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Earthshine Design

Arduino Starter Kit Manual

A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

©2009 M.McRoberts - Earthshine Design www.EarthshineDesign.co.uk

Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

Earthshine Design
Arduino Starters Kit Manual
A Complete Beginners guide to the Arduino
By Mike McRoberts

2
Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

©2009 M.R.McRoberts
Published 2009 by Earthshine Design.
Design: Mike McRoberts

First Edition - May 2009

Revision 1 - July 2009
Revision 2 - September 2009
Revision 3 - March 2010

License
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Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

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Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

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Copyright Convention (as revised on July 24, 1971). These rights and subject matter take effect in the relevant jurisdiction in
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additional rights not granted under this License, such additional rights are deemed to be included in the License; this License is
not intended to restrict the license of any rights under applicable law.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY:

You are free:
to Share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work
Under the following conditions:
Attribution - You must attribute this work to Mike McRoberts (with link)
Noncommercial - You may not use this work for commercial purposes.
No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

Disclaimer

The information contained in this eBook is for general information purposes only. The information is provided by Mike McRoberts of
Earthshine Design and whilst we endeavour to keep the information up-to-date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of
any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the eBook or the
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In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or
damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this eBook.

5
 Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

Contents
Introduction 7 Project 12 - Piezo Sounder Melody Player 71

The Starter Kit Contents 8 ! Code Overview 72

What exactly is an Arduino? 9 ! Hardware Overview 74

Getting Started 11 Project 13 - Serial Temperature Sensor 76

Upload your first sketch 13 ! Code Overview 77

The Arduino IDE 15 ! Hardware Overview 79

The Projects 19 Project 14 - Light Sensor 81

Project 1 - LED Flasher 21 ! Code Overview 82

! Code Overview 22 ! Hardware Overview 83

! Hardware Overview 25 Project 15 - Shift Register 8-Bit Binary Counter 84

Project 2 - SOS Morse Code Signaller 29 ! The Binary Number System 87

! Code Overview 30 ! Hardware Overview 88

Project 3 - Traffic Lights 32 ! Code Overview 90

Project 4 - Interactive Traffic Lights 34 ! Bitwise Operators 91

! Code Overview 37 ! Code Overview (continued) 92

Project 5 - LED Chase Effect 41 Project 16 - Dial 8-Bit Binary Counters 93

! Code Overview 42 ! Code & Hardware Overview 96

Project 6 - Interactive LED Chase Effect 44 Project 17 - LED Dot Matrix - Basic Animation 97

! Code Overview 45 ! Code Overview 103

! Hardware Overview 46

Project 7 - Pulsating Lamp 48

! Code Overview 49

Project 8 - Mood Lamp 51

! Code Overview 52

Project 9 - LED Fire Effect 55

! Code Overview 56

Project 10 - Serial Controlled Mood Lamp 58

! Code Overview 60

Project 11 - Drive a DC Motor 67

! Code Overview 68

! Hardware Overview 69

6
 Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

Introduction
Everything will be explained in clear and easy to follow
steps. The book contains a lot of diagrams and
photographs to make it as easy as possible to check
that you are following along with the project correctly.

What you will need

Firstly, you will need access to the internet to be able

Thank you for purchasing the Earthshine Design to download the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Arduino Starter Kit. You are now well on your way in Environment) and to also download the Code Samples
your journey into the wonderful world of the Arduino within this book (if you donʼt want to type them out
and microcontroller electronics. yourself) and also any code libraries that may be
necessary to get your project working.
This book will guide you, step by step, through using
the Starter Kit to learn about the Arduino hardware, You will need a well lit table or other flat surface to lay
software and general electronics theory. Through the out your components and this will need to be next to
use of electronic projects we will take you from the your desktop or laptop PC to enable you to upload the
level of complete beginner through to having an code to the Arduino. Remember that you are working
intermediate set of skills in using the Arduino. with electricity (although low voltage DC) and
therefore a metal table or surface will first need to be
The purpose of this book and the kit is to give you a covered in a non-conductive material (e.g. tablecloth,
gentle introduction to the Arduino, electronics and paper, etc.) before laying out your materials.
programming in C and to set you up with the
necessary skills needed to progress beyond the book Also of some benefit, although not essential, may be a
and the kit into the world of the Arduino and pair of wire cutters, a pair of long nosed pliers and a
microcontroller electronics. wire stripper.
The booklet has been written presuming that you have A notepad and pen will also come in handy for drawing
no prior knowledge of electronics, the Arduino out rough schematics, working out concepts and
hardware, software environment or of computer designs, etc.
programming. At no time will we get too deep into
electronics or programming in C. There are many Finally, the most important thing you will need is
other resources available for free that will enable you enthusiasm and a willingness to learn. The Arduino is
to learn a lot more about this subject if you wish to go designed as a simple and cheap way to get involved in
further. The best possible way to learn the Arduino, microcontroller electronics and nothing is too hard to
after using this kit of course, is to join the Arduino learn if you are willing to at least ʻgive it a goʼ. The
Forum on the Arduino website and to check out the Earthshine Design Arduino Starter Kit will help you on
code and hardware examples in the ʻPlaygroundʼ that journey and introduce you to this exciting and
section of the Arduino website too. creative hobby.
We hope you enjoy using the kit and get satisfaction
from creating the projects and seeing your creations
come to life. Mike McRoberts
[email protected]
How to use it May 2009

The book starts off with an introduction to the Arduino,

how to set up the hardware, install the software, etc.
We then explain the Arduino IDE and how to use it
before we dive right into some projects progressing
from very basic stuff through to advanced topics. Each
project will start off with a description of how to set up
the hardware and what code is needed to get it
working. We will then describe separately the code
and the hardware and explain in some detail how it
works.

7
 Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

The Starter Kit Contents

Please note that your kit contents may look slightly different to those listed here

Roboduino
USB Cable Piezo Sounder
Duemilanove Board DC Power Supply Breadboard

10 x Clear RED 5mm 10 x Clear Blue 5mm 10 x Clear Green 5mm

5 x 1N4001 Diodes 3-Way Terminal Block
LEDʼs LEDʼs LEDʼs

10 x Yellow Diffused 10 x Green Diffused 10 x RED Diffused

5mm LEDʼs 5mm LEDʼs 5mm LEDʼs 5 x Tactile Switches 4K7 Potentiometer

Light Dependent 8x8 Mini LED

LM35DT TIP-120 NPN Transistor DC Motor
Resistor Dot Matrix Display
Temperature Sensor

10 x 100R Resistors 10 x 470R Resistors 10 x 1KR Resistors

10 x 150R Resistors 10 x 240R Resistors

2 x 74HC595
10 x 1K5R Resistors 10 x 1MR Resistors Shift Register ICʼs Jumper Wire Kit
2 x 16-Pin IC Socket

Earthshine Design
Component Case Starter Kit Manual

8
 Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

What exactly is an Arduino?

speed) and a 5-volt linear regulator. Depending on
what type of Arduino you have, you may also have a
USB connector to enable it to be connected to a PC or
Mac to upload or retrieve data. The board exposes the
microcontrollerʼs I/O (Input/Output) pins to enable you
to connect those pins to other circuits or to sensors,
etc.

