SQL >>

Stands For Structured Query Language With SQL We Can Store, Retrieve,
Select, Extract, Read, Update, And Delete The Data In The Database.

WHAT IS DATA?
The World Is Divided Into Two Things One Is Non-Living Things Another One
Living Things But in Programing Language i.e. C, C++, JAVA, PYTHON, PHP
Everything Will Be Consider as Object.

Data Describes the Properties of an Object

(Or)
Data Describes the Attributes of an Entity

EXAMPLE -1
OBJECT
PROPERTIES DATA

NAME NIBBA
AGE 24
GENDER MALE
DATEOFBIRTH 14-FEB-2000
HEIGHT 5’1’’ FEET
WEIGHT 56KGS
QUALIFICATION B.TECH
INSTA_ID call_me_nibba
GIRL_FRIEND_NAME NIBBI

HUMAN
 EXAMPLE:-2

Properties or Attributes

ENTITY (OBJECT)
WHAT IS DATABASE?

Database Is Place (or) A Medium Which We Store the Data

In A Systematic and Organized Manner

The Basic Operations That Can Be Performed On Database Are

  CREATE / INSERT
 READ / RETRIEVE / SELECT / EXTRACT
 UPDATE / MODIFY
 DELETE / DROP

These Operations Are Referred As CRUD Operations.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS):

"It is a software which is used to maintain and manage the database”

“Security and authorization” are the two important

features that DBMS provides.

Software

QUERY
LANGUAGE Data

Database

FILE FORMAT
DBMS
 We use query language to communicate or interact with DBMS

DBMS stores the data in the form of files.

RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (RDBMS):

It is a type of DBMS software in which we store the data in the form of

Tables (rows & columns) ".

Software

Data

TABLE (ROW&COLUMNS)

STRUCTURED QUERY
LANGUAGE Database

We use SQL to communicate or interact with RDBMS

RDBMS stores the data in the form of Tables.

EXAMPLE

EMPLOYEE TABLE WITH DATA

RELATIONAL MODEL

Relational Model was designed by “EDGER FRANK CODD” (“TED”)

In Relational Model we can store the data in the form of tables
Any DBMS which follows Relational Model becomes RDBMS.

DBMS. Relational Model RDBMS

TABLE:

"It is a logical organization of data which consists of

Columns &Rows”

(Or)

“The Combination of Horizontal Lines and Vertical lines Is

Knows as Table.”
 Columns / Attribute / Fields

Rows Cell
/
Records
/
Tuples

Employee:

EID ENAME SALARY

1 SMITH 1000
2 ALLEN 1500
3 CLARK 2000

RULES OF E.F CODD

Rule No:1
1. The data entered into a cell must always be a “single
valued data.”

Example:
EID ENAME PHONE_NO
1 SMITH 101
2 ALLEN 102 , 202
 3 CLARK 103

EID ENAME PHONE_NO ALTERNATE NO

1 SMITH 101
2 ALLEN 102 202
3 CLARK 103

Rule No 2

In RDBMS we store everything in the form of tables including metadata

Example: Metadata: The details about a data is knows as Metadata.

EID ENAME PHOTO

1 SMITH
2 ALLEN PHOTO
3 CLARK
Image Name : Mypic
size : 127kb
resolution : 400 x 600
format : jpeg
DATA
MetaTable
Image name size Format Resolution
Mypic 127 jpeg 400 x 600

Metadata is automatically generated (Auto generated)

Rule No: 3

1. According to EDGER FRANK we can store the data in

Multiple Tables If needed we can establish a connection
between the tables with the Help of “Key Attribute.”
Using (primary key, foreign key)
Rule No 4

The data entered into the table can be validated in 2 steps.

i. By assigning Datatypes To column(s)

ii. By assigning Constraints To column(s)

Note point:-

Datatypes are mandatory, Constraints are Optional.

DATATYPES

It is used to specify or determine the type of

data
That will be stored in a particular memory location.

Datatypes in SQL

1. CHAR(SIZE) DATA TYPE

2. VARCHAR (size)/ VARCHAR2(size) DATA TYPE

3. DATE DATA TYPE

4. NUMBER(PRECISION ,[SCALE])

5. LARGE OBJECTS
i. Character Large Object. (CLOB)
ii. Binary Large Object (BLOB)
KEEP IN MIND!
NOTE: SQL is not a Case Sensitive Language.
CHAR (SIZE) DATA TYPE;-
In character datatype we can store 'A-Z' , 'a-z' , '0-9' And Special
Characters( $ , & , @ , ! … ) .

 Characters must always be enclosed within single quotes

‘ASHOKIT '.(‘ ‘)

 Whenever we use char datatype we must mention size

 Size: it is used to specify number of characters it can store.

 The maximum number of characters it can store is
2000ch.

Char follows FIXED LENGTH MEMORY ALLOCATION

Syntax: CHAR (SIZE)

Example: CHAR (8)

R A M

Used Memory Unused Memory (memory wastage)

In character datatype we can store ALPHANUMARIC

(COMBINATION OF ALPHA BITES AND NUMARIC TYPE OF DATE)

EXAMPLE ‘ABC123’
VARCHAR (SIZE) DATA TYPE:-

2. In varchar datatype we can store 'A-Z' , 'a-z' , '0-9' And Special Characters( $
,&,@,!…).

Characters must always be enclosed within single quotes ' RAMAKRISHNA SIR'.

Whenever we use char datatype we must mention size

Size: it is used to specify number of characters it can store.

The maximum number of characters it can store 2000 CHARACTERS

Varchar (size) follows “variable length memory allocation “.

Syntax: VARCHAR (SIZE)

Example: VARCHAR (8)

R A M

Used Memory Unused Memory (free memory)

o In character datatype we can store ALPHANUMARIC

(COMBINATION OF ALPHA BITES AND NUMARIC TYPE OF DATE)

EXAMPLE: Insta_Id ‘link2ram’

VARCHAR2 (SIZE) DATA TYPE:-

In varchar2 datatype we can store 'A-Z', 'a-z' , '0-9' And Special

Characters( $ , & , @ , ! … ) .

Characters must always be enclosed within single quotes ' RAMAKRISHNA SIR'.
Whenever we use char datatype we must mention size
Size: it is used to specify number of characters it can store.
The maximum number of characters it can store 4000 CHARACTERS

Varchar2 (size) follows “variable length memory allocation “.

Example: VARCHAR (8)

Syntax: VARCHAR2 (SIZE)

R A M

Used Memory Unused Memory (free memory)

o In character datatype we can store ALPHANUMARIC

(COMBINATION OF ALPHA BITES AND NUMARIC TYPE OF DATE)

EXAMPLE: Insta_Id ‘xyz123’

Example:

By using char (size) Data Type Varchar2 (size)

STUDENT
USN SNAME ADDRESS PAN_NO
CHAR(4) VARCHAR(10) VARCHAR2(10) CHAR(10)
RAM NIBBA AMEERPET ABC123XYZ1
RAVI NIBBI KPHB ABC123XYZ2
 ASSIGNMENT:
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN CHAR & VARCHA
ASCII: [American Standard Code for Information Interchange]

SELECT ASCII (‘A’)

FROM DUAL;

'A' 65
'Z' 90
'a' 97
'z' 122

NUMBER (PRECISION,[SCALE])
SYNTAX: NUMBER (Precision, [Scale])

NUMBER: It is used to store numeric values.

