

Deformation
 Example 1
Step 2.
Apply 1 kN unit vertical load at C Calculate all member forces
FY+ = 0
0.5 + 0.6FAC = 0
1 kN FAC = -0.833
FAC kN #

C FX+ = 0
0 kNA
FAB + 0.8FAC = 0
FAB
3m  FAB = 0.667
0.5 kN #
HA A
B kN

FBC
VA 4m 4m V
B
FY+ = 0
MA + = 0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0 B
FAB 0.5 + 0.6FBC = 0
8VB = 1 (4) VA + VB = 1 HA = 0
0.5 FBC = - 0.833
VB = 0.5 VA = 0.5 kN  HA = 0 kN
kN kN #
kN # # #

Deformation
 Example 1
Step 3.
nNL
Apply Virtual Work Method in Tabulation form 1.  
AE

Member N (kN) n (kN) L (m) nNL(kN2.m)

AB 4 0.667 8 21.344
AC 5 -0.833 5 -20.825
BC -5 -0.833 5 20.825
Total = 21.344

21.344kN2 .m
1kN.Δ CV 
(400x10 6 m 2 )(200x10 6 kN/m 2 )
Δ CV  2.668x10 4 m  0.267mm()

Deformation
 Example 1
Step 4.
If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of joint C if member AB
were 5 mm too short?

1.   nL
1kN.Δ VC   nAB ΔL AB
1kN.Δ VC  (0.667kN)(0.005m)
Δ VC  3.335x10 3 m  3.335mm()

Step 5.
If applied loads act on the truss is considered, and member AB were 5 mm too short, then
vertical displacement at C is,

nNL
1.Δ VC     nL
AE
Δ VC  0.267mm  3.335mm  3.068mm()

Deformation
 Example 2

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned supported at A and E as shown.

The truss is subjected to a vertical concentrated load of 10 kN at B and 15
kN at C.
1. Used Method of Virtual work and
determine the vertical deflection at E D
1200
C. Member EB has been fabricated mm2
5mm too short. Take E = 200 GPa.

1800 mm2
2. Remove the loads on the truss and
1.2 m
determine the vertical displacement
of point B if members AB and BC
experienced a temperature increase A
of T = 1100C. Take E = 200GPa 1800 1800
and  = 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C mm2 B 10 kNmm
2 C
15 kN
3. Remove the loads on the truss and 1.2 m 1.2 m
determine the vertical displacement
of point B if member EB is fabricated
19mm too long.

Deformation
 Example 2
Step 1.
Used Method of Virtual work and determine the vertical deflection at C. Member EB has been
fabricated 5mm too short. Take E = 200 GPa.

Real Load Virtual Load FBD

VA FBD VA
HE D HE D

E E

1.2 m 1.2 m

HA A B C HA A B C

1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m

VA VA

10 kN 15 kN 1 kN

Deformation
 Example 2
Step 2.
Tabulate the member forces (Real loads and Virtual Loads) in tabulation form.

Member L (m) E(kN/m2 A(m2) N (kN) n (kN) nNl/EA(kN.m)

)
AB 1.2 200X106 1.8X10-3 -40 -2 0.000267
BC 1.2 200X106 1.8X10-3 -15 -1 0.00005
BD 1.2 200X106 1.8X10-3 -15 -1 0.00005
BE 1.697 200X106 1.2X10-3 35.355 1.414 0.000353
CD 1.697 200X106 1.2X10-3 21.213 1.414 0.000212
DE 1.2 200X106 1.2X10-3 15 1 0.000075
Total = 0.001007
nNL
1.Δ VC     nL
AE
1kN.Δ VC  1.007x10 3 kN.m  (1.414x5x1 0 3 )
Δ VC  6.063x10-3 m  6.063mm()

Deformation
 Example 2
Step 3.
Remove the loads on the truss and determine the vertical displacement of point B if members
AB and BC experienced a temperature increase of T = 1100C. Take E = 200GPa and  = 1.8 x
10-6/ 0C

VA
Virtual Load FBD 1.   nTL
HE D

E
1kN. BV   nABTLAB   nBCTLBC
1.2 m

1kN.ΔBV  ( 1)(1.8x10 6 )(110)(1.2)  0

HA A B C
ΔBV  2.376x10 4 m  0.2376mm()
1.2 m 1.2 m
VA

1 kN

Deformation
 Example 2
Step 4.
Remove the loads on the truss and determine the vertical displacement of point B if member
EB is fabricated 19mm too long.

VA
Virtual Load FBD 1.   nL
HE D

E
1kN.   nEB LEB
1.2 m

1kN.Δ BV  (1.414kN)(19mm)
HA A B C
Δ BV  26.87mm()
1.2 m 1.2 m
VA

1 kN

Deformation
 Review
Problems

Deformation
 Problem 1
A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned supported at A and roller supported
at E as shown. The truss is subjected to a vertical concentrated load of 40
kN and horizontal concentrated load of 10 kN at C.

1. Used Method of Virtual work and 40 kN

determine the vertical deflection at D when
10 kN C
member AD has been fabricated 5mm too
short and member BD experienced a

1200 mm2
temperature increase of T = 1100C. Take 3m
E = 200 GPa and  = 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C
E
B 1200 1200
2. Remove the loads on the truss and mm2 D mm2
determine the horizontal displacement of

1200 mm2
point B if members AB and BC 4m 1
experienced a temperature increase of T 1
= 1100C. Take E = 200GPa and  = 1.8 x
10-6/ 0C A

3. Remove the loads on the truss and 4m 4m

determine the horizontal displacement of
point B if member BD is fabricated 19mm
too long.
Deformation
 Problem 2

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCD, pinned at A and supported on rollers at D as

shown. The truss is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m
acting vertically downward on member BC and a horizontal concentrated
load of 20 kN at B. AE is constant for all members.

1. Determine the horizontal C

displacement of the truss at C using
20 kN B 30 0
virtual work.
2. If in addition to the loads shown,
member BD is cooled 300C, re-

4m
calculate the horizontal displacement
at C. Given the thermal expansion A
60 0
coefficient,  = 1x10-5/0C and the axial
D
rigidity, AE = 12,000 kN.
3m

Deformation
 Problem 3

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned at A and B as shown. The truss is

subjected to 450 inclined loads at D and E with 10 kN and 20 kN
respectively. Given A = 1800 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
10 kN
E 45 0
1. Used Method of Virtual work and
determine the Determine the horizontal
displacement of the truss at E using
virtual work. 2.1 m
20 kN
2. Comment for the horizontal displacement D
C 45 0
at E when the member CE is fabricated
10 mm too long, while the external loads
are still in place. 2.1 m

A B

1.8 m 1.8 m

Deformation
HOW WOULD YOU ANAYLYSE THIS?

Deformation
Problem 4

Deformation
Problem 5

Deformation
 Next Class we will see
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
FOR BEAMS

Deformation