To program the Arduino (make it do what you want it

to) you also use the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), which is a piece of free
software, that enables you to program in the language
Now that you are a proud owner of an Arduino, or an that the Arduino understands. In the case of the
Arduino clone, it might help if you knew what it was Arduino the language is C. The IDE enables you to
and what you can do with it. write a computer program, which is a set of step-by-
step instructions that you then upload to the Arduino.
In its simplest form, an Arduino is a tiny computer that Then your Arduino will carry out those instructions and
you can program to process inputs and outputs going interact with the world outside. In the Arduino world,
to and from the chip. programs are known as ʻSketchesʼ.

The Arduino is what is known as a Physical or

Embedded Computing platform, which means that it is
an interactive system, that through the use of
hardware and software can interact with itʼs
environment.

For example, a simple use of the Arduino would be to

turn a light on for a set period of time, letʼs say 30
seconds, after a button has been pressed (we will
build this very same project later in the book). In this
example, the Arduino would have a lamp connected to
it as well as a button. The Arduino would sit patiently
waiting for the button to be pressed. When you press
the button it would then turn the lamp on and start
counting. Once it had counted 30 seconds it would
then turn the lamp off and then carry on sitting there
waiting for another button press. You could use this
set-up to control a lamp in an under-stairs cupboard
for example. You could extend this example to sense
when the cupboard door was opened and
automatically turn the light on, turning it off after a set
period of time.
The Arduino hardware and software are both Open
The Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone
Source, which means the code, the schematics,
interactive objects or it can be connected to a
design, etc. are all open for anyone to take freely and
computer to retrieve or send data to the Arduino and
do what they like with it.
then act on that data (e.g. Send sensor data out to the
internet).
This means there is nothing stopping anyone from
The Arduino can be connected to LEDʼs. Dot Matrix
taking the schematics and PCB designs of the Arduino
displays, LED displays, buttons, switches, motors,
and making their own and selling them. This is
temperature sensors, pressure sensors, distance
perfectly legal, and indeed the whole purpose of Open
sensors, webcams, printers, GPS receivers, ethernet
Source, and indeed the Freeduino that comes with the
modules,
Earthshine Design Arduino Starter Kit is a perfect
The Arduino board is made of an an Atmel AVR
example of where someone has taken the Arduino
Microprocessor, a crystal or oscillator (basically a
PCB design, made their own and are selling it under
crude clock that sends time pulses to the
the Freeduino name. You could even make your own
microcontroller to enable it to operate at the correct

9
 Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

Arduino, with just a few cheap components, on a Then, for a couple of quid or bucks you can replace
breadboard. the AVR chip in your Arduino with a new one. The chip
must be pre-programmed with the Arduino Bootloader
The only stipulation that the Arduino development to enable it to work with the Arduino IDE, but you can
team put on outside developers is that the Arduino either burn the Bootloader yourself if you purchase an
name can only be used exclusively by them on their AVR Programmer, or you can buy these pre-
own products and hence the clone boards have programmed from many suppliers around the world.
names such as Freeduino, Boarduino, Roboduino, etc. Of course, Earthshine Design provide pre-
programmed Arduino chips in itʼ store for a very
As the designs are open source, any clone board, reasonable price.
such as the Freeduino, is 100% compatible with the
Arduino and therefore any software, hardware, If you do a search on the Internet by simply typing
shields, etc. will all be 100% compatible with a ʻArduinoʼ into the search box of your favourite search
genuine Arduino. engine, you will be amazed at the huge amount of
websites dedicated to the Arduino. You can find a
mind boggling amount of information on projects made
with the Arduino and if you have a project in mind, will
easily find information that will help you to get your
project up and running easily.

The Arduino is an amazing device and will enable you

to make anything from interactive works of art to
robots. With a little enthusiasm to learn how to
program the Arduino and make it interact with other
components a well as a bit of imagination, you can
build anything you want.

This book and the kit will give you the necessary skills
needed to get started in this exciting and creative
The Arduino can also be extended with the use of hobby.
ʻShieldsʼ which are circuit boards containing other
devices (e.g. GPS receivers, LCD Displays, Ethernet So, now you know what an Arduino is and what you
connections, etc.) that you can simply slot into the top can do with it, letʼs open up the starter kit and dive
of your Arduino to get extra functionality. You donʼt right in.
have to use a shield if you donʼt want to as you can
make the exact same circuitry using a breadboard,
some veroboard or even by making your own PCBʼs.

There are many different variants of the Arduino

available. The most common one is the Diecimila or
the Duemilanove. You can also get Mini, Nano and
Bluetooth Arduinoʼs.
New to the product line is the new Arduino Mega with
increased memory and number of I/O pins.

Probably the most versatile Arduino, and hence the

reason it is the most popular, is the Duemilanove. This
is because it uses a standard 28 pin chip, attached to
an IC Socket. The beauty of this systems is that if you
make something neat with the Arduino and then want
to turn it into something permanent (e.g. Or under-
stairs cupboard light), then instead of using the
relatively expensive Arduino board, you can simply
use the Arduino to develop your device, then pop the
chip out of the board and place it into your own circuit
board in your custom device. You would then have
made a custom embedded device, which is really cool.

10
 Earthshine Design Arduino Starters Kit Manual - A Complete Beginners Guide to the Arduino

Getting Started
This section will presume you have a PC running If you have a Mac these are in the drivers directory.
Windows or a Mac running OSX (10.3.9 or later). If If you have an older Mac like a PowerBook, iBook, G4
you use Linux as your Operating System, then refer to or G5, you should use the PPC drivers:
the Getting Started instructions on the Arduino website FTDIUSBSerialDriver_v2_1_9.dmg. If you have
at http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Learning/Linux a newer Mac with an Intel chip, you need the Intel
d r i v e r s :
FTDIUSBSerialDriver_v2_2_9_Intel.dmg.
Double-click to mount the disk image and run the
included FTDIUSBSerialDriver.pkg.
The latest version of the drivers can be found on the
FTDI website.

Connect the Freeduino

First, make sure that the little power jumper, between

the power and USB sockets, is set to USB and not
EXTernal power (not applicable if you have a
Roboduino board, which has an Auto Power Select
function).
Get the Freeduino and the USB Cable Using this
jumper you can
Firstly, get your Freeduino board and lay it on the table either power the
in front of you. Take the USB cable board from the
and plug the B plug (the fatter USB port (good
squarer end) into the USB socket for low current
on the Freeduino. devices like
LEDʼs, etc.) or
At this stage do NOT connect the from an external
Freeduino to your PC or Mac yet. power supply (6-12V DC).