[ ] - Not Mandatory.
Precision: it is used to determine the number of digits used to store integer value
Scale: it is used to determine the number of digits used to store decimal (floating) value
within the precision
By default scale value is zero (0)
Scale is not mandatory
EXAMPLE WE HAVE TAKEN DIGIT 7
Example : Number ( 3 ) +/- 777
Example : Number ( 5 , 0 ) +/- 77777
Example : Number ( 5 , 2 ) +/- 777.77
Example : Number ( 7 , 3 ) +/- 7777.777
Example : Number ( 4 , 4 ) +/- .7777
Example : Number ( 5 , 4 ) +/- 7.7777
Example : Number ( 3 , 6 ) +/- .000777
Example : Number ( 5 , 8 ) +/- .00077777
Example : Number ( 2 , 7 ) +/- .0000077

EID PHONE_NO SALARY

Number( 3 ) Number ( 10 ) Number ( 7 , 2 )
101 9985396677 25000.65
 DATE: it is used to store dates in a particular format.

It used Oracle specified Format.

'DD-MON-YY' OR 'DD-MON-YYYY'
'12-AUG-24' '12-AUG-2024'

SYNTAX: DATE

EMPLOYEE_DETAILS

EMPLOYE_DO EMPLOYEE_HIREDATE EMPLOYEE_ANNIVERSARY

B
DATE DATE DATE
’22-JUN-2000’ ’22-MAY-2018’ ’24-MAY-2024’

LARGE OBJECTS

CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT (CLOB)

Datatype we can store 'A-Z' , 'a-z' , '0-9' And Special Characters( $ , & , @ , ! … ) .
It is used to store characters up to 4 GB of size.
In character datatype we can store ALPHANUMARIC.
(COMBINATION OF ALPHA BITES AND NUMARIC TYPE OF DATE)
CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT VALUES WILL BE STORED IN CHARACTER
FORMAT

SYNTAX : CLOB

EXAMPLE
@ # $ ^ 4 5
E 4 7 8 % *
5 ^ ( _* # $
Binary large object (BLOB):

Datatype we can store 'A-Z, 'a-z', '0-9' And Special Characters ($, &, @, #…).
It is used to store characters up to 4 GB of size.
In Binary Large Object Datatype we can store the Values/data in Binary Format
SYNTAX: BLOB

EXAMPLE
1` 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1

FOR WINDOWS

To download bit.ly/roSoftWIN
(Or)
TO download tinyurl.com/jspsqlsw
CONSTRAINTS

It Is Rule and Restriction /Terms and Condition Are Given To the Column(s).

Types of Constraints:
1. UNIQUE
2. NOT NULL
3. CHECK
4. PRIMARY KEY
5. FOREIGN KEY.

1. UNIQUE: "It is used to avoid duplicate values into the column ".

Duplicate means repeated more than one time.

2. NOT NULL: "It is used to avoid Null ".

Null means blank space/ empty

Not Null With Out Blank Spac

3. CHECK : "It is an extra validation with a condition
If the condition is satisfied then the
value is accepted else Rejected ".
Check (Length(column_name) =size)

CHECK IS USED TO CHECK THE SIZE OF VALUES

0 TO 9 SIZE IS 1
10 TO 99 SIZE IS 2
100 TO 999 SIZE IS 3

1000 TO 9999 SIZE IS 4

 1. PRIMARY KEY: "It is a constraint which is used to
identify a record uniquely from the table”.
Characteristics of Primary key:
 We can have only 1 PK in a table
 PK cannot accept duplicate / repeated values.
 PK cannot accept Null
PK is always a combination of Unique and Not Null Constraint

1. . FOREIGN KEY : "It is used to establish a

connection between the Tables "
Characteristics of Foreign key:
 We can have only Multiple FK in a table
 FK can accept duplicate / repeated values.
 FK can accept Null
 FK is not a combination of Unique and Not Null Constraint.
 For an Attribute ( column ) to become a FK ,it is mandatory
That it must be a PK in its own table.
Example for Foreign Key :
Emp
EID NAME SALARY DNO FK CID FK
1 A 10000 20 2
2 B 20000 10 3
3 C 35000 20 1
4 D 50000 10 2

Child Table

Customer
CID CNAME CNO DNO DNAME LOC
Dept
1 X 1001 10 D1 L1
2 Y 2002 20 D2 L2
3 Z 3003

Parent Table Parent Table

 1. Differentiate between Primary key and Foreign key .

PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

It is used to identify a records It is used to establish a connection
Uniquely from the table. Between the tables
It cannot accept Null It can accept Null
It cannot accept duplicate values It can accept duplicate values
It is always a combination of It is not a combination of
Not Null and Unique constraint Not Null and Unique constraint
We can have only 1 PK in a table We can have Multiple FK in a table

NOTE NULL

Null is a keyword which is used to represent Nothing / Empty Cell.

Characteristics of Null:
 Null doesn’t represent 0 or Blank Space.
 Any operations performed on a Null will result in Null itself.
 Null doesn’t occupy any Memory.
 We cannot Equate Null.

STATEMENTNS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 5 DIFFERENT TYPES

 DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE ( DDL )
 DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE ( DML )
 TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE ( TCL )
 DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE ( DCL )
 DATA QUERY LANGUAGE ( DQL )
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)
“DDL is used to construct an object in the database and deals with the Structure of the
Object/ENTITY”
Statements in DDL (Dr.CAT)
1. CREATE
2. RENAME
3. ALTER
4. TRUNCATE
5. DROP

CREATE
“It Is Used To Build / Construct an Object”
Create Is Used To Create an Entity/Object (Or) View (Virtual Table)

How to Create a Table

 Name of the Table(s) cannot have same names.

 Number of Columns.
 Names of the column
 Assign Constraints
[Not mandatory]

Syntax to create a table:

CREATE TABLE Table_Name(

Column_Name1 datatype constraint_type,
Column_Name2 datatype constraint_type,
Column_Name3 datatype constraint_type,
.
.
Column_NameN datatype constraint_type
);
Example

Create table customer

(
Customer_id int primary key,
Customer_name varchar (10),
Customer_number number (10) not null check (length (Customer_number) =10),
Address varchar (14)
);

NOTE
TO SEE THE TABLE_NAME SQL PLUS APPLICATION

SQL>SELECT *
2 FROM TAB;

TO DESCRIBE THE COLUMN_NAMES WITH DATA TYPE IN SQL PLUS APPLN

SYNTAX:-DESCRIBE TABLE_NAME;

EXAMPLE:-DESCRIBE CUSTOMER;

CUSTOMER PRODUCTS

CUSTOMER_ID CUSTOMER_ID
(PK) (FK)
SYNTAX TO CREATE TABLE TO ESTABLIISH CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE
MULTIPLE TABLE

CREATE TABLE Table_Name

(
Column_Name1 datatype constraint_type,
Column_Name2 datatype constraint_type,
Column_Nmae3 datatype constraint_type,
.
Column_NameN datatype,
Constraint Foreign key references Parent_Table_Name (Column_Name)
);

