Scribd
Upload
5 views9 pages

Sequential Circuits

Sequential circuits are combinational logic circuits where outputs depend on current inputs and previous outputs, incorporating memory elements. They are categorized into asynchronous and synchronous circuits, with asynchronous circuits operating without clock signals and synchronous circuits relying on clock signals for synchronization. Examples include flip-flops, registers, and counters, which can be further divided into asynchronous and synchronous types based on their clocking methods.

Uploaded by

monika19sharmaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views9 pages

Sequential Circuits

Sequential circuits are combinational logic circuits where outputs depend on current inputs and previous outputs, incorporating memory elements. They are categorized into asynchronous and synchronous circuits, with asynchronous circuits operating without clock signals and synchronous circuits relying on clock signals for synchronization. Examples include flip-flops, registers, and counters, which can be further divided into asynchronous and synchronous types based on their clocking methods.

Uploaded by

monika19sharmaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Sequential circuits

Sequential circuits refer to the combinational logic circuits that consist of input
variables (X) and logic gates (or Computational circuits) along with the output
variable (Z). For example, flip-flops, counter, register, clocks, etc.

What are Sequential Circuits?


A sequential circuit refers to a special type of circuit. It consists of a series of
various inputs and outputs. Here, the outputs depend on a combination of
both the present inputs as well as the previous outputs. This previous output
gets treated in the form of the present state. Thus, the sequential circuit
consists of the combinational circuit along with its memory storage
elements. It doesn’t need to consist of a combinational circuit all the time. A
sequential circuit can basically contain only the memory element.

Types of Sequential Circuits


There are basically two types of sequential circuits:

1. Asynchronous sequential circuits

2. Synchronous sequential circuits

1. Asynchronous Sequential Circuits


The asynchronous sequential circuits don’t make use of the clock signals.
This type of circuit is operated through various pulses. Thus, the changes in
our input can easily make a change in the state of our circuit. Clock pulses
are not used in the case of asynchronous circuits. Here, the internal state
gets altered whenever there is a change in the input variable. The time-
delayed or the unclocked flip-flops form the memory elements of the
asynchronous sequential circuits. This type of circuit is very similar to that of
the combinational circuits along with the feedback.

2. Synchronous Sequential Circuits


The clock signal performs the synchronization of the state of memory
elements in the case of synchronous sequential circuits. The output, in this
case, is either stored in latches (memory devices) or flip-flops. The output
gets synchronized with the clock’s only positive edges or only the negative
edges.

Examples :

1. Filp-Flop (Use to store 1 bit only)

2. Registers (Sequence of Filp-Flops)

3. Counters (Synchronous Counter and Asynchronous Counter)

1) Flip-Flop

A circuit that has two stable states is treated as a flip flop. It is used to store 1 bit
only.These stable states are used to store binary data that can be changed by
applying varying inputs. The flip flops are the fundamental building blocks of the
digital system. Flip flops and latches are examples of data storage elements. In the
sequential logical circuit, the flip flop is the basic storage element.

 SR Flip-Flop
 D Flip-Flop
 JK Flip-Flop
 T Flip-Flop

2) Counter

A Counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the


number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in
relationship to a clock signal. Counters are used in digital electronics
for counting purpose, they can count specific event happening in the
circuit. For example, in UP counter a counter increases count for
every rising edge of clock. Not only counting, a counter can follow the
certain sequence based on our design like any random sequence
0,1,3,2… .They can also be designed with the help of flip flops. They
are used as frequency dividers where the frequency of given pulse
waveform is divided. Counters are sequential circuit that count the
number of pulses can be either in binary code or BCD form. The main
properties of a counter are timing , sequencing , and counting.
Counter works in two modes
Counters are broadly divided into two categories

1. Asynchronous counter
2. Synchronous counter

1. Asynchronous Counter

In asynchronous counter we don’t use universal clock, only first flip


flop is driven by main clock and the clock input of rest of the following
flip flop is driven by output of previous flip flops. We can understand it
by following diagram-
It is evident from timing diagram that Q0 is changing as soon as the
rising edge of clock pulse is encountered, Q1 is changing when rising
edge of Q0 is encountered(because Q0 is like clock pulse for second
flip flop) and so on. In this way ripples are generated through
Q0,Q1,Q2,Q3 hence it is also called RIPPLE counter and serial
counter. A ripple counter is a cascaded arrangement of flip flops
where the output of one flip flop drives the clock input of the following
flip flop

2. Synchronous Counter

Unlike the asynchronous counter, synchronous counter has one global


clock which drives each flip flop so output changes in parallel. The
one advantage of synchronous counter over asynchronous counter is,
it can operate on higher frequency than asynchronous counter as it
does not have cumulative delay because of same clock is given to
each flip flop. It is also called as parallel counter.

Synchronous counter circuit


Timing diagram synchronous counter

From circuit diagram we see that Q0 bit gives response to each falling
edge of clock while Q1 is dependent on Q0, Q2 is dependent on Q1
and Q0 , Q3 is dependent on Q2,Q1 and Q0.
Extra Notes:

Clock Signal and Triggering


The clock signal refers to a periodic signal where the ON and OFF times do
not need to be the same. Thus, whenever the ON and OFF times of the clock
signal happen to be the same, we use a square wave to represent the clock
signal. Here is a diagram that represents a typical clock signal:

Remember that a clock signal is often considered to be the square wave. The
signal here sometimes stays at logic. It’s either 5V (high) or 0V (low), to an
equal share of time. It basically gets repeated with a certain time, which is
equal to twice the ‘OFF time’ or ‘ON time’. Let us now know more about
triggering.

Types of Triggering
A sequential circuit has two types of triggering:

1. Level triggering

2. Edge Triggering

Let us discuss these two types of triggering along with their segmentation in
sequential circuits:

1. Level Triggering
There are two levels present in the clock signal – the logic Low and the logic
High. The circuit is only activated in the case of a level triggering whenever
the clock pulse happens to be at any particular level. Thus, there are the
following types of level triggering in a sequential circuit:

1.1. Positive Level Triggering

In the case of a positive level triggering, the signals with Logic High would
occur. Thus, in this type of triggering, the circuit gets operated with such a
type of clock signal. Here is a diagrammatic representation of positive level
triggering:

1.2. Negative Level Triggering

In the case of a negative level triggering, a signal occurs with Logic Low.
Thus, in this type of triggering, the available circuit gets operated with such
a type of clock signal. Here is a diagrammatic representation of Negative
level triggering:
2. Edge Triggering
Two major types of transitions occur in the case of edge triggering clock
signals. This transition either occurs from Logic High to Logic Low or from
Logic Low to Logic High. Now, on the basis of the transitions of a given clock
signal, the edge triggering can be of the following types:

2.1. Positive Edge Triggering

In the clock signal of the positive edge triggering, a transition occurs from
the Logic Low to the Logic High. Thus, the circuit of a positive edge triggering
is operated using such a type of clock signal. Below is the diagram of the
positive edge triggering:

2.2. Negative Edge Triggering

In the clock signal of the negative edge triggering, a transition occurs from
the Logic High to the Logic Low. Thus, the circuit of a negative edge
triggering is operated using such a type of clock signal. Below is the diagram
of the negative edge triggering:

You might also like