Day-01

04-02-2025
============

Introduction
=========
What is Data?
==========
-> An information about any physical entity is called as "Data".

Ex: Employee
name:
Organization:
Salary:
Position:
Location:
Manager:

What is Database?
=============
-> The database is a software
which can use to store the data/information of more than
one physical entity.
Ex:
====
Employee1 Employee2
========= =========
Ravi Karthik
Software Developer Software Tester
75000 670000
Hyderabad Hyderabad
Ashok Ashok

DBMS
=====
-> Database Management System
-> It is an interface between Application and Database.

How DBMS can work?

==============

1) End-user Request:
====================
-> this can use to prepare the request for making any
operations on the database.
-> SQL can use to prepare the user request.
2) Query Processor:
=============
-> Query ==> User request (Statement)
-> Query Processor can check the Query whether it is correctly
written or not.
-> If it is not, then that query can stop to process.
-> If it is correctly written, that request can optimize to make it
execute faster.

3) Transaction Manager:
================
DBMS responsible for ACID principles:
A ==> Atomicity ==> The request is to entire system or not
C ==> Consistency ==> Database consistently maintain
data before the request and after the request also
I ==> Isolation ==> Avoiding the interference among
multiple request
D ==> Durability ==> Maintain the data because of success
or failure of the system.
4) Storage Manager
==============
-> can use to interact with database to store the data according
the processing of request.
-> after that, the storage manager can respond back to the end-
user about that request.

Various Techniques to manage data

========================
1) Traditional Approach:
================
-> managing the data in books/ledgers is called as "Traditional
approach".
-> With this approach we have some drawbacks:
1) Time consuming
2) Costlier
3) No security
4) No backup

2) File Manager:
============
-> Any data can maintain in computers in the form of files.
-> Drawbacks:
1) Time consuming
2) No safety
3) Limited data can be handled.
3) Database:
===========
-> maintain very huge amount of data
-> more secure

Day-02
05-02-2025
============
RDBMS
=====
-> Relational Database Management System
-> RDBMS is a process of storing the data in the database.
-> In generally, the data can be organized in structured format by
the DBMS.
-> Structure ==> Tabular format
-> Table is the combination of rows and columns.

Ex: Employee Table

Id Name Designation Department salary

=======================================
=
101 Manoj Software Associate X 40000
102 Mahesh Software Engineer X 50000
Department Table
Code Department name
==================
x Development
y Testing
Z Accounting

Terminologies:
==========
1) Table ==> Representing a relation
2) Column ==> the data which is representing in column is called
as "field"
3) Row ==> The data which is representing in row is called
"value" or "Tuple".

RDBMS Architecture:
==============

UI =======> Query Processor ==========> Transaction

Manager =======> Storage Manager
(End user
request)

How RDBMS different than DBMS:

=======================
1) Data Storage Mode:
===============
DBMS: can store the data in file format (Hierarchical)
RDBMS: can store the data in the table format.

2) Relation between the data:

===================
DBMS: not ensure any relation between the data
RDBMS: can ensure the relation between the tables.

3) Data Integrity & consistency:

====================
DBMS: not give any assurance for the data integrity and
consistency because it cannot apply ACID properties strictly.

RDBMS: give any assurance for the data integrity and consistency
because it can apply ACID properties strictly.

4) Normalization:
===========
DBMS: does not support normalization, so we can create the file
with same name again and again (duplication)

RDBMS: can support the normalization, so we cannot do

duplication for the data.
5) Query Language:
=============
DBMS: may or may not need the Query language
RDBMS: need either SWL or Pl-SQL

6) Scalability & Performance:

===================
DBMS: can use small-scale applications
RDBMS: can use for large-scale applications with more complex
functionalities.

7) Examples:
=========
DBMS: Mongo DB
RDBMS: Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server, Postgre SQL etc.

Types of Database Software:

===================
1) RDBMS Database Software
====================
->also called as "SQL (sequel) based database software’s
-> The RDBMS software’s are:
Oracle Database Software ==> Oracle corporation
MySQL Database Software ==> Oracle corporation
DB2 database Software ==> IBM
 SQL Server ==> Microsoft
Postgre SQL etc.

