1. What is computer network?

Answer:
A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers that share resources and communicate with each other.

2. How are computers in a network connected?

Answer:
Computers are connected through wired (like cables) or wireless (like Wi-Fi) communication technologies.

3. List any three benefits of computer networks.

Answer:

Sharing resources (printers, files)

Communication (emails, chats)

Data and information sharing

4. Define telecommunication.
Answer:
Telecommunication is the transmission of information over a distance using electronic means like telephones, satellites, or internet.

5. What is workgroup computing?

Answer:
Workgroup computing allows team members to share files, communicate, and collaborate on projects over a network.

6. What do you know about WWW?

Answer:
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of internet servers that support specially formatted documents, connected through hyperlinks.

7. What is FTP?
Answer:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one computer to another over a network.

8. What is Gopher?
Answer:
Gopher is a distributed document search and retrieval protocol used before the WWW became popular.

9. Differentiate between the internet and the web.

Answer:
The internet is a global network of networks, while the web is a collection of information accessed through the internet using browsers.

10. What is intranet?

Answer:
An intranet is a private network within an organization used to securely share information and computing resources.
[26/04/2025 12:39 PM] Anas: 11. What is extranet?
Answer:
An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows outside partners, vendors, or customers limited access to internal information.

12. Differentiate between intranet and extranet.

Answer:
Intranet is only for internal users; extranet provides access to selected external users.

13. What is the use of a network interface card?

Answer:
A Network Interface Card (NIC) connects a computer to a network and allows it to communicate with other devices.

14. What is the use of a repeater?

Answer:
A repeater boosts and regenerates network signals, allowing data to travel longer distances without loss.

15. What is the use of a bridge in a network?

Answer:
A bridge connects and filters traffic between two different network segments, improving network efficiency.

16. What is a router?

Answer:
A router directs data from one network to another, usually from a local network to the internet.

17. What is a gateway?

Answer:
A gateway connects networks that use different communication protocols.

18. Name three LAN protocols.

Answer:
Ethernt
Token Ring
Wi-Fi

19. What is the use of Ethernet?

Answer:
Ethernet is a technology used to connect devices in a local area network (LAN) and allows them to communicate.

20. How does CSMA/CD work?

Answer:
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) manages how devices respond when two devices attempt to use a network at
the same time.

21. What is CSMA/CS?

Answer:
CSMA/CS (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Sense) allows a device to detect the presence of other signals before transmitting.

22. What is CSMA/CR?

Answer:
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Resolution (CSMA/CR) resolves collision issues by assigning a priority to data transmissions.

23. What is the use of token ring?

Answer:
Token Ring is a network protocol where a token (special data packet) is passed around, and a device can send data only when it has the token.

24. What is TCP/IP?

Answer:
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the basic communication language of the internet.

25. Name two network models.

Answer:
Client/Server Model
Peer-to-Peer Model

26. What is the use of a server?

Answer:
A server provides resources, services, or data to other computers (clients) over a network.

27. How does the client/server model work?

Answer:
Clients request services or data, and servers respond by providing the requested services.

28. What is the use of a dedicated server?

Answer:
A dedicated server handles only specific tasks like hosting websites, databases, or files for better performance.

29. What do you know about peer-to-peer network model?

Answer:
In a peer-to-peer network, each computer acts as both client and server, sharing files directly without a central server.

30. What do you know about hybrid model?

Answer:
A hybrid model combines features of both client/server and peer-to-peer models.

31. Why are standards important for networks?

Answer:
Standards ensure that devices from different manufacturers can work together smoothly and reliably.
32. What are de facto standards?
Answer:
De facto standards are widely accepted practices or products that become standards through popularity, not official approval.

33. What are de jure standards?

Answer:
De jure standards are officially approved standards established by recognized organizations.

34. Differentiate between de facto and de jure standards.

Answer:
De facto standards are based on common use, while de jure standards are legally approved by authorities.

35. Define network topology.

Answer:
Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of computers in a network.

36. How does star topology work?

Answer:
In star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch.

37. Differentiate between bus topology and star topology.

Answer:
Bus topology connects devices along a single cable, while star topology connects devices to a central hub.

38. What is ring topology?

Answer:
In ring topology, each device is connected to two other devices, forming a circular path for signals.

39. Differentiate between bus topology and ring topology.

Answer:
Bus topology uses a single cable for all devices, while ring topology forms a closed loop for data transmission.

40. What is a token?

Answer:
A token is a small data packet that circulates around a network to control access to the network.