Download the Arduino IDE Now, connect the other end of the USB cable into the
USB socket on your PC or Mac. You will now see the
Download the Arduino IDE from the Arduino download small power LED (marked PWR above the RESET
page. As of the time of writing this book, the latest switch) light up to show you have power to the board.
IDE version is 0015. The file is a ZIP file so you will
need to uncompress it. Once the download has If you have a Mac, this stage of the process is
finished, unzip the file, making sure that you preserve complete and you can move on to the next Chapter. If
the folder structure as it is and do not make any you are using Windows, there are a few more steps to
changes. complete (Damn you Bill Gates!).

If you double-click the folder, you will see a few files

and sub-folders inside.

Install the USB Drivers

If you are using Windows you will find the drivers in

the drivers/FTDI USB
Drivers directory of the
Arduino distribution. In the
next stage (“Connect the
Freeduino”), you will point
Windowʼs Add New
Hardware wizard to these
drivers.

11
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
149 fiff-sum. “Five together.” The compound is still familiar in
Scotland—e.g., a “three-some reel,” a “four-some” in golf. Cf. “sex-
sum” in line 231.
179 The story is from the Thebaid of Statius through some
intermediate source which cannot now be identified. See Appendix F,
§ iv.
195-6 “First the one should reign a year, then the other for a year
from the expiry of the previous term,” and so on.
201 his constabill. Defined in the Alexander:

“That of the duke’s hoist all hale,

Was constabill and chief ledere” (73; 14, 15).

252 the gret anciente. “Through its great antiquity.”

314 “Then they praised greatly God the all-mighty.” The comparative
fastar is in Bk. XIII. 129.
316 Thaim byrd. “It behoved or was necessary for them.” (O.E.
byrian, impersonal verb). Cf. “Sa byrd al Galouya hyme honoure”
(Lives of the Saints, Ninian, 932): “Me byrd be blyth” in same
(Martha, 152). Frequent in the Alexander. Cf. on Bk. I. 381.
336 Worschip extremyteis has twa. Valour as a mean between two
extremes is an Aristotelian notion (cf. line 347).
339 “And they are both to be avoided.”
341 “Things which should be left alone as well as those which should
be done” (cf. lines 348-9).
463 In Cumnok. A town and parish in Kyle, Ayrshire.
481 Johne of Lorn. See note on Bk. III. 1.
483 aucht hundreth men and ma. On July 19, 1307, there is a
command from Aymer de Valence, the King’s lieutenant, for aid to
John of Lorn “guarding the town of Ayr and parts adjacent.” Lorn
had 22 men-at-arms and 800 foot, so that Barbour’s statement is
remarkably accurate, while his details enable us to fix the date of the
events (Bain ii., No. 1957).
484 A sleuthhund. Jean le Bel has a reference to some such
occurrence as this, though he credits it to Edward I., and distorts the
course of events. He explains that one time Edward had Robert
Bruce chased through great forests for the space of three or four
days, “by dogs and sleuth-hounds” (par chiens et limiers), and gives
as his authority not only popular report (ce dit on), but also “an
account composed by the said King Robert” (et le treuve on en
hystoire faitte par le dit roy Robert. Chronique i., chap. xxii.). Sleuth-
hounds were common for police purposes: “That thar sal nane lat
(obstruct) a sluthe hund passand or the men that are cumand with
hym for to follow theyffis or to tak mysdvaris,” etc. (1289) (Acta Parl.
Scot., I. 108). See on VII. 17.
487 a strecour. A fast runner, a dog for the chase; from the verb
streke, to go rapidly (Skeat).
503 his emys sak. See note on Bk. III. 3.
507 Schir Amery. Valence is at Glenken, Kirkcudbrightshire, on July
24, and at Doon-side on July 31, 1307 (Bain ii., Nos. 1958, 1959).
510 Thomas Randale. Thomas Randolph, on the English side. See
note on Bk. II. 463.
558 “He would pay no attention to the others.”
650 Out of dawis doyn. “Done out of days”—i.e., killed.
657 yhow ane. “Yourself alone”—a rather awkward expression, but
the reading in H supports E.
665-6 “As they did not fear me, I could do them much more harm.”

BOOK VII.
2 will of wayn. “Wild of weening” or thought—i.e., quite at a loss.
See on II. 471.
10 yhe. Ye from an inferior to a superior; you on the part of the
latter, as in line 15.
17 I haf herd, etc. In a note to the Wallace, Bk. v. 25, Jamieson cites
from “Bellenden, after Boece,” a long passage on bloodhounds, in
which this occurs: “And thocht the thevis oftymes cors the wattir,
quhair thai pas, to caus the hound to tyne the sent of thaym and the
guddis, yit he serchis heir and thair with sic deligence, that be his fut
he fyndis baith the trace of the theiff and the guddis” (Description of
Albion, chap. xi.). See on VI. 484.
48 “And he is a good distance off by this time.”
90 price and loving. “Honour and praise.” Cf. 99, 294.
103 war bodyn all evynly. “Were armed equally well,” equipped for
fighting.
132 bryng hym than of daw. “Bring him then out of day”—i.e., kill
him. Cf. on Bk. VI. 650.
163 housis. MSS. give “hous” with flourished “s,” here expanded to
“is.” See Preface 3.
177 slep. “To sleep,” infinitive, not a substantive.
188 as foul on twist. “Like a bird on a bough.”
*302 to-waverand. “To-wavering”—i.e., distracted, uncertain.
Waverand occurs in line 112 above, and in the Wallace in “waverand
wynd” (Bk. iv. 340). “To” is intensive = German zer. In Morte Arthure
we have “to-stonayede” = astounded (1436) and “to-briste” = burst
asunder (3982). Skeat gives for the text, “wandering uncertainly in
different directions,” but “her and thar” follows.
330 nakyt. “Without armour,” as always in the poem.
423 for Jhon Cumyng’s sak. That this feeling did operate in certain
quarters we gather, further, from a story told in the Scalacronica,
citing “the chronicles of his (Bruce’s) actions,” in which two men
ferry Bruce, whom they did not know, over a passage between two
islands. They ask about Bruce, and express a wish that they had him
in their hands, that they might kill him. Bruce inquired why, and the
answer is, “Because he murdered John Comyn, our lord.” This
incident is placed after Loudon Hill, and the precise locality is not
mentioned. Bruce discloses his identity in parting from them (Scala.,
pp. 132-3).
455 top our teill. “Top over tail,” head over heels. The phrase occurs
in the Alexander (72, 8).
468 till him dreuch. “Drew the man towards him.”
494 Glentruell. Glen Trool and Loch Trool are in the west of
Kirkcudbright. See below on 622.
497 the deir war in sesoun. June or July, and so after Loudon Hill in
Bk. VIII.
561 the Clyffurd. Sir Robert Clifford. See note on 622 and on Bk. I.
282.
588 his baneour. “His banner-bearer,” as in Morte Arthure, “He
byddys his baneoure, Buske yow,” etc. (3732).
622 Vaus. “Vaux” = de vallibus, like Clifford, a Cumberland family. Sir
John de Vaus is on service under Valence against Bruce in June,
1307 (Bain, ii., No. 1938). We have a set of memoranda relative to
expeditions against Bruce in Galloway, dated February 12 to May 3,
1307, for wages to horse, foot, and archers under different
commanders, “in the valley of Nith,” “beyond the water of Cree,”
“Glentruil, riding in search of Robert de Brus,” “on the raid to
Glentruyl, against said Sir Robert,” “in Carrick and Glentruyl”; and
among the leaders is Sir Robert de Clifford (Bain, ii., No. 1923).
623 raucht him a colè. “Reached him a blow.” Skeat explains colè as
from O.F. colee, from col (cou), the neck. Cf. accolade, a blow with
the flat of a sword in dubbing a knight.
624 “Both drew up their men in sides,” for a fight.
632 than he com of toune. “Than when he set out,” a general
phrase.

