Experiment No: 03

Name of experiment: -Select two single phase transformer, perform polarity test, mark its
terminal, select appropriate meters & perform back to back test, compare its regulation with direct
loading method

Aim: To perform polarity marking on two winding Transformer.

3.1Apparatus required:
S. No. Apparatus Specification Quantity
1. Two winding transformer 230/115V, 1KVA 2
2. Voltmeter 0-300V 1
3. Connecting wire 1.0mm2 Area Cu. Conductor 5 meter.

3.2 Circuit Diagram:

Fig.3.1 Connection Diagram of two transformer T1 and T2 .

3.3 Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
(ii) Switch on the supply.
(iii) Show the voltmeter reading of secondary sides.
(iv) There will be zero reading then correct polarity.

3.4 Precaution:
(i) All the connection should be perfectly tight.
(ii) Supply should not be switched ON until & unless the connections are checked by the teacher.
(iii) Do not bend while taking the readings.
(iv)No loose wire should lie on the work-table.
 AIM: - Select appropriate meters & perform back to back test, compare its regulation with direct
loading method.

3.5 Apparatus required:

S. No. Apparatus Specification Quantity
1. 1- phase transformer two 230/115 volt , 2
winding 1KVA
2. Variac 0-250V, 50Hz 2
3. Wattmeter 500W 2
4. Voltmeter 0-300V 2
5. Ammeter 0-10A 1
6. Ammeter 0-05A 1
7. Connecting wire 1.0mm2 Area Cu. 5meter (approx.)

3.6 Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 3.2 Back to back test on 1-phase transformer connection Diagram

3.7 Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. The secondary winding terminals of the two transformers are connected in series with polarities in
phase opposition which can check by means of a voltmeter.
3. Before starting the experiment, check the variac are in minimum output voltage position.
4. Close the first DPST-1 switch and switch ON the supply.
5. Increase the variac slowly and apply rated voltage to the primary winding of 1-ɸ transformer and
check the voltmeter reading connected across the secondary terminals.
6. If the voltmeter reading is zero, continue with step 8.
7. If the voltmeter reading is not zero, interchange the secondary terminals.
8. Now close the DPST-2 switch and vary the variac-2 slowly till rated current flowing the two
series- connected secondary sides.
9. Note down the readings of V1, V2, I1, I2, W1and W2and enter them in a tabular column.
10. W1 =2Pc, W2= 2Psc. Losses of each transformer= (W1+W2)/2.
11. Now the Variac are brought to zero voltage position and open DPST switches.

3.8 Observations Table:

Wattmeter

Wattmeter
Voltmeter

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Ammeter
Transformer 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐩𝐮𝐭
S.No.

W1

W2
V1

V2 ɳ =

I1

I2
𝐖 +𝐖
Losses = 𝟏 𝟐 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐩𝐮𝐭 + 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬
𝟐
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎

3.9 Calculations:

 Percentage Regulation for lagging Power Factor:

%R=

 Percentage Regulation for leading Power Factor:

%R=

3.10 Model Graph:

(i) Output power Vs Efficiency

Fig.3.3 Graph Output power Vs Efficiency

3.11 Precautions:

1. Connections must be made tight.

2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off.
 Experiment No. 04
AIM: Perform parallel operation of transformer as per I.S.

4.1Apparatus Required:

S. No. Apparatus Specification Quantity

1. 1- phase transformer two 230/115 volt , 2
winding 1KVA
2. Variac 0-250V, 50Hz 1
3. Wattmeter 500W 2
4. Voltmeter 0-300V 2
5. Ammeter 0-10A 1
6. Ammeter 0-05A 1
7. Connecting wire 1.0mm2 Area Cu. 5meter (approx.)

4.2 Theory:

Transformer are said to be connected in parallel when their primary winding are connected to a
common voltage supply and their secondary winding are connected to a common load.

Reason for parallel operation:The main reason for operatingtransformers in parallel are as
follow:
(i) For large loads it may be impracticable or uneconomical to have a single large
transformer.
(ii) In substations the total load required may be supplied by an appropriate number of
transformers of standard size. This reduces the spare capacity of the substation.

Fig. 4.1 Theoretical figure of parallel operation of transformer.

4.2 Circuit Diagram:

Fig.4.2 Connection Diagram of parallel operation of transformer.