CREATE TABLE PRODUCT

(
Product_ID Number (2) primary key,
Product_NAME Varchar (10),
PRICE Number (7, 2) check (Price > 0),
Customer_id int,
Constraint CID_FK Foreign Key (customer_id) References
Customer (customer_id)
);

RENAME: "IT IS USED TO CHANGE THE NAME OF THE OBJECT”

Syntax: RENAME Table_Name TO New_Table _Name;

RENAME Customer TO Cust;

SQL>DESCRIBE CUST
 ALTER:” IS USED TO MODIFY THE STRUCTURE OF THE TABLE AFTER
CREATATION”

TO ADD AN COLUMN_AFTER CREATATION OF THE TABLE

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

ADD Column_Name Datatype Constraint_type;

Example: ALTER TABLE Cust

ADD MAIL_ID Varchar (15);

SQL> DESCRIBE CUST;

TO DROP A COLUMN AFTER CREATATION OF THE TABLE:

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name DROP

COLUMN Column_Name;

Example: ALTER TABLE Cust

ADD MAIL_ID Varchar (15);

SQL> DESCRIBE CUST

 TO RENAME AN COLUMN_AFTER CREATATION OF THE TABLE

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

RENAME COLUMN Column_Name TO new_Column_Name;

Example: ALTER TABLE Cust

RENAME COLUMN Customer_number TO PHONE_NO;

SQL> DESCRIBE CUST;

TO MODIFY THE DATATYPE AN COLUMN_AFTER CREATATION OF THE TABLE

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

MODIFY COLUMN_NAME New_Datatype;

Example: ALTER TABLE Cust

MODIFY CNAME CHAR (10)
SQL>DESCRIBE CUST;

TO MODIFY NOT NULL CONSTRAINTS AFTER CREATATION OF THE TABLE:

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

MODIFY COLUMN_NAME Existing_datatype [NULL]/NOT NULL;

Example: ALTER TABLE Cust

MODIFY ADDRESS Varchar (15) Not Null;

SQL>DESCRIBE CUST;
 TO ADD FOREIGN KEY ESTABLISH CONNECTION BETWEEN THE MULTIPLE_TABLE
AFTER CREATATION OF THE TABLES

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Child_Table_Name

Add Froeign_key (column_name) references parent_table_name (column_name)

Example:
Alter table product
Add foreign key (customer_id) references customer (customer_id)

TRUNCATE: "IT IS USED TO REMOVE ALL THE RECORDS FROM THE TABLE
PREMANENTLY WITHOUT DISTURBING THE STRUCTURE OF THE TABLE ”

(Or)

“We want to delete the data inside table permanently than we use Truncate”

Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE Table_Name;

KEEP IT IN MIND!

PLEASE DON’T PERFORM THE TRUCATE OPERATION

ON ANY DEVELOPMENT TABLES
STUDENT
SID SNAME SAGE GENDER
1 A 21 MALE
2 B 23 MALE
3 C 21 FEMALE

Example: TRUNCATE TABLE STUDENT;

SID SNAME SAGE GENDER

NOTE POINT:-Delete the data inside table permanently

DROP: "IT IS USED TO REMOVE THE TABLE FROM THE DATABASE”

(Or)

“IT REMOVES BOTH DATA AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE TABLE PERMANENTLY
FROM THE DATABASE.”

Syntax: DROP TABLE Table_Name;

 ORDERS BIN TABLE

OID Oname ORPHNO ORAddress

Bin$1234abc3456
1 A 1234567890 HYD
2 B 1234567899 PUNE
3 C 1234567880 DELHI ADDRESS

IN SQL PLUS 10g Application

SQL>SELECT *
2 FROM TAB;

T_NAME T_TYPE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE
BONUS TABLE
CUSTOMER TABLE
PRODUCT TABLE
STUDENT TABLE
BIN$1234abc3456 TABLE

SQL>SELECT *
2 FROM RECYCLEBIN;
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIN$1234abc3456 TABLE DROP ORDERS
THE TABLE IS PRESENT IN RECYCLE BIN WE HAVE OPTIONS
ONE IS TO RECOVER THE TABLE BY (FLASHBACK STATEMENT)
ANOTHER ONE DELETE FORVER FROM DATABASE BY (PURGE)

TO RECOVER THE TABLE FROM RECYCLEBIN

Syntax: FLASHBACK TABLE Table_Name

TO BEFORE DROP;
Address: BIN$123abc3456

Orders

FLASHBACK

FLASHBACK TABLE Orders

TO BEFORE DROP

TO DELETE THE TABLE FROM BIN (GONE FOREVER) PURGE

Syntax: PURGE TABLE Table_Name;

ORDERS
DROP
Gone
BIN$123abc3456
Forever

FLASHBACK TABLE
TABLE_NAME TO BEFORE DROP;
The functionality of Recycle Bin was introduced in Oracle 10G version only. Thus even
though the table has been dropped, we can still restore it using flashback command or we
can permanently remove it using the purge command. This concept of Recycle bin was not
there in the earlier versions of Oracle.

NOTE: DDL STATEMENTS ARE AUTO-COMMIT STATEMENTS

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)

“It is used to manipulate the Object by performing insertion, updating and deletion”.
1. INSERT
2. UPDATE (UID)
3. DELETE

INSERT: “It is used to insert / create records in the table”

Syntax: INSERT INTO Table_Name VALUES (v1, v2 , v3 …… ) ;

INSERTING THE VALUES IN CUSTOMER

DESCRIBE CUSTOMER;
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (1, ‘ASHOK’, 9985396677,’AMEERPET’)

ONE ROW CREATED
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ASHOK 9985396677 AMEERPET
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (2, ‘RAM’, 9398314309,’KPHB’);
ONE ROW CREATED
SELECT *
FROM CUSTOMER;
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
;NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ASHOK 9985396677 AMEERPET
2 RAM 9398314309 KPHB

Another way of inserting data into the table is shown below;

SYNTAX:-

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (&COLUMN_NAME1, &COLUMN_NAME2,,,,);

ENTER VALUE FOR COLUMN_NAME1;
ENTER VALUE FOR COLUMN_NAME2;
ENTER VALUE FOR COLUMN_NAME3;

CREATE TABLE BOOKS

(
BOOK_ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
BOOK_NAME VARCHAR2 (16) NOT NULL
);

DESCRIBE BOOKS;

COLUMN_NAMES DATA_TYPES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOOK_ID NUMBER (38)
BOOK_NAME VARCHAR2 (16)

INSERT INTO BOOKS VALUES (&BOOK_ID, &BOOK_NAME);

ENTER VALUE FOR BOOK_ID:11
ENTER VALUE FOR BOOK_NAME:’JAVA’

1 ROW CREATED

SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM BOOKS;

BOOK_ID BOOK_NAME
11 JAVA
UPDATE: It is used to modify an existing value

Syntax: UPDATE Table_Name

SET Column_Name = Value, Column_Name = Value,,,,,,,,,,
[WHERE COLUMN_NAME OPERATOR ‘DATA/VALUE’];

SQL>UPDATE BOOKS
2 SET BOOK_NAME =’ORACLE SQL’
3 WHERE BOOK_ID =11;

1 ROW UPDATED

BOOK_ID BOOK_NAME
11 ORACLE SQL

DELETE: It is used to remove a particular record from the table.