BOOK VIII.
9 Kyle. The central division of Ayrshire, between Carrick to the south
and Cunningham (13) in the north.
14 He gert helde. “He made to submit” (O.E., hieldan, to incline;
Anglian haeldan). Cursor Mundi, “All folk to Rome suld heild”
(22,235, N.E.D.).
15 Bothweill. Bothwell Castle, on the Clyde. It had seen a good deal
of fighting in the earlier war. In August, 1301, the castle and barony,
which had belonged to William de Moray, were presented to Aymer
de Valence and his heirs (Bain, ii., No. 1214). See also note on Bk.
xiii. 409.
21 Philip the Mowbray. More probably Sir John de Mowbray serving
in Ayr for Valence, with others, in June to August, 1307 (Bain, ii.,
Nos. 1938, 1961).
28 Makyrnokis way. Godscroft gives the name in the form
Machanacks; but David Macpherson, supporting the spelling in the
text, says it is “a narrow pass on the bank of Makyrnok wattyr,”
which he located near Kilmarnock (Geog. Illust., s.v.).
34 Edry-furd. The meaning of this name appears to be given in the
line below, “betwix marras twa,” in which case Edry is for Gaelic
Eadar, “between,” as in other ancient names—e.g., Eddirdail for the
Black Isle, being Eadar-da-dhail, “between two dales.” “Furd,” of
course, is English, and we may conjecture that the place was first
known as “the ford,” with a Gaelic name beginning with Eadar, and
signifying “between the marshes”; then that the unwieldy title was
telescoped, the latter part of the Gaelic compound dropping out, and
reduced to the hybrid “Eadar-ford,” finally to the form given.
95 Kilwynnyn. Kilwinning is west of Kilmarnock, near Ardrossan. At
Ardrossan they turned north by the coast road and passed Largs on
to Inverkip, where are still the remains of the castle. In 1301 Edward
I., after capturing Bothwell Castle, went on to besiege that of
Inverkip, and in July, 1306, after Methven, Thomas Randolph was
imprisoned there (Bain, ii., Nos. 1224, 1807).
123 Gawlistoun. Galston is a little east of Kilmarnock. Beyond it rises
Loudon Hill.
133 the tend day of May. May 10. The memoranda cited in note to
Bk. VII. 622, relating to the pursuit of Bruce in Galloway, extend to
May 3. The battle of Loudon Hill was fought before May 15. See note
on 362.
164 The hye-gat. “The high-road” to Ayr, as we learn also from the
Wallace, Bk. iii. That hero, with his men, there lay in wait for
“Persey’s caryage,” which was being convoyed up Avondale (78) to
Ayr (63). The waggons of supplies “took Loudon Hill” (116), on
which Wallace had prepared a position (100). Loudon Hill itself is a
bold, outstanding eminence commanding the valley of the Avon. The
road must have crossed the lower slope (line 165).
172 thre dykis. On each side of the road, but a bowshot (150 to 200
yards) away (169), was a moss, impassable for horsemen. Further to
narrow the hard ground (170), Bruce dug inwards from “the mosses”
three ditches up to the road (173), each a bowshot behind the other
(175). In the ditches he left gaps (“stoppis”) for the road (179), wide
enough for 500 men to ride abreast (? 650 to 700 yards). Thus he
could not be outflanked (185) or attacked in the rear (186), and he
had sufficient men to deal with a frontal attack (187, 188). If he
could not check the English at the first ditch, he could retreat to the
next, and so to the third, if necessary (189-194). Bruce’s tactics was
thus to make a position defensible by a small number on foot, and
open only to an attack in front. Maxwell’s suggestion that the ditches
were to shelter the Scots from the archers has no warrant in the text
(Robert the Bruce, p. 164). In the Wallace:
 “A maner dyk, off stanys thai had maid,
Narrowyt the way quhar throuch thair thikar raid”
(iii. 133-4).

The incident in the Wallace is certainly derived from The Bruce, but
Barbour’s “dykis” = ditches, as in the modern English sense, has
become a stone dike in the Wallace, where “dyk” has been taken in
its modern Scots sense = a wall.
216 The sone wes rysyn schynand bricht. So too in the Wallace. He
took up his position “in the gray dawing,” and then “The sone was
rysyne our landis schenand brycht” (Bk. iii. 119).
232 quhit as flour. See on Bk. II. 415; XI. 131. Barbour here must
mean the white linen garment covering the armour—the surcoat.
257 that us thar dout. “Whom it needs us to fear.” See for “thar” =
needs, note on Bk. VI. 121.
280 cant and keyn. Cant = lively, brisk; cf. canty. Keyn (keen) is
probably in the sense of “bold” or “valiant.” The words are almost
synonymous. Cf. Morte Arthure:

“The knyhte coveride (got) on his knees with a kaunt

herte” (2195).

326 skalyt in soppis. “Scattered in groups.” The Wallace simply

paraphrases:

“The Inglissmen, that besye was in wer,

Befors ordand in sondyr thaim to ber” (163-4).

339 At erd ane hundreth and weill mar. So in Wallace:

“A hundreth dede in feild was levyt thar” (205).

