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System Programming OS Notes

The document provides a comprehensive overview of system programming and operating systems, covering key concepts such as assemblers, operating system functions, and the compilation process. It details the differences between system and application programming, types of assemblers, and various stages of compilation. Additionally, it discusses error handling, libraries, and the evolution of operating systems, along with their services and functionalities.

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pamilerinsamuel15
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5 views5 pages

System Programming OS Notes

The document provides a comprehensive overview of system programming and operating systems, covering key concepts such as assemblers, operating system functions, and the compilation process. It details the differences between system and application programming, types of assemblers, and various stages of compilation. Additionally, it discusses error handling, libraries, and the evolution of operating systems, along with their services and functionalities.

Uploaded by

pamilerinsamuel15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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System Programming & Operating Systems Notes

WEEK 1: Brief Review of Program Concepts

System Programming is the development of software that interacts directly with hardware or provides
services for application programs. Examples include operating systems, compilers, and assemblers.

Application Programming involves creating software that serves end-users, such as word processors and
media players.

Assembler: A software that converts assembly language into machine code.

Operating System: A system program that manages hardware and software resources, providing services for
application programs.

Differences between System and Application Programs:


- System programs manage hardware and system resources.
- Application programs provide services to users.

WEEK 2: 1-Pass and 2-Pass Assemblers

A 1-Pass Assembler scans the source code once, generating machine code directly but requiring forward
references.

A 2-Pass Assembler processes the source code twice: first to build the symbol table, and second to generate
machine code.

Operating System: Software that manages hardware resources and provides services to users and
applications.

WEEK 3: Assembly Functions

Basic Assembler Functions:


1. Translating mnemonic instructions into machine code.
2. Managing labels and addresses.
3. Handling assembler directives.

Assembler Directives: Commands to the assembler that provide control over the assembly process (e.g.,
defining constants).

Example of a SIC (Simplified Instructional Computer) assembler program:


```assembly
START 1000
LDA VALUE
ADD INCR
STA VALUE
END
```

WEEK 4: Types of Instructions

Assembly language programs follow a specific structure, including:


- Labels (optional identifiers for memory locations)
- Op-code (instruction to be executed)
- Operands (data or memory addresses)

Instruction cycle:
1. Fetch
2. Decode
3. Execute
4. Store

Registers: Small storage locations in the CPU that hold data temporarily.

WEEK 5: Symbol Table and Local Labels

Symbol Table: A data structure used by the assembler to keep track of identifiers and their addresses.

Local Labels: Labels used within a specific scope, helping manage branching in programs.

Example program:
```assembly
LOOP: LDA COUNT
ADD ONE
STA COUNT
JMP LOOP
```

WEEK 6: Assembler Functions

Assembler Modules:
1. Lexical Analysis: Tokenizes input code.
2. Syntax Analysis: Checks correctness.
3. Code Generation: Produces machine code.

Assembler Functions:
- Symbol resolution
- Address calculation
- Error detection

WEEK 7: Compilation Stages

Compilation involves:
1. Lexical Analysis
2. Syntax Analysis
3. Semantic Analysis
4. Code Optimization
5. Code Generation

Types of compilers:
- Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler
- Cross-Compiler
- Native Compiler

WEEK 8: Front and Back End Compilation

Front End: Performs lexical, syntax, and semantic analysis.

Back End: Performs code optimization and generation.

WEEK 9: Error Checking and Libraries


Error Handling:
- Syntax errors
- Semantic errors
- Logical errors

Types of Libraries:
- Static Libraries (.lib, .a)
- Dynamic Libraries (.dll, .so)

WEEK 10: History of Operating Systems

Evolution:
- Batch Processing Systems
- Time-Sharing Systems
- Real-Time Systems
- Network and Distributed Systems

OS Commands:
- MS-DOS: `dir`, `cd`, `copy`
- UNIX: `ls`, `pwd`, `cp`

WEEK 11: OS Services

- Process Management
- Memory Management
- File System Management
- Security and Access Control

WEEK 12: I/O Buffering and Spooling

I/O Buffering: Temporarily storing data for smooth input/output operations.

Spooling: Storing output before sending it to the device, improving efficiency.

WEEK 13: Interrupts and Traps

Interrupts: Signals to the CPU to pause current execution and handle a high-priority task.
Traps: Software-generated interrupts, often due to errors.

WEEK 14: Multiprogramming, Multitasking, Multiprocessing

Multiprogramming: Running multiple programs at once.

Multitasking: Running multiple tasks simultaneously.

Multiprocessing: Using multiple processors to execute tasks.

WEEK 15: Revision and Comparison

Assembler vs Interpreter vs Compiler:


- Assembler: Translates assembly to machine code.
- Interpreter: Executes code line by line.
- Compiler: Translates entire source code into machine code before execution.

Features of MS-DOS vs Windows:


- MS-DOS: Command-line based.
- Windows: Graphical user interface.

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