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DSP Unit 4 2marks

The document discusses finite word length effects in digital signal processing, covering fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic, quantization methods, and errors associated with finite word lengths. It explains the advantages of floating-point arithmetic, compares fixed and floating-point operations, and describes quantization errors such as input, coefficient, and product quantization errors. Additionally, it addresses the need for scaling in digital filters, limit cycle behaviors, and methods to prevent overflow oscillations.

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4 views3 pages

DSP Unit 4 2marks

The document discusses finite word length effects in digital signal processing, covering fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic, quantization methods, and errors associated with finite word lengths. It explains the advantages of floating-point arithmetic, compares fixed and floating-point operations, and describes quantization errors such as input, coefficient, and product quantization errors. Additionally, it addresses the need for scaling in digital filters, limit cycle behaviors, and methods to prevent overflow oscillations.

Uploaded by

arunrama431
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT IV FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS

2 MARKS
1. What do you understand by a fixed-point number?
In fixed point arithmetic, the position of the binary point is fixed. The bits to the right of
binary point represent the fractional part of the number and the bits to the left represent the
integer part.
For example, the binary number 01.1100 has the value 1.75 in decimal.
2. What are the different types of fixed point arithmetic?
Depending on the negative numbers are represented there are three forms of fixed point
arithmetic. They are
 sign magnitude,
 1’s complement,
 2’s complement
3. What are the advantages of floating point arithmetic?
1. Large dynamic range
2. Over flow in floating point representation is unlike.
4. What are the different quantization methods?
Truncation and Rounding
5. What is meant by floating pint representation?
In floating point form the positive number is represented as
F =2CM,
where M - mantissa, which is a fraction such that1/2<M<1 and
C - the exponent can be either positive or negative
6. Compare the fixed point and floating point arithmetic.
s.no Fixed Point Arithmetic Floating point arithmetic
1. Fast Operation Slow operation
2. Relatively economical More expensive because of costlier hardware
3. Small dynamic range Increased dynamic range
4. Round off error occur only for addition Round off errors can occur with both addition and
multiplication
5. Overflow occur in addition Overflow does not arise
6. Used in small computers Used in large, general purpose computers
7. What are the three-quantization errors to finite word length registers in digital filters?
1. Input quantization error
2. Coefficient quantization error
3. Product quantization error.
8. What is input quantization error?
The filter coefficients are computed to infinite precision in theory. But in digital
computation the filter coefficients are represented in binary and are stored in registers. If a b
bit register is used the filter coefficients must be rounded or truncated to b bits, which
produces an error.
9. What is product quantization error?
The product quantization errors arise at the out put of the multiplier. Multiplication of a b
bit data with a b bit coefficient results a product having 2b bits. Since a b bit register is used
the multiplier output will be rounded or truncated to b bits which produces the error..
10. Express the fraction 7/8 and -7/8 in sign magnitude, 2’s complement and 1’complement.
Fraction 7/8 = (0.111)2 in sign magnitude, 2’s complement and 1’s complement
Fraction -7/8 =(1.111)2 in sign magnitude , (1.000)2 in 1’s comp, (1.001)2 in 2’s
complement
11. How the multiplication & addition are carried out in floating point arithmetic?
In floating point arithmetic, multiplication are carried out as follows,
Let f1 = M1*2c1 and f2 = M2*2c2.
Then f3 = f1*f2 = (M1*M2) 2(c1+c2)
That is, mantissa is multiplied using fixed-point arithmetic and the exponents are added.
The sum of two floating-point numbers is carried out by shifting the bits of the mantissa of
the smaller number to the right until the exponents of the two numbers are equal and then
adding the mantissas.
12. Define the truncation error in quantization process.
Truncation is a process of discarding all bits less significant than LSB that is retained
13. What is Rounding?
Rounding a number to b bits is accomplished by choosing a rounded result as the b bit
number closest number being unrounded.
14. What are the two types of limit cycle behavior of DSP?
1. Zero limit cycle behavior
2. Over flow limit cycle behavior
15. Express the fraction (-7/32) in signed magnitude and two’s complement notations using
6 bits.
Ans: In signed magnitude 1.001110 , In two’s complement 1.110010
16. Convert the number 0.21 into equivalent 6-bit fixed point number.
0.21 x 2 = 0.42 0
0.42 x 2 = 0.84 0
0.84 x 2 = 1.68 1
0.68 x 2 = 1.36 1
0.36 x 2 = 0.72 0
0.72 x 2 = 1.44 1
0.44 x 2 = 0.88 0
Ans: (0.21)10 = 0.00110102
17. Explain briefly the need for scaling in the digital filter realization.
 To prevent overflow, the signal level at certain points in the digital filter must be
scaled so that no overflow occurs in the adder.
 To prevent 1) over flow error 2) Product quantization error 3) Saturation noise
18. What is meant by dead band?
The limit cycle occur as a result of quantization effect in multiplication. The amplitudes
of the output during a limit cycle are confined to a range of values called the dead band of the
filter.
The range of output over which the limit cycle oscillations occur is called deadband of
the filter.
19. What do you meant by overflow oscillations? What are the methods to prevent it?
The addition of two fixed point numbers cause overflow when the sum exceeds the word
size available to store the sum. This overflow caused by adder make the filter output to
oscillate between maximum amplitude limits. Such limit cycles have been referred to as
overflow oscillations.
There are two methods used to prevent overflow oscillations: i) saturation arithmetic ii)
Scaling

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