351 to-ga. A past tense: “went off in a hurry.” See note on Bk. VII.
*302.
362 He gaf up thar his wardanry. Loudon Hill was fought in May,
1307; Valence was still “warden of Scotland” in July 31 (Bain, ii., No.
1959), but was replaced by Sir John de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond,
on September 13 (Foedera, iii., p. 10). An anonymous letter of May
15 says that “the King (Edward I.) was much enraged that the
guardian and his force had retreated before ‘King Hobbe’”; also that
James Douglas “sent and begged to be received, but when he saw
the King’s forces retreat, he drew back” (Bain, ii. 1979).
380 For that victour. There exists a letter written by “some high
official” at Forfar on May 15, which appears to refer to the events of
this year. Bain gives it in full in Anglo-French in vol. ii., pp. 536-7,
and an abstract on p. 513. The writer says that “the news of these
parts are as follows: so far as I am able to understand, Sir Robert de
Bruys has never before had the good will of the people even half so
fully as at the present moment” (ne avoyt onkes sa en arere si
avaunt la volunte des gentz ne la moyte si entierement cum il ad ore
aparmeymes); “and that now they consider it manifest that he is in
the right, and that God is clearly on his side, since he has now
discomfited and defeated the full power of the King, as well English
as Scots” (ausint bien les Engleis cum les Escoteys), “on which
account the power of England is in full retreat before his men, not to
return.”
391 Than wox his power. According to Hemingburgh, who sets Bruce
riding through Lothian “a little after Easter,” before the battle of
Loudon Hill, many then joined him who had been “exiled” by the
English justiciars in the former year when they “sat” upon
malefactors and supporters of “the new king.” “And because,
according to the English law, they were sentencing them to burning,
being drawn on horses and hanging, on that account they rose
unanimously and went with him (Bruce), preferring to die rather
than be judged by English laws” (ii., p. 265). Then follows the
account of Valence’s defeat at Loudon Hill, the driving of the Earl of
Gloucester into Ayr Castle, and Bruce’s subsequent defeat, after
which he lurked “in moors and marshes” with ten thousand foot; and
how Bruce always “slipped out of the hands” of his pursuers—clearly
a misplaced account of the Galloway operations. Of the late summer
and autumn of this year the Lanercost chronicler says that “Robert
Bruce, with his brother Edward and many others adhering to him,
without any opposition from the English guardians, wanders about in
Scotland wherever he wished, and especially in Galloway, and took
tribute from that country on condition that it should be left in peace;
for, on account of the number of people who then adhered to him,
they were not able to resist him” (Chron., p. 210). See also Foedera,
iii., p. 14, for the official English description of Bruce’s raids on
Galloway in August to September of this year.
393 Outour the Month. The writer of the letter cited above says that
he learns from those who are watching the place beyond and on this
side of the mountains, “that if Sir Robert Bruce is able to get away in
any direction without inconvenience” (saun dreytes), “or towards the
districts of Ross, he will find them all ready to his will more wholly
than ever.” For “the Month,” see note on Bk. II. 494.
395 Sir Alexander the Fraser. See note on Bk. II. 239, and next note.
397 his brother Symon. See on Bk. II. 239. Skeat thinks this mention
and that in Bk. IX. 10 “odd,” because he identifies him with the Sir
Simon executed in 1306. Hence one of Barbour’s “errors.” Sir
Alexander Fraser, sheriff of Kincardine, and “Simon Fraser his
brother” are witnesses to a charter not dated, but later than 1312.
(Fraser’s of Philorth, ii., p. 126). Simon Fraser is one of the honorary
burgesses of Aberdeen in 1317 (Miscellany of Spalding Club, v., p.
283). He fell at Halidon Hill, 1333. In line 396 C reads frendis where
E gives cosyngis and H cousings in the general sense of “relatives.”
Bruce gifted the Earl of Atholl’s lands in part to Alexander Fraser’s
wife, Marie, his own sister (Robertson’s Index, p. 19, 105). The gift
must be after 1315 (Bk. XIII. 490).
400 Schir Johne Cumyne. On September 26, 1306, John Comyn, Earl
of Buchan, is forgiven his debts to the Exchequer (England), on
account of the loss sustained “in the death of Sir John Comyn his
cousin” (Bain, ii., No. 1835).
401 Schir Johne the Mowbray. Had the custody of “the late John
Comyn’s” lands in England from February 23, 1306; on duty in Ayr,
June and July, 1307 (Bain, ii., Nos. 1746, 1938, 1961).
402 Schir David of Brechyne. Also serving Edward in Ayr, July or
August, 1307 (ibid., No. 1961); of Forfarshire (ibid., p. 199). See on
Bk. IX. 293.
413 The Erle of Lennox. See on Bk. II. 235. With line 414 cf. extract
from Fordun on Bk. II. 482.
415 Schir Robert Boyd. See on Bk. IV. 342.
425 The forest of Selcryk. Sir Walter Scott has a note (45) to The
Lord of the Isles on “The forest of Selkirk, or Ettrick,” which, he says,
“embraced the neighbouring dales of Tweeddale, and at least the
upper ward of Clydesdale.” But Gray distinguishes between “the
forests of Selkirk and of Etryk” (Scala., p. 127); and Douglas, later,
had a grant of the forests of Ettrick, Selkirk, and Traquair
(Robertson’s Index, p. 10, No. 24).
427 Gedward Forest. “Jedworth,” or Jedburgh Forest. “The vulgar,
and, indeed, almost universal, pronunciation, Jethart” (Jamieson on
the Wallace, Bk. vii. 1277). See further on Bk. XVI. 363.
447 Lanrik fair. No doubt “Lanark” fair, as it appears in Godscroft’s
account (History, p. 30, ed. 1644). “Lanerik” is an old form of the
name in charters, etc.
449 gang on raw. “Go in a row.”
453 Schir Johne of Webitoune. In Godscroft “Sir John Walton,” under
which name Sir John de Walton, he figures in Scott’s Castle
Dangerous. The citation from Godscroft will be found in the
Appendix to the Introduction to that tale.
492 per drowry. Drowry is O.F. druerie, droerie, love, friendship;
here = “as a sweetheart,” apparently in a sinister sense. Cf. Chaucer:
 “To be loved is not worthy,
Or bere the name of druerie.”
(Romaunt of the Rose, 5063).

In the Alexander, as here, “And yharnes to lufe be droury” (126, 21).

