Arduino Uno

1. RESET BUTTON- This will restart any code that is loaded to the Arduino
board
2. AREF (Analog Reference)- is used to set an external reference voltage
3. GND (Ground Pin)- used to complete the circuit when connecting
sensors, LEDs, or other components.
4. Digital Input/Output- Pins 0-13 can be used for digital input or output
5. PWM- The pins marked with the (~) symbol can simulate analog output
6. USB Connection- Used for powering up your Arduino and uploading
sketches
7. TX/RX (Transmit/Receive) LEDs- Transmit and receive data indication
LEDs
8. ATmega Microcontroller- This is the brains and is where the programs
are stored
9. Power LED Indicator- This LED lights up anytime the board is plugged in
a power source
10. Voltage Regulator- This controls the amount of voltage going into
the Arduino board
11. DC Power Barrel Jack- This is used for powering your Arduino with
a power Supply.
12. 3.3V Pin- Provides 3.3V power for low-power modules.
13. 5V Pin- This pin supplies 5 volts of power to your projects
14. Ground Pins (GND)
15. Analog Pins (A0 - A5)- These pins can read the signal from an
analog sensor and convert it to digital

LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes) are a semiconductor device that emits light

when current flows through it.

An LED has two terminals:

Anode (+, Long Leg) - Connects to positive (VCC/5V) or a digital pin

Cathode (-, Short Leg) - Connects to Ground (GND)

Hardware Components in an Arduino Uno Starter Kit

1. Arduino Uno Board

• The main microcontroller used to run programs and control other

components.
USB Cable (Type A to B)

• Use: Connects the Arduino Uno to your computer for programming and
power.

• Looks like: A printer cable.

2. Breadboard

• Use: For prototyping circuits without soldering.

• Feature: Allows you to easily insert and remove components and wires.

3. Jumper Wires (Male-to-Male, Male-to-Female, Female-to-Female)

• Use: Connect different components on the breadboard and to the Arduino.

Types:

• Male-to-Male: Commonly used with breadboards.

• Male-to-Female: Used to connect to sensors or modules with pins.

• Female-to-Female: Used with header pins.

4. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)

• Use: Emit light when powered.

• Included: Usually in various colors (red, green, yellow, blue).

• Important: Connect with resistors to avoid burning out.

5. Resistors (Various Values)

• Use: Limit the current in a circuit.

• Common values: 220Ω, 330Ω, 1kΩ, 10kΩ, etc.

• Important: Protect LEDs and sensors.

6. Push Buttons
• Use: Create user input (like a switch).

• Example: Turn on a light when pressed.

 7. Potentiometer

• Use: Variable resistor used to control voltage (e.g., for volume or

brightness).

• Application: Analog input to control servo motors or LED brightness.

8. Photoresistor (LDR - Light Dependent Resistor)

• Use: Detects light levels.

• Function: Resistance changes based on light intensity.

9. Temperature Sensor (e.g., LM35 or DHT11)

• Use: Measures ambient temperature.

• DHT11: Measures both temperature and humidity.

10. Buzzer

• Use: Emits sound, used in alarms or notifications.

• Types: Active (makes sound with just voltage) and Passive (requires signal).

11. Servo Motor

• Use: Controls angular position (0° to 180°).

• Application: Robotic arms, dials, etc.

12. DC Motor + Fan Blade

• Use: Spins continuously; often used for cooling or motion projects.

• Note: Needs transistor and external power for control.

 13. Relay Module

• Use: Acts like a switch, allows Arduino to control high voltage devices (e.g.,
220V AC).

14. IR Receiver & Remote Control

• Use: Allows your Arduino to receive commands from a remote.

• Application: Control LED or fan using a remote.

15. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)

- Are used to detect objects and measure distances

• Use: Measures distance using sound waves.

• Application: Obstacle detection in robots.

16. LCD Display (e.g., 16x2)

• Use: Displays text output from Arduino.

• Application: Show sensor readings or messages.

17. Tilt Sensor

• Use: Detects orientation or tilt.

• Application: Used in game controllers or alarm systems.

18. Sound Sensor

• Use: Detects sound or clapping.

• Application: Clapper lamp project.

 19. Flame Sensor

• Use: Detects fire/flame using infrared.

• Application: Fire alarm or safety systems.

20. Jumper Cap / Dupont Wire Header

• Use: Small plastic connectors to adjust configuration (sometimes for

shields).

21. Power Supply Module (for Breadboard)

• Use: Provides regulated 3.3V or 5V to the breadboard.

22. 9V Battery with Connector

• Use: Portable power for Arduino when not connected to a computer.

23. Transistors (e.g., 2N2222, TIP120)

• Use: Acts as electronic switches or amplifiers.

24. Diodes

• Use: Allows current to flow in one direction, used for protection.

Optional Extras (Depending on Kit):

• Joystick Module

• RGB LEDs

• Seven-Segment Display

• Vibration Sensor

• Gas Sensor (MQ-2, MQ-3, etc.)

• Rotary Encoder
BREADBOARD

- Horizontal Power Rails (Top & Bottom Rows)

These rows are used to provide power (+5V, 3.3V) and ground (GND) to the
circuit.

The red line is usually positive (+).

The blue/black line is usually negative (- or GND).

- Vertical Columns (Middle Holes)

These columns are numbered and are electrically connected in groups of 5.

Example: If you insert a wire into hole A1, it is connected to B1, C1, D1, and
E1 (same for F1 to J1).

A potentiometer (or "pot") is a type of variable resistor used to adjust

voltage and control electrical devices.

It has three terminals:

VCC (Power) - Connected to a positive voltage (e.g., 5V from an Arduino).

GND (Ground) - Connected to OV (ground).

Wiper (Output) - The middle terminal that provides an adjustable voltage

based on the knob position.

Function of Potentiometer

Voltage Divider – Adjusts output voltage.

Adjustable Resistance - Controls current in circuits.

User Input - Used in Arduino for adjusting brightness, speed, etc.

Audio Control - Common in volume knobs

A turbidity sensor module is a device used to measure the cloudiness or

haziness of a liquid — usually water. This cloudiness is caused by suspended
particles such as dirt, sediment, or other impurities. The more particles in the
water, the higher the turbidity.
Transmitter (Infrared LED)

The transmitter is usually an Infrared Light Emitting Diode (IR LED).

What it does:

• It sends out a beam of infrared light into the liquid.

• Infrared is chosen because: • It's less affected by water color.

• It works well for detecting particle scattering.

Receiver (Photodiode or Phototransistor)

The receiver is a photodiode or phototransistor placed either directly

across from the LED or at an angle.

What it does:

• It detects how much light passes through or is scattered.

• Converts the light it receives into a small electrical current.

• More light = higher current = cleaner water.

• Less light = lower current = dirtier water.

A soil moisture sensor measures the volumetric water content in soil. It

helps determine how wet or dry the soil is. This is useful for automating
watering systems, monitoring plant health, or building smart agriculture
systems.