Syntax: DELETE FROM Table Name

[WHERE COLUMN_NAME OPERATOR ‘DATA/VALUE’];

SQL>DELETE FROM BOOKS

WHERE BOOK_ID =11;

BOOK_ID BOOK_NAME
ASSIGNMENT ON DML STATEMENTS

1. WAQT UPDATE THE SALARY OF EMPLOYEE TO DOUBLE THEIR SALARY IF

HE IS WORKING AS A MANAGER.
2. WAQT CHANGE THE NAME OF SMITH TO SMIITH.
3. WAQT MODIFY THE JOB OF KING TO 'PRESIDENT'.
4. WAQT TO CHANGE NAME OF ALLEN TO ALLEN MORGAN.
5. WAQT HIKE THE SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE TO 10%. IF EMPLOYEES EARN
LESS THAN 2000 AS A SALESMAN.
6. WAQ TO DELETE THE EMPLOYEES WHO DON’T EARN COMMISSION.
7. WAQ TO REMOVE ALL THE EMPLOYEES HIRED BEFORE 1987 IN DEPT 20

8. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN TRUNCATE AND DELETE STATEMENTS.

TRUNCATE DELETE
Belongs to DDL Belongs to DML
Removes all the records from the Removes a particular record from the
Table permanently. Table.
Auto COMMIT Not auto COMMIT.

TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE (TCL)

Any DML change on a table is not a permanent one. We need to save the DML changes in
order to make it permanent we can also undo (ignore) the same DML changes on a table.
The DDL changes cannot be undone as they are implicitly saved.
(Or)

“It is used to control the transactions done on the database ".The DML Operations
performed on the Database are known as Transactions such as Insertion, Updating and
Deletion.

We have 3 Statements:
o COMMIT
o ROLLBACK
o SAVEPOINT
ROLLBACK
It undoes (ONE STEP BACK WORD) the DML changes performed on a table.
Let us see in the below example how rollback works,

SQL>DELETE FROM EMP;

14 row deleted.

SQL>SELECT *
2 FROM EMP;

No row selected

SQL>ROLLBACK;

Rollback completed

SQL>SELECT *
2 FROM EMP;
Thus performing the rollback operation, we can retrieve all the records which had been
deleted.

HOW TO CREATE DUPLICATE TABLE WITH SAME DATA (Or) SAME VALUES
SYNTAX:

SQL>CREATE TABLE New_Table_Name AS SELECT * FROM orig_Table_Name;

EXAMPLE

SQL>CREATE TABLE TEST AS SELECT * FROM DEPT;

TABLE CREATED

SELECT * FROM TAB;

T_NAME T_TYPE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEST TABLE

KEEP IT IN MIND FIRST CREATE DUPLICATE TABLE

COMMIT
“It saves the DML changes permanently to the database“
Committing after rollback & vice versa will not have any effect
Let us explain the above statement with an example,
ASSIGNMENT: SQL 10g Application

CREATE TABLE STUEDENT

STUDENT_ID INT (PRIMARY KEY),
STUDENT_NAME VARCHAR2 (15),
STUDENT_AGE NUMBER (3),
STUDENT_DATE_OF_BIRTH DATE,
STUDENT_BRANCH VARCHER2 (12)

CEATE TABLE COLLEGE

COLLEGE_ID INT (PRIMARY KEY),

COLLEGE_NAME VARCHAR2 (13),
COLLAGE_ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (16),
COLLEGE_INAGURATION_DATE DATE,
STUDENT_ID INT (FOREIGN KEY)

AFTER CREATATION OF BOTH TABLES ESTABLISH CONNECTION

BETWEEN MULTIPLE TABLES

INSERT THE 10 RECORD IN EACH (STUDENT, COLLEGE) TABLE

PERFORM COMMIT OPERATION

PERFORM THE DELETE OPERATON
PERFORM THE ROLLBACK OPERATION
PERFORM THE UPDATE OPERATION
PERFORM THE DROP OPERATION
PERFORM THE FLASHBACK OPERATION
SAVE POINT:

This statement is used to mark the positions or restoration points.

(Nothing related to DB) .

SYNTAX: SAVEPOINT Savepoint_Name;

"This statement is used to control the flow of data between the users ".

We have 2 statements:
1. GRANT
2. REVOKE

GRANT: THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO GIVE PERMISSION TO A USER.

SYNTAX: GRANT SQL_STATEMENT

ON TABLE_NAME TO USER_NAME;

REVOKE: THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO TAKE BACK THE PERMISSION FROM THE
USER.

SYNTAX: REVOKE SQL_STATEMENT

ON TABLE_NAME FROM USER_NAME;

KEET IT MIND TRY THIS

SQL> SHOW USER;

USER is "SCOTT"

SQL> CONNECT
Enter user-name: HR Enter password: *****

Connected.

SQL> SHOW USER;

USER is "HR"
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM SCOTT.EMP; FROM
SCOTT.EMP
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
SQL> CONNECT
Enter user-name: SCOTT
Enter password: *****
Connected.
SQL> GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO HR;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> CONNECT
Enter user-name: HR
Enter password: *****

Connected.
 TYPES OF TABLE RELATATIONS
 ONE TO ONE
 ONE TO MANY
 MANY TO ONE
 MANY TO MANY

ONE TO ONE

(PARENT_TABLE) (CHILD_TABLE)

CREATE THE TABLE ESTABLISH CONNECTION BETWEEN

THE TABLE
INSERT THE VALUES IN BOTH TABLES
 ONE TO MANY

PARENT_TABLE CHILD_TABLES

CREATE THE TABLES ESTABLISH CONNECTION BETWEEN

THE TABLE
INSERT THE VALUES IN MULTIPLE TABLES

MANY TO ONE

PARENT_TABLE CHILD_TABLE

CREATE THE TABLES ESTABLISH CONNECTION BETWEEN

THE TABLE
INSERT THE VALUES IN MULTIPLE TABLES
ASSIGNMENT:-

CREATE THE TABLES ESTABLISH CONNECTION BETWEEN

THE TABLE INSERT THE VALUES IN MULTIPLE TABLES

SQL APPLICATION 19C download link

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Rbw9_k-XzaJ2roPmio3ifvfq104kqU3C/view

SCOTT DATABASE DEPT AND EMP TABLE

HOW TO SEE ALL THE USER IN SQL/APPLICATION

SQL>SELECT * FROM ALL_USERS;
----HOW CREATE A NEW USER
----HOW TO CREATE TABLE IN NEW USER
----HOW INSERT DATE IN NEW USER TABLE
----HOW TO UPDATE DATA IN NEW USER TABLE
----HOW TO DELETE THE DATA IN NEW USER TABLE

STEP -1

Create user username identified by password;

CREATE USER SCOTT IDENTIFIED by tiger;
User created

READ
NOW YOU HAVE CREATED THE USER
USER NAME IS SCOTT.