41. What is LAN? Give an example.

Answer:
LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers in a small area like a home, school, or office.
Example: A network in a computer lab.

42. What is WAN? Give an example.

Answer:
WAN (Wide Area Network) covers a large geographical area like a city, country, or even the world.
Example: The Internet.

43. Write the purpose of terminal emulation software.

Answer:
Terminal emulation software allows a computer to behave like a terminal connected to a mainframe or server.

44. What is WAN? (Repeated question — already answered in 42.)

Answer:
Same as Q42: A WAN connects computers over large distances using telecommunications like phone lines or satellites.

45. What do you know about OSI model?

Answer:
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a framework that standardizes network communication into seven layers.

46. Write the function of the physical layer of OSI model.

Answer:
The physical layer transmits raw bitstreams over a physical medium like cables or wireless signals.

47. Write the function of network layer.

Answer:
The network layer handles the routing and forwarding of data across the network (choosing the best path).
48. Write the name and describe the function of OSI layer 5.
Answer:
Layer 5 is the Session Layer.
It establishes, manages, and terminates connections (sessions) between computers.

49. Write the name and describe the function of OSI layer 6.
Answer:
Layer 6 is the Presentation Layer.
It translates data between the application layer and the network, handling data formats like encryption and compression.

50. What is the purpose of application layer?

Answer:
The application layer provides services directly to users, like email, file transfer, and web browsing.

51. Enlist different components of LAN.

Answer:
Computers (nodes)
Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Switches and hubs
Cables or wireless connections
Servers

52. What is ARPAnet?

Answer:
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was the first network that led to the creation of the modern Internet.

1. What is Broadband?
Answer:
Broadband is a high-speed internet connection that can transmit large amounts of data quickly.

2. What is coaxial cable?

Answer:
A coaxial cable is a type of electrical cable used to transmit data, voice, and video over long distances with low loss.

3. How is data represented in computer?

Answer:
Data is represented in binary form using 0s and 1s.

4. Define EBCDIC code.

Answer:
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an 8-bit character encoding used mainly on IBM mainframe computers.

5. What is asynchronous transmission?

Answer:
In asynchronous transmission, data is sent one byte at a time with start and stop bits without a synchronized clock.

6. Define Bandwidth.
Answer:
Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second (bps).

7. Explain demodulation.
Answer:
Demodulation is the process of converting a modulated signal back into its original form.

8. Differentiate between analog and digital signal.

Answer:

Analog signals are continuous and vary smoothly.

Digital signals are discrete and use binary (0 and 1) values.

9. List two features of modem.

Answer:
Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa.
Enables internet access over telephone lines.
10. How does microwave system work?
Answer:
Microwave systems transmit data wirelessly using high-frequency radio waves over long distances.

11. What is encoder and decoder?

Answer:
Encoder converts data into a coded format.
Decoder converts the coded format back into the original data.

12. Define mobile communication.

Answer:
Mobile communication is the transmission of voice and data wirelessly using mobile devices like smartphones.

13. Differentiate between sender and receiver.

Answer:
Sender creates and sends the message.
Receiver accepts and interprets the message.

14. Define external modem.

Answer:
An external modem is a standalone device that connects a computer to the internet or network using a cable.

15. What is communication satellite?

Answer:
A communication satellite relays signals from one point on Earth to another using radio waves.

16. Explain characteristics of analog signals OR Define amplitude and frequency.

Answer:
Amplitude is the height of the wave (signal strength).
Frequency is how many waves pass a point in one second (measured in Hertz).

17. Define simplex mode with example.

Answer:
Simplex mode allows data to flow in only one direction.
Example: Keyboard to computer.

18. What is Unicode?

Answer:
Unicode is a universal character encoding standard that represents text in most of the world’s writing systems.

19. Define data communication.

Answer:
Data communication is the transfer of data between devices through a transmission medium like cables or wireless systems.

20. What is signal?

Answer:
A signal is an electric or electromagnetic current used to carry data from one device to another.

1. List two benefits of video conferencing.

Answer:
Saves travel time and costs.
Enables real-time communication between distant participants.

2. What is E-banking?
Answer:
E-banking (Electronic Banking) allows customers to perform financial transactions online using the internet.

3. What is computer simulation?

Answer:
Computer simulation is using computers to model real-world systems or processes for study or training.

4. Define E-Commerce.
Answer:
E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) is buying and selling goods and services over the internet.

5. Define document management system.

Answer:
A document management system is a software system used to store, manage, and track electronic documents.