4.3 Procedure:
(i) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply 230 V 50 Hz 1-phase ac supply.
(iii) By varying the 1-phase variac apply rated voltage on LV side.
(iv) If the voltmeter across the SPST shows 0 v then close the
Switch.
(v) Gradually add the loads and the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and
wattmeter’s.
(vi) Gradually decrease the loads and open SPST switch.
(vii) Switch off the supply by opening the DPST.

4.4 Observation Table:-

S. No. V1 V2 V3 A1 A2 A3 W1 W2 W3

4.5 Calculation:-
Current Of First T/F I1 =
Current Of Second T/F I2 =
Current Flowing Through Load T/F I3=
I1 + I2 =

Practical Current =
% Error =(I1+I2)-I3/(I1+I2)

4.6 Precautions:

1. Avoid the loose connections.

2. Avoid connecting of meters directly to the machines.
3. Switch OFF the supply before making the connections.
4. Do not touch the bare conductors.
5. Avoid parallax error while making observations.
 Experiment No. 07
AIM:Perform brake test on DC series motor & plot characteristic of output against torque, speed,
and load current as per I. S. list suitable applications.

7.1 Apparatus Required:

S. No. Apparatus Specification Quality

1. Dc Series Motor 3HP, 20A, 1500 RPM 1
2. Voltmeter 300V 1
3. Ammeter 20A 1
4. Tachometer 1

7.2 Theory
The DC Series Motor is similar to any other motor because the main function of this motor is to
convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. The operation of this motor mainly depends on
the electromagnetic principle. Whenever the magnetic field is formed approximately, a current
carrying conductor cooperates with an exterior magnetic field, and then a rotating motion can be
generated.

7.3 Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 7.1 Load arrangement of DC series motor.

7.4 Procedure:

(i) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

(ii) Keeping some load on the motor, start it with the help of starter.
(iii) At this load, note down the speed and also the forces in spring connected to brake
drum. Note voltmeter as well as ammeter reading.
(iv) Increase the mechanical load in steps by tightening the rope and note all the readings
again.
(v) Repeat step (iv) till the rated current of motor is reached.
(vi) Calculate torque and efficiency of motor.
 7.5 Precaution:
(i) All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on the work table.
(ii) Before switching ON the dc supply, ensure that the starter’s moving arm is at its
maximum resistance position.
(iii) Do not switch on or operate the D.C. series motor without load.
(iv) Before switching on the DC supply, ensure some water inside the drum for cooling
purpose.
(v) Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connections are checked by the
teacher.

7.6 Observation table:

Spring

Efficiency
S=(S2 –S1)

Po(Watt)
Current
Voltage

Torque

Output
(RPM)

Power
power
Balance

Speed
S. No.

Input
(Nm)
“N”

“T”
Kg.
(V)

(A)

Pin

%
S1 S2
(Kg.) (Kg.)

7.7 Calculation:

FORMULAE:

 Radius of pull “R”=--------- in (meter).

 Speed “N” =-------------------in (RPM)

 Torque “T” = S * 9.81 *R in Nm

 Input Power “Pi” = VI in Watts

2πNT
 Output Power “Po” = in Watts
60

P
 Efficiency “ƞ” % = P o ∗ 100 in %
in

7.8 Draw the Graph:

(i) Torque “T” Vs Armature Current “Ia”

(ii) Speed “N” Vs Armature Current “Ia”

(iii) Speed “N” Vs Torque “T”

7.9 Result:

The load test on the given D.C series motor was conducted and its performance characteristics
were drawn and the following conclusion can be given based on the performance curves.
 Experiment No. 01
Name of Experiment: Draw circuit diagram select appropriate meters, connect it to perform
routine test on single phase Induction motor.

1.1 Routine test on single phase Induction motor: The testing of rotating electrical machine for
constructional and electrical requirement can be verified without disassembling the machine.
Following tests are carried out on single phase induction motor to check the essential
requirements which are likely to vary during production:
(i) Measurement of winding resistance
(ii) Insulation resistance test
(iii) Vibration test
(iv) No load test
(v) Blocked rotor test
(vi) Phase sequence test

AIM:-To perform load test on single phase Induction motor.

1.2 Apparatus Required:

S No. Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0-300V) MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3 Wattmeter (300V, 10A UPF) 1
4 Tachometer (0-10000 RPM) 1
1.0mm2 Area Cu
5 Connecting wire 5 meter
Conductor

1.3 Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 1.1 load arrangement on single phase Induction motor.