WE CAN NOT CONNECT WITH NEW USER SCOTT

WE CAN NOT CREATE A TABLE IN NEW USER SCOTT

WE CAN NOT INSERT THE VALUES/DATE IN NEW USER SCOTT
WE CAN NOT UPDATE/MODIFY THE DATA/VALUES NEW IN USER SCOTT
WE CAN NOT DELETE/DROP THE DATA IN NEW USER SCOTT

CONCLUSION- WITH OUT CONNECT WITH NEW USER WE CAN NOT

CREATE/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE THE DATE IN NEW USER SCOTT

------TO OVER COME THIS USER (SCOTT) NEED TO TAKE PERMISSION (PRIVILEGES)
----FROM DATABASE ADMINSTRATION (DATABASE ADMIN)
----WE HAVE DATABASE ADMIN i.e(system/tiger)

STEP-2
 SQL> connect
Enter user-name: system
Enter password: tiger
Connected

WE HAVE DATABASE ADMIN i.e(system/tiger)

TO CREAT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE DATA OF USER.
DATABASE ADMIN i.e (system/tiger)

SHOULD GRANT THE PRIVILEGES

(PERMISSIONS) TO USER SCOTT

STEP-3

Grant all privileges to user_Name;

PRIVILEGES MEANS PERMISSION

SQL>GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO SCOTT; -----copy/past in SQL Appn.

GRANT SUCCEEDED
(Or)

SQL> GRANT DBA TO SCOTT; -----copy/past in SQL Appn

GRANT SUCCEEDED
STEP-4
SQL>CONNECT
Enter user-name: SCOTT
Enter password: tiger

Create table DEPT

(
DEPTNO number (2) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME varchar2 (14),
LOC varchar2 (13)
);

INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (10,'ACCOUNTING','NEW YORK');

INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (20,'RESEARCH','DALLAS');
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (30,'SALES','CHICAGO');
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (40,'OPERATION','BOSTON');

SELECT * FROM DEPT;

COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE EMP
(
EMPNO NUMBER (4) PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR (10),
JOB VARCHAR (9),
MGR NUMBER (4),
HIREDATE DATE,
SAL NUMBER (7, 2),
COMM NUMBER (72),
DEPTNO NUMBER (2),
CONSTRAINT F_EMP foreign key (DEPTNO) references DEPT (DEPTNO)
);

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES

(7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '17-DEC-1980', 800, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '20-FEB-1981', 1600, 300, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '22-FEB-1981', 1250, 500, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '2-APR-1981', 2975, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '28-SEP-1981', 1250, 1400, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1-MAY-1981', 2850, NULL, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '9-JUN-1981', 2450, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '09-DEC-1982', 3000, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', NULL, '17-NOV-1981', 5000, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '8-SEP-1981', 1500, 0, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '12-JAN-1983', 1100, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698, '3-DEC-1981', 950, NULL, 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '3-DEC-1981', 3000, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '23-JAN-1982', 1300, NULL, 10);

SQL>COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE SALGRADE
(
GRADE NUMERIC,
LOSAL NUMERIC,
HISAL NUMERIC
);

INSERT INTO SALGRADE VALUES (1, 700, 1200);

INSERT INTO SALGRADE VALUES (2, 1201 1400);
INSERT INTO SALGRADE VALUES (3, 1401, 2000);
INSERT INTO SALGRADE VALUES (4, 2001, 3000);
INSERT INTO SALGRADE VALUES (5, 3001, 9999);

CREATE TABLE BONUS

(
ENAME VARCHAR (10),
JOB VARCHAR (9),
SAL NUMERIC,
COMM NUMERIC
);

COMMIT;
DATA QUERY LANGUAGE (DQL)

“DQL is used to retrieve/Select the data from the database”

It had 4 statements

1. SELECT
2. PROJECTION
3. SELECTION
4. JOIN

SELECT: "It is used to retrieve the data from the table and display it”
Projection
It is the process of retrieving the data by selecting only columns is known as
projection
In projection all the records / values present in a particular column are by
default selected.
SELECTION: "It is a process of retrieving the data by selecting both the
columns and rows is known as Selection”
JOIN: "It is a process of retrieving the data from multiple tables
Simultaneously (AT A TIME) is known as Join”.

PROJECTION

"It is a process of retrieving the data by selecting only the columns is known as
Projection”.
In projection all the records / values present in a particular column are by default

SYNTAX :
SELECT * / [DISTINCT] Column_Name / Expression [ALIAS]
FROM Table_Name;

STUDENTS
 SID SNAME SGENDER SAGE SBRANCH PERCENTAGE
1 A MALE 21 CSE 76
2 B FEMALE 22 MECH 86
3 C FEMALE 23 EEE 87
4 D MALE 23 ECE 76
5 E MALE 24 CIVIL 84
6 F MALE 25 CSE 76

SQL>-----WAQTD SNAME FOR ALL THE STUDENTS

SQL>SELECT SNAME
2 FROM STUDENTS;
SQL>---WAQTD SNAME SGENDER FOR ALL THE STUDENTS
SQL> SELECT SNAME, SGENDER
2 FROM STUDENTS;
SQL>-----WAQTD SNAME AGE SGENDER FOR ALL THE STUDENTS
SQL> SELECT SNAME, SAGE, SGENDER
2 FROM STUDENTS;
SQL>---WAQTD student id and student names for all the students
SQL>--- WAQTD name and branch of all the students
SQL>--- WAQTD NAME, BRANCH AND PERCENTAGE FOR ALL THE STUDENTS.

SQL>---- WAQTD details of all the students from students table

STUDENT

SID SNAME SGENDER SAGE SBRANCH PERC

1 A MALE 21 CSE 76
2 B FEMALE 22 MECH 86
3 C FEMALE 23 EEE 87
4 D MALE 23 ECE 76
5 E MALE 24 CIVIL 84
6 F MALE 25 CSE 76

SQL>-----WAQTD SNAME FOR ALL THE STUDENTS

 SQL>SELECT SNAME
2 FROM STUDENTS;
RESULTE OF FROM CLAUSE
SID SNAME SGENDER SAGE SBRANCH PERC
1 A MALE 21 CSE 76
2 B FEMALE 22 MECH 86
3 C FEMALE 23 EEE 87
STUDENT 4 D MALE 23 ECE 76
5 E MALE 24 CIVIL 84
6 F MALE 25 CSE 76
RESULT OF SELECT CLAUSE
SNAME
A
B
C
D
E
F

ORDER OF EXECUTIO
FROM Clause
SELECT Clause

 FROM Clause starts the execution.

 For FROM Clause we can pass Table_Name as an argument.
(column_name)
 The job of FROM Clause is to go to the
Database and search for the table and put the
table under execution.
 SELECT Clause will execute after the execution of FROM Clause
 For SELECT Clause we pass 3 arguments
⬥ *
⬥ Column_Name
⬥ Expression
 The job of SELECT Clause is to go the table
under execution and select the columns
mentioned.
 SELECT Clause is responsible for preparing the result table.
 Asterisk (*): it means to select all the columns from the table .
 Semicolon: it means end of the query.
EMP
WAQTD name salary and commission given to all the employees.
WAQTD name of the employee along with their date of joining
DEPT
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

SQL>---WAQTD dname and location for all the depts.