BOOK IX.
34 Enverrowry. Inverury, on the Don, fifteen miles north-west of
Aberdeen.
64 a-pane. A curious use of the French adverbial phrase a peine, in,
or with, difficulty; here = “hardly,” “scarcely.” The sense seems to be
that even in a case in which a company is successful without a
captain, which they can be only with difficulty, still they will not
accomplish as much as if they had one.
107 the Slevach. Sliach in Drumblade parish, about sixteen miles
north-west of Inverurie. Certain archæological features in the district
are connected with Bruce’s visit, the “Meet-hillock,” “Robin’s Height,”
etc. (Old. Stat. Acct., iv., p. 55; Macpherson’s Geograph. Coll., i., pp.
8, 19).
117 And als frendis. According to Fordun, whose account is
independent of that of Barbour, Buchan had many nobles, both
English and Scots, when he went to attack Bruce at Sliach (Gesta
Annalia, cxxii.).
118 Schir Johne the Mowbray. See note on Bk. VIII. 21.
127 Martymes. Martinmas, November 11, 1307.
153 thai send. This second “thai” refers to the Scots of Bruce’s party.
183 begouth to fale. “They retired, overcome with shame and in
confusion” (Gesta Annalia, cxxii.). But in Fordun the reference is to
Christmas Day. See below, 204.
188 Strabogy. Strathbogie.
190 cover and ga. “Recover and go about.”
202 Ald Meldrom. About five miles north-east of Inverury.
204 Before Yhoill-evyn nycht. “One night before Christmas Eve.”
Fordun records an attack by Brechin on Bruce on Christmas Day (see
above on 183), but the battle of Old Meldrum he puts on to 1308
(cxxiv.). But he sends Bruce north right away after his landing in
Carrick and capture of Turnberry to destroy Inverness and other
fortresses (cxxi.), whereas Bruce could scarcely go north before the
autumn, as he was in Galloway on September 30 (Foedera, iii., p.
14). After his victory at Inverury, Bruce ravages Buchan, subdues the
north, and, according to Fordun, is in Argyll by August, 1308 (cxxvi.).
This would be quick work, even for Bruce, and Lord Saltoun
therefore argues that Barbour is right in his chronology (Frasers of
Philorth, ii. 183-194).
221 His horse ... he askit. When the King heard of the attack, says
Fordun, “though he was still prostrated by great weakness, he rose
from the litter on which he was constantly carried, and ordered his
men to arm him and place him on his horse” (Gesta Annalia, cxxiv.).
249 merdale. “Rabble”; O.F. merdaille, “a dirty crowd.” Cf. Alexander,
“For thay war pure, small mardale” (379; 14); also Lives of the
Saints; Ninian, 921.
289 “The son of him (the Earl of Atholl) that was in Kildrummy.” But
see note on Bk. XIII. 489. Atholl was English, and Barbour must be
wrong.
293 Com syne his man. But on May 20, 1308, Edward II. was
expressing his thanks to “David de Breghyn,” etc. (Bain, iii., No. 43).
This would support Fordun’s date for the battle, if, as Barbour says,
Brechin submitted soon after. But “Sir David de Breghyn” is receiving
wine from Edward II. on July 12, 1310 (Bain, iii., No. 121). See
further on Bk. XIX. 19.
296 all Bouchane. The district of Buchan is in the north-east of
Aberdeenshire.
307 Toward Angus. In the north of Forfarshire.
309 the Scottis Se. The Firth of Forth (see on 461). Of old it marked
the boundary between the land of the Gaelic-speaking Scots and the
English Lowlands.
312 Philip the Forster of Platan. Jamieson explains that there is still a
Forest-muir in Angus, “the name of a great track of waste ground a
few miles to the north of Forfar” and about two miles east of it, “a
village vulgarly named Forster-seat ... said to be properly designed
Forester-seat, as having been the place where the forester anciently
resided.” He identifies Platan with Platter, a forest which is the
subject of a grant by Robert Bruce (Index Chart., p. 4, No. 43);
while a charter of Robert II. confers on Alexander de Lindsay the
office of Forester of the Forest of Plater, “in the sheriffdom of Forfar”
(ibid., p. 120, 63).
330 Till Perth is went. According to Gray, it was the Earl of Atholl
who captured Perth for Bruce (Scala., p. 140). This is quite wrong;
Atholl was English.
335 the wallis war all of stane. Perth was an exceptional case, the
larger Scottish towns, except Berwick, being fortified only with ditch
and palisade (de bons fossez et de bons palis. Le Bel, I., xxii.). And
so was Berwick till 1296.
338 Olyfard. Barbour is about four years too soon with the capture
of Perth. William de Olifard (modern Oliphant) was still holding it for
Edward II. in February, 1312 (Bain, iii., No. 247). Oliphant was a
Scot, and the state of the garrison for July, 1312, shows a great
number to have been Scotsmen (ibid., pp. 425-7). Fordun says Perth
fell on January 8, 1313; the Chron. de Lanercost gives the date as
January 10, 1313 (Gesta Annalia, cxxix., Lanerc., p. 221). According
to the Lanercost writer, the Scots climbed the walls on ladders
during the night, and captured the place through the neglect or lack
of sentinels and defenders (propter defectum vigilum et custodum,
p. 222).
340 Of Stratherne als the Erll. But see below on 433.
354 the dik. The burgesses of Perth had, by order, made “a pielle
and fosse”—i.e., a tower and a ditch—“when Robert de Brus broke
the peace” (Bain, iii., No. 68).
371, 373 mak ledderis ... in a myrk nycht. See above on 338.
377 slepit all. See on 338.
391 A knycht of France. In the Wallace it is explained that this was
Sir Thomas de Longueville, a French pirate and a friend of Wallace.
Such an identification is in the usual plagiarising fashion of the
author of the Wallace.
405 eftir the Kyng. Cf. preceding note.