1.4 Precaution:

(i) The auto transformer is kept at minimum voltage position.

(ii) The motor is started at no load condition.
1.5 Procedure:

(i) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

(ii) The DPST switch is closed and the single phase supply is given.
(iii) By adjusting the variac the rated voltage is applied and the corresponding no load
values of speed, spring balance and meter readings are noted down. If the wattmeter
readings show negative deflection on no load, switch of the supply & interchange the
terminals of current coils (M & L) of the wattmeter. Now, again starting the motor
(follow above procedure for starting), take readings.
(iv) The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor.
(v) The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage
position, and the DPST switch is opened.
(vi) The radius of the brake drum is measured.

1.6 Observation Table:

Speed N (rpm)

Output power

Power factor
Current (A)

Spring balance

%efficiency
Voltage (V)

Wattmeter

Torque T

%slip (s)
readings (Kg)
(watts)

(watts)
(Nm)

(η)
S1 S2 (S2 –S1 )= S

1.7 Calculation:
Formulae:

 Radius of pull “R”=--------- in (meter).

 Speed “N” =-------------------in (RPM)

 Torque “T” = S * 9.81 *R in Nm

 Input Power “Pi” = VI in Watts

2πNT
 Output Power “Po” = in Watts
60

P
 Efficiency “ƞ” % = P o ∗ 100 in %
in

Ns −Nr
 Slip (%) s= *100 in %
Ns

Where Ns= Synchronous Speed, Nr = Actual speed

120f
Ns = where f= Frequency, P =No. of Pole of Induction Motor.
P

1.8 Draw The Graph:

 Experiment No. 06

Name of Experiment: Carry out OC & SC test on 3-phase Induction motor, plot circle diagram,
& calculate parameters.

6.1 Apparatus Required:

S. No. Apparatus Specification Quantity

1. Three phase induction motor 5 HP 01
2 Voltmeter 0-600V MI, 0-300V MI 02
3 Ammeter 0-10A MI, 0-5A MI 02
4 Wattmeter (300V, 10A, UPF), (600V, 02
5A, LPF)
5 Multimeter ------- 01
6 Connecting wire 1.5 mm2 area ---------

AIM: - To perform Open circuit (OC) test on 3-phase Induction Motor.

6.2 Theory:

The no load test is similar to the open circuit test on a transformer. It is performed to obtain the
magnetizing branch parameters (shunt parameters) in the induction machine equivalent circuit. In
this test, the motor is allowed to run with no-load at the rated voltage of rated frequency across its
terminals. Machine will rotate at almost synchronous speed, which makes slip nearly equal to
zero. This causes the equivalent rotor impedance to be very large (theoretically infinite neglecting
the frictional and rotational losses). Therefore, the rotor equivalent impedance can be considered
to be an open circuit which reduces the equivalent circuit diagram of the induction machine (Fig.
1) to the circuit as shown in Fig. 2. Hence, the data obtained from this test will give information
on the stator and the magnetizing branch. The connection circuit diagram of no load test is shown
in Fig. 3. The no load parameters can be found from the voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter
readings obtained when the machine is run at no load as shown below:
Readings Obtained:
1. Line to line voltage at stator terminals: Vnl volt.
2. Stator Phase Current: Inl amp.
3. Per phase power drawn by the stator: Pnl watt.

6.3 Calculations:
(Vnl/√3)
𝑍𝑛𝑙 = ohms
Inl

Pnl
rnl = = r1 + rc ohms
I 2 nl

𝑋𝑛𝑙 = √𝑍 2 𝑛𝑙 − 𝑅2 𝑛𝑙 =X1+Xm ohms

 Fig.6.1 Per phase equivalent circuit of 3-phase induction motor

Fig. 6.2 Approximate Equivalent Circuit for No-Load Test.

Fig. 6.3 Connection diagram for performing No-load tests on 3 phase Induction motor.
6.4 Procedure:
(i) Determine the meters and their ratings based on the name plate readings of the machine
and requirement.
(ii) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
(iii) Set/check the Variac to be at zero output.
(iv) First switch on the 3ф supply.
(v) Close the TPST.
(vi) Gradually increase the voltage applied to the machine to the rated voltage. Motor runs at
a speed quite close to its synchronous speed.
(vii) Take the reading of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter& speed on that particular voltage on
the variac and make a table.