QUESTIONS ON EMP AND DEPT TABLE:

 WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS FROM THE EMPLOYEE TABLE.
 WAQTD NAMES OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES.
 WAQTD NAME AND SALARY GIVEN TO ALL
THE EMPLOYEES.
 WAQTD NAME AND COMMISSION GIVEN TO ALL
THE EMPLOYEES.
 WAQTD EMPLOYEE ID AND DEPARTMENT NUMBER
OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES IN EMP TABLE.
 WAQTD ENAME AND HIREDATE OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES.
 WAQTD NAME AND DESIGNATION OF ALL
THE EMPLPOYEES.
 WAQTD NAME, JOB AND SALARY GIVEN ALL
THE EMPLOYEES.
 WAQTD DNAMES PRESENT IN DEPARTMENT TABLE.
 WAQTD DNAME AND LOCATION PRESENT IN DEPT TABLE.
 DISTINCT CLAUSE
“It is used to remove the duplicate or repeated values from the Result table”
MOVIES
MOVIEID MOVIENAME MOVIEYEAR MOVIESDAYS
1 OG 2025 60
2 DEVARA 2025 60
3 KUSHI 2023 75
4 THOLI PREMA 2018 80
5 KUSHI 2004 75
6 THOLI PREMA 1998 80

Distinct clause has to be used as the first argument to select clause

We can use multiple column(s) as an Argument to distinct clause.
It will remove the combination of columns in which the record are duplicated.
SQL>----WAQTD MOVIENAMES FOR ALL MOVIES
SQL>SELECT MOVIENAME
2 FROM MOVIES;
OUTPUT
MOVIENAME
OG
DEVARA
KUSHI
THOLI PREMA
KUSHI
THOLI PREMA
 SQL>SELECT DISTINCT MOVIENAM
2 FROM MOVIES;

MOVIENAME
OG
DEVARA MOVIENAME
KUSHI OG
THOLI PREMA DEVARA
KUSHI KUSHI
THOLI PREMA THOLI PREMA

SQL>--WAQTD REMOVIE THE DUPLICATE DEPTNO FOR ALL THE

EMPLOYEEYS
SQL>--WAQTD AVOID REPATED JOB FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES.
SQL>---WAQTD REMOVE THE REPATED SALARY FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES
SQL>--WAQTD REMOVE THE REPATED SALARY, JOB, DEPTNO FOR ALL THE
EMPLOYEES
SQL>--WAQTD REMOVE THE REPATED ENAME, SALARY, JOB, DEPTNO FOR ALL
THE EMPLOYEES

EXPRESSION
A Statement which Gives result is known as Expression.
Expression is combination Operand and Operator.

OPERAND: These Are the Value That We Pass

2*3 6
OPERATOR: These are the symbols Which Perform
Statement Result
= some Operation on the Operand.

EXPRESSION
 EMP
EMPNO ENAME SAL
1 SMITH 800
2 KING 5000
3 SCOTT 3000

SQL>---WAQTD NAME AND SALARY GIVEN TO THE EMPLOYEE

SQL>SELECT ENAME, SAL
2 FROM EMP;
SQL>---WAQTD NAME AND ANNUAL SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES.
SQL>SELECT ENAME, SAL, SAL*12
2 FROM EMP;
EMPN ENAME SAL SAL*12
O
1 SMITH 800 9600
2 KING 5000 60000
3 SCOTT 3000 36000

SQL>---WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES ALONG WITH ANNUAL

---SALARY.
SQL>SELECT EMP.*, SAL*12
2 FROM EMP;
(Or)
SQL>SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,SAL*12
2 FROM EMP;
SQL>----WAQTD NAME AND SALARY WITH A HIKE OF 20%
SQL>SELECT ENAME, SAL+SAL*20/100
2 FROM EMP;

FORMULA TO CALCULATE PERCENTAGE

SAL+SAL*a/100 SAL*1.a
SQL>---WAQTD NAMES AND SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE WITH A DEDUCTION
OF 10%
SQL>SELECT ENAME, SAL-SAL*10/100
2 FROM EMP;

ALIAS
“It is an alternate name given to a Column or an Expression In the
result table ".
We can assign alias name with or without using 'As'
keyword.
Alias names have to be a single string which is separated
by an underscore or enclosed within double quotes.

Example :
ANNUAL_SALARY
"ANNUAL SALARY"
 WAQTD annual salary for all the employees.
SQL>SELECT SAL*12
2 FROM EMP;
SELECTION
It is a process of retrieving the data by selecting both the columns and rows is known as
Selection ".
SYNTAX:
SELECT * / [DISTINCT] Column_Name / Expression [ALIAS]
FROM Table_Name
WHERE COLUMN_NAME OPERATOR ‘DATA/VALUE’ <Filter_Condition>;

WHERE CLAUSE

"Where clause is used to filter the records ".

ORDER OF EXECUTION
 FROM
 WHERE
 SELECT
SQL>--WAQTD ENAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING IN DEPTNO 20
FROM CLAUSE STARTS THE EXECUTION
FOR FROM CLAUSE WE CAN PASS THE TABLE_NAME AS ARGUMENT.
THE JOB OF THE FROM CLAUSE IS GO TO THE DATADABE AND SEARCH FOR THE
TABLE AND PUT THE TABLE UNDER EXECUTION
AFTER THE EXECUTION OF FROM CLAUSE WHERE CLAUSE
WILL EXECUTES
WHERE CLUAUSE JOB IS FILTER THE RECORDS CONDITION(S)
WHERE CLAUSE IS TO GO THE TABLE UNDER THE EXECUTION THE COLUMN
MENTIONED. WHERE CLUAUSE WILL FILTER THE RECORDS CONDITION(S) ROW
BY ROW
AFTER THE EXECUTION OF WHERE CLAUSE SELECT CLAUS WILL
EXECUTES
FOR SELECT CLAUSE WE PASS 3 ARGUMENTS
⬥ *
⬥ COLUMN_NAME
⬥ EXPRESSION
THE JOB OF SELECT CLAUSE IS TO GO THE TABLE UNDER THE EXECUTION AND
SELECT THE COLUMN MENTIONED
SELECT CLAUSE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PREPARING THE RESULT TABLE.
ASTERISK (*): IT MEANS TO SELECT ALL THE COLUMNS FROM THE TABLE.
SEMICOLON: IT MEANS END OF THE QUERY.
SQL>---WAQTD names of the employees getting salary More than 300
SQL>SELECT ENAME,SAL

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE SAL >300;

SQL>-- WAQTD names and salary of the employees working in dept. 10.
SQL>SELECT ENAME,SAL ,DEPTNO

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE DEPTNO = 10;

SQL>---WAQTD All the details of the employees whose salary is less than 1000

SQL>SELECT *

2 FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL <1000;

==============================================================================

FROM EMP;

SQL>WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF AN EMPLOYEE HIRED ON ’09-JUN-1981’

SQL>SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE

2 FROME EMP

3 WHERE HIREDATE =’09-JUN-81’;

SQL> WAQTD details of the employee whose name is 'Miller'

SQL>SELECT *

2FROM EMP

3 WHERE ENAME = ‘MILLER’;

SQL> WAQTD details of the employee hired after '01-JAN-1982'

SQL>SELECT *

2 FROME EMP

3 WHERE HIREDATE >’01-JAN-1982’;

SQL> WAQTD name sal and hiredate of the employees who were Hired before 1985.