412 the tothir man that tuk the wall. “The second man to reach the
top of the wall.”
433 Malis of Strathern. Barbour is quite wrong in placing the Earl of
Strathearn in Perth, and his son on the Scottish side. Both were still
in the English interest. Malise of Stratherne, son of the Earl of
Stratherne, is in English pay November, 1309 (Bain, iii., No. 121).
The Earl appears to have been at Berwick during the winter of 1310-
1311 (Bain, iii., No. 208); and it is no doubt his son who on January
28, 1313, after the fall of Perth (see on 338), is still in receipt of an
allowance from Edward II. (ibid., No. 299). Malis, Earl of Strathearn,
is among the signatories to the 1320 letter to the Pope (Act. Parl.
Scot. I., p. 114).
448 thai war kynde to the cuntre. “They were related to the
country”—i.e., they were Scots (see on 338). The Lanercost account
is the contrary of this; it is there said that on the morrow of the
capture, a Tuesday, Bruce had the chief burgesses of the town
(meliores burgenses), who were of the Scottish nation, put to death,
but allowed the English to depart in freedom. This writer errs,
however, as to the fate of Olifard, a Scot, who, he says, was sent in
bonds (ligatus) far off to the Isles (p. 222); for Olifard was in
England a few months afterwards, and there is no mention of any
escape or exchange (Bain, iii., p. xviii). Fordun’s version is that the
treacherous folk (perfida gens), both Scots and English, were slain,
but that Bruce, in his mercy, spared the common people (plebi), and
gave pardon to those who asked for it (Gesta Annalia, cxxix.).
452 wallis gert he tummyll doune. Bruce’s usual policy with fortified
places. See on Bk. X. 496. The Lanercost chronicler says he
completely destroyed the town (p. 222); Fordun that he destroyed
the wall and ditches, and burned everything else (ibid.).
461 Obeysit all. Not quite, in 1308. Dundee was in English hands in
April, 1312, when reinforcements were being sent to its “rescue”
(Bain, iii., p. 401); and in 1313, according to Barbour himself (Bk. X.
800-1). So was Banff (Watt’s History of Aberdeen and Banff, p. 68).
Bain assigns to June, 1308, a note of instructions regarding
Scotland, in which two wardens are appointed for “beyond the
Scottish sea between the Forth and Orkeneye,” with 120 men-at-
arms, “besides garrisons.” The “guardians of Scotland,” however, are
told “that it is the King’s pleasure they take truce from Robert de
Bruys, as from themselves, as long as they can”—an indication of
the growing power of Bruce, emphasized by Barbour (Bain, iii., No.
47).
497 With all the folk, etc. The Lanercost writer explains this raid as
being on account of the discord between the English King and his
barons. With Edward Bruce, he says, went Robert himself, Alexander
de Lindsay, and James Douglas, with their following, which they had
brought together “from the remote isles of Scotland” (p. 212).
500 ryotit gretly the lande. The people of Galloway had paid tribute
to be left alone (see on Bk. VIII. 391), but, says the Lanercost
writer, they made no account of this, and in one day slew many of
the more noble men of Galloway, and subjugated nearly the whole
country, the Galloway men who could escape flying to England (p.
212).
502 Ingrame the Umphrevell. In June, 1308, Umfraville, with two
others, was made a warden of Galloway, Annandale, and Carrick
(Bain, iii., No. 47).
509 als Amery. Amery St. John; but there is no one on record of this
name. Aymer de Valence was still a warden, but in September, 1307,
when Bruce was raiding Galloway (see on Bk. VIII. 391), John de St.
John was one of “the greater men” there (Bain, iii., No. 15). “Amery
St. John” is referred to again in Bk. XVI. 506.
517 Besyde Cre. The River Cre divides Kirkcudbrightshire from
Wigtown. Fordun says the battle was on the Dee, and dates it June
29, 1308 (Gesta Annalia, cxxv.). The Dee flows into the Solway at
the town of Kirkcudbright. Though Barbour’s position is universally
accepted, Fordun is probably right. See next note.
522 Buttil. Here, at least, C is more correct in a place-name than E,
which gives Bothwell, on the Clyde, an absurd distance away, across
mountains. The castle is that at Buittle, near Dalbeattie, a Balliol
hold. It is a few miles east of the Dee, which seems to bear out
Fordun as in the preceding note; cf. also lines 533-5. Edward’s
operations by the Cree could hardly be seen from Buittle.
547 by Cre. A second battle by the Cree, or, more probably, one
following on the English reverse by the Dee.
575 Schir Alane of Catcart. Cathcart is near Glasgow. Sir William de
Cathcart (Kethker) is a knight of Roxburgh garrison (English) in
December, 1309 (Bain, iii., No. 121).
610 “Directed their heads inwards again”—i.e., turned their horses
to make a fresh charge from the rear.
658 Thretten castellis. Small castles, Border “peels”—ditch and
palisade.
683 the wattir of Lyne. In Peeblesshire, flowing into the Tweed from
the north, a short distance west of Peebles.
692 Alysander Stewart. In C, Alexander Bonkill. Son of Sir John
Stewart, who married the heiress of Sir Alexander de Bonkyl in
Berwickshire, and grandson of the fourth High Steward. He died,
apparently, in 1319, and his son John was created by Bruce Earl of
Angus (Scots Peerage, i. 13, 169).
694 Thomas Randole. Randolph. See note on Bk. II. 463.
695 Adame ... of Gordoun. See note on Bk. II. 463; XI. 46; XV. 333.
728 His emys son. The mother of Douglas was Elizabeth, daughter
of Alexander, the fourth High Steward, and her elder brother was Sir
John Stewart, father of Alexander Stewart, of Bonkil. Cf. on 692.
Thus Douglas and Sir Alexander were cousins.