6. Write any two advantages of using ATM in banks.

Answer:
24/7 access to banking services.
Reduces workload on bank staff.

7. How can computers be useful in marketing?

Answer:
Computers help create advertisements, manage customer databases, and analyze market trends.

8. What is meant by computer-aided learning?

Answer:
Computer-aided learning uses software and multimedia tools to assist students in learning new concepts.

9. How can computers be used in departmental stores?

Answer:
Managing inventory.
Billing and cash register operations.
Customer data handling.

10. Define the term video conferencing.

Answer:
Video conferencing is a meeting where people at different locations can see and talk to each other using computers and the internet.

11. Differentiate between CAM and CAD.

Answer:
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) is used to create designs and drawings.
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) is used to control machines for manufacturing products.

12. Define robot.

Answer:
A robot is a programmable machine capable of carrying out tasks automatically or semi-automatically.

13. What is online education?

Answer:
Online education is a form of learning where teaching and learning are conducted over the internet.

14. Define reprographics.

Answer:
Reprographics refers to the reproduction of documents and images using machines like photocopiers or printers.

15. Write any two uses of computer.

Answer:

Data processing and storage.

Communication via email and social media.

1. What are the basic components of a computer system?

Answer:
Input Unit
Output Unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory Unit

2. What is a motherboard?
Answer:
A motherboard is the main circuit board that connects and allows communication between all computer components.

3. What is cache memory?

Answer:
Cache memory is a small, fast memory located inside or near the CPU to store frequently used data for quick access.

4. What is system bus?

Answer:
The system bus is a communication pathway that connects the CPU, memory, and other components inside the computer.

5. What is CPU?
Answer:
CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer that performs calculations and controls all operations.

6. What are registers?

Answer:
Registers are small, fast memory locations in the CPU used to store data temporarily during processing.

7. Differentiate between RAM and ROM.

Answer:

RAM is temporary (volatile) memory used for processing.

ROM is permanent (non-volatile) memory containing startup instructions.

8. What is ROM?
Answer:
ROM (Read-Only Memory) stores permanent instructions needed to start the computer.

9. Define RAM.
Answer:
RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary memory used by the CPU to store data and instructions while the computer is running.

10. What is primary memory?

Answer:
Primary memory includes RAM and ROM and is directly accessible by the CPU.

11. Write any two types of memory.

Answer:
Primary memory (e.g., RAM, ROM)
Secondary memory (e.g., hard disk, USB)

12. Differentiate between primary and secondary memory.

Answer:

Primary memory is fast and directly used by the CPU (RAM/ROM).

Secondary memory stores data permanently (Hard disk, SSD).

13. Define the term BIOS.

Answer:
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware stored in ROM that initializes hardware during startup.

14. What is the function of ALU?

Answer:
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) performs arithmetic and logical operations in the CPU.

15. Define system clock.

Answer:
The system clock controls the timing and speed of all computer operations using clock pulses.

16. What is microprocessor?

Answer:
A microprocessor is a single chip that contains the entire CPU of a computer.

17. Write the names of two parts of CPU.

Answer:

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Control Unit (CU)

18. What is the purpose of the control unit?

Answer:
The Control Unit directs all operations in the computer by managing instructions and data flow.

19. Define expansion cards.

Answer:
Expansion cards are hardware inserted into slots on the motherboard to add functions like graphics, sound, or networking.

20. What is a video card?

Answer:
A video card (graphics card) processes images and videos and sends output to the monitor.

21. Write any two uses of USB port.

Answer:

Connecting USB devices like flash drives.

Charging and syncing mobile phones.

22. What is the function of power supply unit (PSU)?

Answer:
PSU converts electricity from a wall socket into usable power for computer components.

23. Define the term peripheral devices.

Answer:
Peripheral devices are external devices like keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners connected to the computer.
1. What is biometrics?
Biometrics is a technology that uses unique physical or behavioral traits (like fingerprints, face, or voice) to identify a person.

2. How is the virus activated?

A virus is activated when the infected program or file is run or opened by the user.

3. Define security of data.

Data security means protecting digital data from unauthorized access, corruption, or theft.

4. What is the use of biometrics in data security?

Biometrics is used to allow only authorized users to access systems or data by verifying their identity.

5. Describe privacy issues.

Privacy issues arise when personal or sensitive data is collected, used, or shared without consent.

6. What is boot sector?

The boot sector is a part of the hard drive that contains startup instructions for the computer.

7. Who is a hacker?
A hacker is a person who breaks into computer systems without permission, often to steal or damage data.