SQL>SELECT ENAME, SAL, HIREDATE

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE HIREDATE <’01-JAN-85’;

SQL>WAQTD name sal and hiredate of the employees who were Hired after 1985

SQL>SELECT ENAME, SAL, HIRDATE

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE HIREDATE >’31-DEC-85’;

SQL>WAQTD NAMES SAL HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS MANAGER

SQL >SELECT ENAME, SAL, HIREDATE

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE JOB=’MANAGER’;

 WAQTD name of the employees who was hired on Valentine's On 2024

 WAQTD THE ANNUAL SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE WHOS NAME IS SMITH
 WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS CLERK
 WAQTD SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE WORKING AS SALESMAN
 WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP WHO EARNS MORE THAN 2000
 WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP WHOS NAME IS JONES
 WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP WHO WAS HIRED AFTER 01-JAN-81
 WAQTD NAME AND SAL ALONG WITH HIS ANNUAL SALARY IF THE ANNUAL
SALARY IS MORE THAN 12000
 WAQTD EMPNO OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE WORKING IN DEPT 30
 WAQTD ENAME AND HIREDATE IF THEY ARE HIRED BEFORE 1981
 WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS MANAGER
 WAQTD NAME AND SALARY GIVEN TO AN EMPLOYEE IF EMPLOYEE EARNS A
COMMISSION OF RUPEES 1400
 WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES HAVING COMMISSION MORE THAN SALARY
 WAQTD EMPNO OF EMPLOYEES HIRED BEFORE THE YEAR 87
 WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS AN N ANALYST
 WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPS EARNING MORE THAN 2000 RUPEES PER MONTH
 WAQTD NAME AND DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEES HIRED AFTER
'01-JAN-87
 WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES HIRED BEFORE
 31-JUL-88

OPERATORS:-
THE SYMBOLES WHICH ARE USED TO PERFORM THE OPERATION IS
KNOW AS OPERATORS
(+ plus symbol Addition operation)
(- minus symbol Substation operation)
(*into symbol multiplication operation)
OPERATORS IN SQL
1. ARITHEMATIC OPERATORS :- ( + , - , * , / )
2. CONCATENATION OPERATOR :- ( || )
3. COMPARISION OPERATORS :- ( = , != or <> )
4. RELATIONAL OPERATOR :- ( > , < , >= , <= )
5. LOGICAL OP : ( AND , OR , NOT )
6. SPECIAL OPERATOR :-
1. IN
2. NOT IN
3. BETWEEN
4. NOT BETWEEN
5. IS
6. IS NOT
7. LIKE
8. NOT LIKE
7. SUBQUERY OPERATORS:-
1. ALL
2. ANY
3. EXISTS
4. NOT EXISTS

CONCATENATION OPERATOR IS USED JOIN THE String.

Symbol: ||
SQL>---WAQTD WISH GOOD AFTER NOON TO ALL THE EMPLOYEESS
SQL>SELECT ‘GOOD AFTER NOON ‘||ENAME
2 FROM EMP;

LOGICAL OPERATOR (AND OR NOT):

AND OPERATOR Is Binary Operator. Will Accept Minimum Two Input/Conditions Process It
Give One Result

CONDITION1 CONDITION2 RESULT

T T T

F T F

T F F

F F F
AND OPERATOR Should Satisfy All The Conditions Then Only Result
Will Be True.
SQL>--WAQTD name and deptno along with job for the employee working in dept 10..

SQL>SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, JOB

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE DEPTNO =10;

SQL>-- WAQTD name and deptno along with job for the employee working as manager in dept
10.

SQL>SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, JOB

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE JOB =’MANAGER’ AND DEPTNO =10;

SQL>WAQTD name, deptno, salary of the employee working in dept 20 and earning less than 3000.

SQL>SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, SAL

2 FROM EMP
3 WHERE DEPTNO =20 AND SAL <3000;

OR OPERATOR Is a Binary Operator. Will Accept Two

Condition/Inputs process it Give one Result.

CONDITION1 CONDITION2 RESULT

T T T

F T T

T F T

F F F

SQL>WAQTD name and deptno of the employees if the works in dept 10 or 20

SQL>SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE DEPTNO =10 OR DEPTNO =20;

SQL>WAQTD name and deptno of the employee if the employee working as

CLERK OR MANAGER

SQL>SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, JOB

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE JOB =’MANAGER’ OR JOB =’CLERK’;

SQL>WAQTD Names of the employees working AS SALESMAN OR DEPTNO 30

SQL>SELECT ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE JOB = ‘SALESMAN’ OR DEPTNO =30;

ASSIGNMENT ON LOGICAL OPREATORS

 SQL>WAQTD NAME, DEPTNO, SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE WORKING IN DEPT
20 AND EARNING LESS THAN 3000
 SQL>WAQTD NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE IF EMP EARNS MORE
 THAN 1250 BUT LESS THAN 3000
 SQL>WAQTD NAME AND SAL AND DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEES IF EMP GETS
MORE THAN 1250 BUT LESS THAN 4000 AND WORKS IN DEPT 20.
 SQL>WAQTD NAME, JOB, DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS A
MANAGER IN DEPT 10 OR 30.
 SQL>WAQTD NAME, DEPTNO, JOB OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING IN DEPT 10
OR 20 OR 30 AS A CLERK.
 SQL>WAQTD NAME, JOB AND DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
CLERK OR MANAGER IN DEPT 10.
 SQL>WAQTD NAME , JOB , DEPTNO , SAL OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
CLERK OR SALESMAN IN DEPT 10 OR 30 AND EARNING MORE THAN 1800
 SQL>WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS CLERK AND EARNING
LESS THAN 1500
 SQL>WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
MANAGER IN DEPT 30
 SQL>WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP ALONG WITH ANNUAL SALARY IF THEY ARE
WORKING IN DEPT 30 AS SALESMAN AND THEIR ANNUAL SALARY HAS TO BE
GREATER THAN 14000.
 SQL>WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMP WORKING IN DEPT 30 OR AS
ANALYST

 SQL>WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPMLOYEES WHOS SALARY IS LESS THAN 1100