6.5 Observation table:

S. No. Vnl(volt) Inl(amp) Pnl(watt) N(rpm)

AIM: To perform short circuit (SC) tests on 3-phase Induction motor.

6.6 Theory:
Blocked rotor test is similar to the short circuit test on a transformer. It is performed in the to
calculate the series parameters of the induction machine i.e., its leakage impedances. The rotor is
blocked to prevent rotation and balanced voltages are applied to the stator terminals at a frequency
of 25 percent of the rated frequency at a voltage where the rated current is achieved. Under the
reduced voltage condition and rated current, core loss and magnetizing component of the current
are quite small percent of the total current, equivalent circuit reduces to the form shown in Fig.
4.(d).

Fig. 6.4 Equivalent Circuit for Blocked Rotor Test

The slip for the blocked rotor test is unity since the rotor is stationary. The resulting speed-
dependent equivalent resistance r2’{(1/s)-1} goes to zero and the resistance of the rotor branch of
the equivalent circuit becomes very small. Thus, the rotor current is much larger than current in
the excitation branch of the circuit such that the excitation branch can be neglected. Voltage and
power are measured at the motor input.
Readings Obtained:
1. Line to line voltage at stator terminals: Vbr volt.
2. Stator Phase Current: Ibr amp.
3. Per phase power drawn by the stator: Pbr watt.
6.7 Calculations:

(Vbr /√3)
Zbr = ohms
Inl

𝑃𝑏𝑟
𝑟𝑏𝑟 = = 𝑟1 + 𝑟′2 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼 2 𝑏𝑟

𝑋𝑏𝑟 = √𝑍 2 𝑏𝑟 − 𝑅2 𝑏𝑟 =X1 +X’2 ohms

X
If it is assumed that X1 =X’2, then X1 =X’2 = 2br ohms

6.8 Procedure:
(i) Determine the meters and their ratings based on the name plate readings of the machine
and requirement.
(ii) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
(iii) Set/check the variac to be at zero output.
(iv) First switch on the 3ф supply.
(v) Close the TPST.
(vi) Now, keeping the rotor still (block the rotor from running), slowly increase the
autotransformer output until rated current flows (Typically, this happens at 25% of the
rated voltage).
(vii) Take the ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter readings and tabulate.
(viii) Repeat the procedure for other values stator phase current less than the rated value.

6.9 Observation Table:

S. No. Ibr (Amps) Vbr (volt) Pbr (watt)
 Experiment No. 02
Name of Experiment: - As per the given circuit diagram perform routine test on three phases
Induction motor & calculate the different parameters.

2.1 Routine test on three phase Induction motor: The testing of rotating electrical machine for
constructional and electrical requirement can be verified without disassembling the machine.
Following tests are carried out on three phase induction motor to check the essential requirements
which are likely to vary during production:
(i) Measurement of winding resistance
(ii) Insulation resistance test
(iii) Vibration test
(iv) No load test
(v) Blocked rotor test
(vi) Phase sequence test

AIM:-To perform load test on 3-phase Induction Motor.

2.2 Apparatus Required:

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity
1. Ammeter MI 5A 1
2. Voltmeter MI 500 V 1
3. Wattmeter Dynamometer 2.5/5A, 150/300/600 V 2
4. D. O. L. Starter Push Button Type For 2/3 HP motors 1

2.3 Machine Required:

AC Motor 5 HP 3 Phase 415 V , 50Hz, 7.5 A 1440 RPM with Drum Brake Loading Arrangement.

2.4 Theory:
The load test on induction motor is performed to compute its complete performance i.e. torque,
slip, efficiency, power factor etc. During this test, the motor is operated at rated voltage and
frequency and normally loaded mechanically by brake and pulley arrangement from the observed
data, the performance can be calculated, following the steps given below.

Slip: The speed of rotor, Nr droops slightly as the load on the motor is increased. The
synchronous speed, Ns of the rotating magnetic field is calculated, based on the number of poles,
P and the supply frequency, f i.e.
120𝑓
Synchronous speed, Ns = in r.p.m
𝑃
𝑁𝑠 −𝑁𝑟
Then, slip, S = *100 in percent
𝑁𝑠
Normally, the range of slip at full load is from 2 to 5 percent.