2) NRDBMS Database Software

====================
-> No SQL based database software’s
-> classified into different types:
1) File based Database software’s ==> MongoDB
2) Key-value pair based ==> Cassandra
3) Graph based ==> Neo4j
4) Column based ==> HBase

Day-04
06-02-2025
===============
Oracle Database Software:
==================
Oracle is one of the SQL based Database software.
Oracle has two parts:
1) SQL ==> Structured Query Language
2) Pl/SQL ==> Procedural Language with SQL
-> Using SQL, we can send only one Query at a time to the Oracle
database.
-> When we want to perform block of actions on the Oracle
software, then we can use "Pl/SQL".
Oracle Software Setup:
===============
1) We have multiple versions for Oracle database software,
among those express editions are open source and free to all.
2) For our computer, light weighted software which 11g
expression edition is enough to do any practice.
3) To download Oracle 11g Express edition
i) use this link:
https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/xe-prior-
release-downloads.html
ii) Based on your system configuration, click on the
download link.
iii) For downloading, we should create an account with
Oracle corporation.
iv) After the completion of Registration or account create, do
the login into Oracle website.
v) Then automatically file can get start download.
4) After the downloading:
we should extract the zip folder into normal folder.
right click on the zip folder ===> extract all
5) After the extraction, we should install that software:
i) Open Oracle 11g Folder
ii) Open Disk1 folder
iii) Double click on "setup.exe" file to installation
iv) After the preparing for installation, we can get new
window:
click on next
 accept the agreement
click on next
click browse option to select the drive into which we
want to install.
click on next
we required set password:
password: system
confirm password : system
then click on next
click on install.
==> after the installation, click on "finish".

How to interact with Oracle Database software:

===============================
-> three ways:
1) Using CLI (Command Line Interface)
2) Using Oracle web application
3) Using GUI (Graphical User Interface)

1) Using CLI (Command Line Interface)

=========================
SQL CLI is also named as "SQL * Plus".
-> To open this:
Go to start menu
 search about SQL
Open Run SQL command line
-> After the starting of CLI of SQL:
enter a command "connect"
hit enter
enter user name as "system"
enter the password (which was used at the time of
installation)
hit enter button
-> Try these commands:
show user;
select * from all_users;
exit

Syllabus of SQL
===========
Module-1: SQL Basics
Syntax
Datatypes
Operators

Module-2: Data Manipulations

CRUD operations
Batch Operations
Constraints
 Triggers
Commands:
DDL, DML, TCL, DQL/DRL
Module-3: Advanced SQL
Joins,
Clauses
Subqueries
Set Operations
CTEs (Common Table Expressions)
Module-4:
Window Functions
Module-5: Functions & procedures
Module-6: Transactions & concurrency
Module-7: Error Handling
Module-8: Indexing
Module-9: Performance & optimization

Day-05
07-02-2025
===============

Interaction with Oracle using Web application:

===============================
Click on Desktop Icon
Application Express
To create new user:
provide the details like:
user name
application user name
password
re-enter password
create workspace
click on SQL Workspace
Click on SQL Commands
type a command:
select * from all_users

Interaction with Oracle using GUI (Graphical User

Interface)
======================================
There are two GUI options:
1) SQL developer

https://www.oracle.com/in/database/sqldeveloper/technologies/do
wnload/
-> After the downloading,
convert the zip folder into normal folder
-> open the normal folder:
run the file "sqlDeveoper.exe"
creation of new user:
==============
click on '+'
Enter user name as "DBA_Connection/Ravi/Ganesh" etc
Select the color
Enter user name : system
Enter password: system
click on "Test"
after the displayed with "success"
click on "connect".
then start to write queries.

2) Toad

Day-06
18-02-2025
===============
Oracle Software installation, we have created an Database
account with credentials
username : system
password : system
-> these are called as "System credentials" or "DBA (Database
Admin) Account Credentials".

Q: DO WE ABLE TO CREATE NEW DATABASE USER USING

CLI?
======================================
ANS: yes

How:
====
1) start the SQL* plus
(Start menu --> search for SQL --> click on "SQL Run
command line" )
2) To create the new Database user account, first we should do
the login with system credentials (DBA Credentials)
enter a command: connect + enter
enter user name: system
enter password: system
click on enter
3) We need to confirm that whether we have logged in with DBA
Account or not.
By using the below command:
$ show user
4) After the confirmation, we can create the new Database user
account by the following the below command:
$ create user username identified by password;
Ex: connect user rajesh identified by rajesh;
5) After the creation of new Database user account, to use or
work with database objects, that user account must required with
required permissions.
-> To provide the permissions, we need to follow this command:
$ grant resource, connect to username;
Ex: grant resource, connect to rajesh;
6) After the granting of the permissions, we can use this
command:
$ show user
to check whether we have connected with new database user
account.
At this time, we were not connected.
7) To make connection with new database user account:
connect
enter user name: rajesh
enter password: rajesh
click on enter

How to delete the Database user account?

===========================
$ drop user username;
Ex: drop user rajesh;

Intro to SQL:
=========
-> SQL is the programming language which can be used to
interact with the database software by an end user. SQL also
called as "Database Query language" or "Database programming
language".
-> SQL is abbreviated as "Structured Query Language".
-> SQL is case insensitive programming language.
Ex: $ create user rajesh identified by rajesh;
$ CREATE USER RAJESH IDENTIFIED BY RAJESH;
-> According to the business requirements, when we want to
execute block of SQL queries, SQL is not suggested. We can use
"PL-SQL (Procedural Language with SQL)"