AND THEIR DESIGNATION IS CLERKSQL>WAQTD NAME AND SAL, ANNUAL SAL
AND DEPTNO IF DEPTNO IS 20 EARNING MORE THAN 1100 AND ANNUAL
SALARY EXCEEDS 12000
 SQL>WAQTD EMPNO AND NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS MANAGER
IN DEPT 20
 SQL>WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN DEPT 20 OR 30
 SQL>WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS ANALYST IN DEPT 10.
 SQL>WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEE WORKING AS PRESIDENT WITH SALARY
OF RUPEES 4000
 SQL>WAQTD NAMES AND DEPTNO, JOB OF EMPS WORKING AS CLERK IN DEPT
10 OR 20
 SQL>WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS CLERK OR MANAGER IN
DEPT 10
 SQL>WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN DEPT 10 OR, OR 20 OR 30,
OR 40.
 SQL> WAQTD NAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
CLERK OR SALESMAN IN DEPT 10 OR 30 AND EARNING MORE THAN 1800.
 SQL>WAQTD NAME, JOB AND DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
CLERK OR MANAGER IN DEPT 10.
 SQL> WAQTD NAME, DEPTNO, JOB OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING IN DEPT 10
OR 20 OR 30 AS A MANAGER.
 SQL>WAQTD NAME AND SAL AND DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEES IF EMP GETS
MORE THAN 1300 BUT LESS THAN 4000 AND WORKS IN DEPT 20.
 SQL>WAQTD NAME AND DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THE WORKS IN DEPT
 10 OR 20
 SQL>WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE WITH EMPNO 7902, 7782
 SQL>WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS CLERK AND EARNING
MORE THAN 1500
 SQL>WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
MANAGER IN DEPT 10.
 SQL>.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP ALONG WITH ANNUAL SALARY IF THEY ARE
WORKING IN DEPT 30 AS SALESMAN AND THEIR ANNUAL SALARY HAS TO BE
GREATER THAN 14000.
 SQL>WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMP WORKING IN DEPT 30 OR AS
ANALYST
 SQL>WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPMLOYEES WHOS SALARY IS LESS THAN 1100
AND THEIR DESIGNATION IS CLERK.
 SQL>.WAQTD NAME AND SAL, ANNUAL SAL AND DEPTNO IF DEPTNO IS 20
EARNING MORE THAN 1100 AND ANNUAL SALARY EXCEEDS 12000.

SPECIAL OPERATOR
 IN  IS
 NOT IN  IS NOT
 BETWEEN  LIKE
 NOT BETWEEN  NOT LIKE

IN OPERATOR Is Multi Valued Operator Which Will Can Accept Multiple Values At The
RHS.

EAXMPLE:
1=1 (T) 1 IN 1(T)
1=1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (F) 1 IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (T)
1=100,200,300,400 (F) 1 IN (100, 2000, 300,400) (F)

SYNTAX

SELECT */ [DISTINCT] COLUMN_NAME(s) / EXPRESSION / [ALIAS]

FROM TABLE_NAME

WHERE COLUMN_NAME IN ‘(V1, V2, V3,);

SQL>WAQTD NAMES AND DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEE WORKING IN DEPTNO 10

OR 30

SQL>SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO =30;

SQL>SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE DEPTNO IN (10 30);

SQL>WAQTD NAMES AND JOB OF THE EMPLOYEE WORKING AS A CLERK OR

MANAGER OR SALAESMAN

SQL>SELECT ENAME, JOB

3 FROM EMP

3 WHERE JOB IN (‘CLERK’,’MANAGER’,’SALESMAN’);

SQL> WAQTD EMPNO, ENAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE EMPNO
IS 7902 OR 7839 AND GETTING SALARY MORE THAN 2725.

SQL>SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL

2 FROM EMP

3 WHERE EMPNO IN (7902, 7839) AND SAL>2725;

NOT IN

NOT IN OPERATOR Is Multi Valued Operator Which Will Can Accept Multiple Values At
The RHS. Instead Of Selecting It Rejects The Values.

Example:
 1 !=1 (F) 1 NOT IN 1(F)
1 !=1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (T) 1 NOT IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (F)
1 !=100,200,300,400 (T) 1 NOT IN (100, 2000, 300,400) (T)

SYNTAX:
`
SELECT */[DISTINCT]COLUMN_NAME(S) / EXPRESSION/’[ALIAS]
FROM TABLE_NAME
WHERE COLUMN_NAME NOT IN (V1, V2, V3……);

WAQTD name and deptno of all the employees except the employees working in dept. 10
or 40.

SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN 10 , 40 ) ;

WAQTD name, deptno and job of the employee working in dept 20 but not as a clerk or
Manager.

SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB NOT IN (‘CLERK’,’MANAGER’);

BETWEEN: "It is used whenever we have range of values”

[Start value and Stop Value.

Between operator works including the Range

SYNTAX

SELECT */ [DISTINCT] COLUMN_NAME(s) / EXPRESSION / [ALIAS]

WAQTD name and salary of the employees if the EMP is earning Salary in the range 1000
to 3000.
SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL BETWEEN 1000 AND 3000;

WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in dept 10 and hired during 2019 (the
entire year of 2019).
SELECT ENAME,, DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 AND HIREDATE BETWEEN '01- JAN-2019' AND '31-DEC-2019’;

WAQTD name, sal and hiredate of the employees hired during 2017 into dept 20 with a
salary greater than 2000.
SELECT ENAME, SAL, HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL> 2000 AND HIREDATEBETWEEN '01-JAN2017' AND 31-DEC-2017’;

NOT BETWEEN: It is Opposite of Between

SYNTAX

SELECT */ [DISTINCT] COLUMN_NAME(s) / EXPRESSION / [ALIAS]

FROM TABLE_NAME

WHERE COLUMN_NAME NOT BETWEEN ‘(V1, V2, V3,);

WAQTD name and salary of the employees if the EMP is not earning Salary in the range
1000 to 3000.
SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL NOT BETWEEN 1000 AND 3000;

WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in dept 10 and not hired during 2019
SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 AND HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN '01- JAN-2019' AND '31-DEC-
2019’;

WAQTD name, sal and hiredate of the employees who were not hired during 2017 into
dept 20 with a salary greater than 2000S
ELECT ENAME, SAL, HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO IN 20 AND SAL> 2000 AND HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN '01-JAN2017'
AND 31-DEC-2017’;
 IS NUL: - "It is used to compare only NULL"

SYNTAX

SELECT */ [DISTINCT] COLUMN_NAME(s) / EXPRESSION / [ALIAS]

FROM EMP
WHERE COLUMN_NAME IS NULL;

EID ENAME SAL COMM

1 A 1000 100
2 B null null
3 C null 200
4 D 2000 null

WAQTD name of the employee who is not getting salary.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL IS NULL;

WAQTD name of the Employees who doesn’t get commission.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NULL;
WAQTD name, sal and comm of the EMP if the EMP doesn’t earn both.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL IS NULL AND COMM IS NULL;
IS NOT NULL: "It is used to compare the values with NOT NULL ".
SYNTAX

SELECT */ [DISTINCT] COLUMN_NAME(s) / EXPRESSION / [ALIAS]

FROM EMP
WHERE COLUMN_NAME IS NOT NULL ;

WAQTD name of the employee who is getting salary.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL IS NOT NULL;

WAQTD name of the employees who gets commission.

SELECT ENAME, COMM

FROM EMP

WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL;

WAQTD name, sal and comm of the employees if the emp doesn’t earn commission but gets
salary

SELECT ENAME, SAL, COMM

FROM EMP

WHERE COMM IS NULL AND SAL IS NOT NULL;

LIKE: "It is used for Pattern Matching ".

To achieve pattern matching we use special characters

 PERCENTILE (%)
 UNDERSCORE (_)
SYNTAX

SELECT */ [DISTINCT] COLUMN_NAME(s) / EXPRESSION / [ALIAS]

FROM EMP
WHERE COLUMN_NAME LIKE ‘pattern’;