BOOK X.
9 toward Lorn. Barbour’s chronology is here not specific, but he
apparently places the expedition against Lorn in the late summer or
autumn of 1308. So does Fordun (see on Bk. IX. 204). On the other
hand, there exists a letter from John of Lorn to Edward II., clearly
referring to the present expedition. Unfortunately, it is not dated
further than as an acknowledgment of the receipt of the King’s
letters of March 11. About that date, in 1308, Bruce must have been
in the North, beyond the Mounth (see on Bk. IX. 204). On June 16,
1309, Alexander of Lorn and John are in council with Edward at
Westminster (Bain, iii., No. 95). Meantime Alexander of Argyll is in
the sederunt of Bruce’s first Parliament, March 16, 1309, at St.
Andrews (Act. Parl. Scot., vol. i., p. 160). Either, then, Bruce’s
expedition is to be placed in the spring and early summer of 1309,
or, after the defeat at Loch Awe, John of Lorn held out during the
winter, and Dunstaffnage fell at some date between March 11, 1308,
and June 16, 1309.
14 twa thousand. In the letter referred to above, John of Lorn says
that “Robert Bruce had approached his territories with 10,000 or
15,000 men, it was said, both by land and sea. He had no more than
800 to oppose him, 500 of these being in his pay to keep his
borders, and the barons of Argyll gave him no aid.... He has three
castles to guard, and a lake 24 leagues (miles) long on which he has
vessels properly manned, but is not sure of his neighbours” (Bain,
iii., No. 80). Lorn’s estimate of Bruce’s strength is clearly
exaggerated. Hemingburgh similarly gives Bruce 10,000 men in his
Galloway wanderings (ii., p. 265).
17 Ane evill place. From the description, the Pass of Brander through
which the River Awe flows from Loch Awe to Loch Etive, a sea-loch.
The Callander-Oban Railway follows this route. The Pass is three
miles long.
27 Crechanben. Cruachan Ben, or Ben Cruachan, on the north side,
3,689 feet.
34-35 on the se ... with his galays. Skeat says this must be “Loch
Etive, a sea-loch, not the inland Loch Awe, from which the ships
could not have escaped.” He is thinking of line 130, but the flight
there mentioned has no connection with the present case. Loch
Etive is not “weill neir the pas” (35; cf. also 97, 98), but Loch Awe is,
and we see from Lorn’s letter (note on 14) that he had ships on that
loch. He says further that he “was on sick-bed” when he received
Edward’s letters, “and had been for half a year”; which probably
accounts for his presence in a galley, or large Highland row-boat, as
the Marquis of Argyll was, for a like reason, when his forces were cut
to pieces by Montrose at Inverlochy in 1645.
46 Williame Wisman. A “William Wysman” was made Edward’s
Sheriff at Elgin in 1305 (Bain, ii., p. 458). The wife of “Monsieur
William Wysman” was among the ladies captured in 1306, and was
sent to Roxburgh (Foedera, ii., p. 1014). William Wyseman was at
the St. Andrews Parliament, 1309 (Act. Parl. Scot., i., p. 160). It was
a Moray name.
47 Schir Androu Gray. Ancestor of the Lords Gray. Sir Andrew Gray
received from Bruce in 1315 the barony of Longforgan and other
lands in Perthshire and Forfarshire, which had belonged to Edmond
Hastings (Robertson’s Index, p. 26, No. 19; Crawford’s Peerage, p.
179, ed. 1716).
82 ane wattir. The River Awe. The river here is wide, deep, and
broken by rapids.
88 till brek it. The bridge, of course, was of wood. It was probably
beyond the lower extremity of the Pass, somewhere near the
present bridge.
113 Dunstaffynch. In Fordun Dunstafynch; Dunstaffnage Castle at
the mouth of Loch Etive.
126 And com his man. As has already been noted (see on 9),
Alexander of Arygll is, with the other “barons” of Argyll and the
Hebrides, present at Bruce’s Parliament at St. Andrews, which, if
correct, indicates that Barbour, so far, is right. Lorn wrote to Edward
that, “though he and his were few in respect of his power, Robert de
Brus had asked a truce from him, which he granted for a short
space, and received the like, till the King sends him succours. He
hears that Robert, when he came, was boasting and saying that the
writer had come to his peace at the report that many others would
rise in his aid, which God and the writer know is not true. Should the
King hear this from others, he is not to believe it” (Bain, as cited).
Fordun’s story is that Bruce besieged Alexander of Argyll in
Dunstaffnage, that the castle was surrendered, but Alexander
refused to do homage and was allowed a safe-conduct for himself
and friends to England (Gesta Annalia, cxxvi.).
137 at Lythkow wes than a peill. Linlithgow “peel” was constructed
by Edward I. in 1301-1302. Barbour’s chronology is again at fault, or
he is not concerned about it. Linlithgow was still being munitioned
against the Scots in August, 1313 (Bain, iii., No. 330). Barbour
appears to be simply grouping the different captures of castles
together (see lines 144-7). Strictly a “peel” was a fortification
consisting of a stockade and ditch, enclosing the buildings of the
garrison (see lines 144-7).
153 Wilyhame Bunnok. See note on 254. C reads Bowne here, but
Bunnok in line 194.
180 the hede-soyme. That is, the “trace” or “traces” connecting the
animals with the cart would be cut, when the waggon would block
the gateway. By a similar trick, in which the agents are dressed as
carters and the traces are loosened by withdrawing the pins,
Oudenarde was captured in 1384 (Froissart, Johnes, ii., chap. cli.).
185 the harvist tyde. September or October, 1313. See above on
137.
195 To leid thair hay. To “lead” the hay, still the usual country
phrase, is to bring it in from the field to the place of storage. Bunnok
was to gather the hay and cart it to the castle.
196 but dangeir. “Without difficulty,” readily.
223 callit his wayn. “Drove” or “urged forward” his waggon. The
word occurs in this sense in the Wallace “Thir cartaris ... callyt furth
the cartis weill” (Bk. ix. 717-8), where, as usual, the incident is
borrowed from the Bruce. Cf. Burns: “Ca the yowes to the knowes.”
232 he leyt the gadwand fall. “He” is not Bunnock, but the driver,
who drops his goad and cuts the trace.
254 hym rewardit worthely. According to Nisbet’s Heraldry, Bunnock
is the same name as Binning, and the arms of Binning of Easter-
Binning are “placed on the bend of a waggon argent”; and he gives
as an explanation that “one of the heads of that family, with his
seven sons, went in a waggon covered with hay, surprised and took
the castle of Linlithgow, then in the possession of the English, in the
reign of David II.” (I. 100, ed. 1816). The reference is clearly to the
present incident, though “sons” is a later development, and the date
is wrong. Jamieson is highly suspicious over the identification, and it
seems, in fact, to be a case of ancestry manufacture.
265-6 Murref ... And othir syndri landis braid. “Murref” is English
transcription of the Gaelic form, muiraibh, dative plural of muir, the
sea. The grant to Randolph was most extensive, including lands from
the mouth of the Spey to Lochaber and Mamore, and “the marches
of northern Argyll,” and covering 2,550 square miles in Banff, Elgin,
Nairn, and Inverness (Robertson’s Index of Charters, p. xlix;
Rampini’s Moray and Nairn, p. 140).
324 Schir Peris Lumbard. Peter de Loubaud (Lybaud, Libaut) was
constable of Edinburgh Castle and the peel of Linlithgow in March,
1312 (Bain, iii., No. 254). Edinburgh Castle was captured during
Lent, 1314 (Chron. de Lanercost, p. 223; Fordun says March 14,
1314), by Randolph (Gesta Annalia, cxxx.); March 24, apparently, in
Gesta Edw. de Carn. (p. 45), where it is said that Roxburgh and
Edinburgh fell between February 29 and March 24, 1314. Hailes goes
a year wrong in these dates, and Skeat adopts. For the intrusion of
“m” before “b,” cf. Ferumbrace for Fierabras in Bk. III. 437.
327 mystrowit hym of tratory. So we have it in the Vita Edw. Sec.
that Edinburgh Castle was captured “by the betrayal of a certain
Gascon, who was known as Peter de Gavestone, to whom the King
had committed the custody of the castle. He, a perjured traitor,
adhered to Robert the Bruce, and betrayed the castle” (p. 199). Cf.
on 766.
360-1 ledderis ... With treyn steppis, etc. Ladders of this sort are
carefully described by the Carlisle friar as having been used at an
unsuccessful siege of Berwick by Bruce in 1312. Two strong ropes
were taken, of a length according to the height of the wall. These
were knotted at intervals of a foot and a half; on these knots rested
wooden (treyn) steps two and a half feet long by half a foot broad,
sufficient for one man at a time, and every third step had a
projection inwards, to keep the ladder out from the wall. At the top
end was a curved iron (cf. “a cruk ... of iron”), one end of which,
about a foot long, lay on the top of the wall, while the other hung
down, was pierced with a hole, and had a ring on each side for the
rope. In the hole a sufficiently long spear was inserted, by which the
ladder was put in position by two men. When the Scots had placed
two ladders for a night attack, a dog barked, and Berwick was
saved, the Scots making off and leaving their ladders behind to be
hung up in derision of the Scots by the garrison (p. 221).
372 on the fasteryn evyn. “Fastern’s Eve,” Shrove Tuesday, February
27, 1314. So, too, in Fordun (Gesta Annalia, cxxx.), and in
Scalacronica, the night of Shrove Tuesday (p. 140); in Lanercost the
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