8. What is privacy?
Privacy is the right to keep personal information secure and not shared without permission.

9. What is a logic bomb?

A logic bomb is a malicious program that runs only when certain conditions are met, causing harm.

10. Write the benefits of a password.

Passwords protect data, limit access to authorized users, and help prevent unauthorized use.

11. Give some examples of the latest antivirus software.

Examples: Norton, McAfee, Bitdefender, Kaspersky, Avast.

12. What do you know about computer security?

Computer security involves protecting computers and networks from viruses, hackers, and data theft.

13. Define Redlof virus.

Redlof is a virus that spreads by infecting email attachments and hides in HTML files.

14. Write names of any five antiviruses.

Avast
AVG
Kaspersky
Norton
McAfee

15. Define backup.

Backup means keeping a copy of data in another place to restore it in case of loss or damage.

16. Give some causes of virus.

Causes include downloading infected files, using infected USBs, or opening unsafe email attachments.

17. How can we secure our computer from viruses?

By using antivirus software, avoiding unknown links/files, and regularly updating the system.

18. What is copyright?

Copyright is a legal right that protects the original work of a creator from being used without permission.

1. What is the use of word processor?

A word processor is used to create, edit, format, and print text documents.

2. Define page margins and page size in word processor.

Page Margins: The blank space around the edges of a page.

Page Size: The actual size of the paper (e.g., A4, Letter) used for the document.

3. What is WYSIWYG?
WYSIWYG stands for "What You See Is What You Get" – it means the document appears on screen exactly as it will be printed.

4. Describe the role of insert mode.

Insert mode lets you add text at the insertion point without deleting the existing text.

5. What is WordArt in Word?

WordArt is a feature that lets you insert decorative and stylized text into your document.

6. Describe the insertion point in MS Word.

The insertion point is the blinking cursor that shows where the next typed character will appear.

7. List any two features or uses of a word processor.

Editing and formatting text

Inserting images, tables, and charts into documents

8. What do you know about indentation?

Indentation is the space added at the beginning of a paragraph to make the text more readable.

9. Define the term word processing.

Word processing is the use of a computer program to create, edit, format, and print text documents.

10. What is paragraph formatting?

Paragraph formatting involves changing the alignment, spacing, and indentation of a paragraph.

11. What is mail merge?

Mail merge is a tool that combines a form letter with a list of names to create personalized documents.

12. Write the shortcut key to copy, cut, paste, and print the document.
Copy: Ctrl + C
Cut: Ctrl + X
Paste: Ctrl + V
Print: Ctrl + P

13. State the use of clipboard in MS Word.

The clipboard temporarily stores copied or cut text and allows you to paste it elsewhere.

14. Define the title bar.

The title bar is the top bar of the window that shows the name of the document and the program.

15. Distinguish between cut and copy.

Cut: Removes the text from its place and stores it in the clipboard.

Copy: Keeps the original text and stores a duplicate in the clipboard
.
1. Define a cell and how it is identified in Excel.
A cell is a box in a worksheet where you enter data. It is identified by its column letter and row number (e.g., A1).

2. List two benefits of spreadsheet.

It helps in quick calculations using formulas and functions.
It organizes and analyzes large amounts of data easily.

3. Define worksheet and workbook.

Worksheet: A single sheet in Excel where data is entered.
Workbook: A file that contains one or more worksheets.

4. What do you know about named ranges?

A named range is a name given to a specific group of cells so they can be referred to easily in formulas.

5. Define function in MS Excel.

A function is a built-in formula in Excel used to perform calculations (e.g., =SUM(A1:A5)).

6. Define formula in MS Excel.

A formula is an expression that calculates the value of a cell (e.g., =A1+B1).

7. Name two types of charts used in MS Excel.

Column Chart
Pie Chart

8. Differentiate between relative reference and absolute reference.

Relative Reference: Changes when copied to another cell (e.g., A1).
Absolute Reference: Stays the same when copied (e.g., $A$1).

9. How can you merge cells?

Select the cells, then click "Merge & Center" from the Home tab.

10. What are SUM and AVERAGE functions?

SUM: Adds a group of numbers (e.g., =SUM(A1:A5))
AVERAGE: Calculates the average of numbers (e.g., =AVERAGE(A1:A5))

11. Differentiate between active and passive cell.

Active Cell: The cell currently selected, where data is entered.

12. How can we write cell range in MS Excel?

A cell range is written using the start and end cell, separated by a colon (e.g., A1:A5).