2.5 Torque:Mechanical loading is the most common type of method employed in laboratories, A
brake drum is coupled to the shaft of the motor and the load is applied by tightening the belt,
provided on the brake drum. The net force exerted at the brake drum in kg is obtained from the
readings S1 and S2 of the spring balances i.e.
Output = Torque x Speed

Thus as the speed of motor does not vary appreciably with load torque will increase with
increasing load.
Net force exerted, W = (S1 – S2) kg
Then, load torque, T = W x d/2 kg – m
= W x d/2 x 9.8 Nw– m
Where, d – effective diameter of the brake drum in meters.

Output Power, Po: The output power in watts developed by the motor is given by,
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
Output power, 𝑃𝑜 = 60 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Where, N is the speed of the motor in r. p. m.

Input Power: Input power is measured by the two wattmeters, properly connected in the circuit
i.e.
Input power = (W1 + W2) watts
Where, W1 and W2 are the readings of the two wattmeters.

2.6 Power Factor: Power factor of induction motor on NO-LOAD is very low because of the
high value of magnetizing current. With the increase in load the power factor increases because
the power component of the current is increased. Low power factor operation is one of the
disadvantages of induction motor. An induction motor draws heavy amount of magnetizing
current due to presence of air gap between the stator and rotor. Thus to reduce the magnetizing
current in induction motor the air-gap is kept as small is possible.
Input power factor can also be calculated from the readings of two wattmeters for balanced load.
If cosɸ is the power factor angle, then
𝑊1 −𝑊2
tanɸ = √3
𝑊1 +𝑊2

Knowing the power factor angle, ɸ, from the above, power factor, cosɸ can be calculated. It may
be noted clearly at this stage, that the power factor of the induction motor is very low at no load,
hardly 0.1 to 0.25 lagging. As such, one of the wattmeter will record a negative reading, till the
power factor is less than 0.5, which may be measured by revering the connection of either the
current coil or pressure coil of this wattmeter.

2.7 Efficiency:
Output Power
Percentage efficiency of the motor, ƞ = ∗ 100
Input Power
Full load efficiency of 3 phase induction motor lies in the range of 72 % (for small motors) to 82
% (for very large motors).

2.8 Speed: When the induction motor is on NO-LOAD speed is slightly below the synchronous
speed. The current due to induced emf in the rotor winding is responsible for production of torque
required at NO-LOAD. As the load is increased the rotor speed is slightly reduced. The emf
induced in the rotor causes the current increased to produce higher torque, until the torque
developed is equal to torque required by load on motor.

2.9 Circuit Diagram:

The circuit diagram of load test on 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor. Instruments connected
in the circuit serve the function indicated against each.
 Fig.2.1 Load arrangement of 3-phase induction motor

 3 phases variac - : To limit the starting current of the motor

 Ammeter - : To measure the current drawn by the stator
 Voltmeter - : To measure the voltage across the stator phases
 Wattmeters - : To measure input power and power factor

2.10 Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that the motor is unloaded and the variac is set at zero output voltage.

3. Switch-on 3 phase ac mains and start the motor at reduced applied voltage. Increase the applied
voltage, till its rated value.

4. Observe the direction of rotation of the motor. In case, it is reverse, change the phase sequence
of the applied voltage.

5. Take-down the readings of all the meters and the speed under no load running.

6. Increase the load on the motor gradually by turning of the hand wheels, thus tighten the belt.
Record the readings of all the meters and the speed at every setting of the load. Observation may
be continued up to the full load current rating of the motor.

7. Reduce the load on the motor and finally unload it completely.

8. Switch-off the supply to stop the motor.

9. Note-down the effective diameter of the brake drum.

2.11 Observations:
S. No. Line Input W1in W2in S1in Kg. S2 in Speed
voltage current watt watt Kg. in rpm
(V) (A)
2.12 Calculation:
S. No. Current Input Torque Output Slip Power Efficiency
power power factor

Graphical representation of the effect of load on rotor speed, efficiency power factor,
output torque, stator current and slip of an induction motor.

Fig.2.2 Graph of Different parameter

2.13 Precautions:While loading the induction motor by brakes, check whether cooling water is
circulated in the drum. Before starting the motor, loosen the strap and then tighten it gradually
when the motor has picked up speed.