Chapter.

1 Matrices and Systems of Equations

1. Block Multiplication
2. Outer Product Expansions

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 Partitioned Matrices
A matrix 𝐶 can be partitioned into smaller matrices by drawing horizontal lines between the
rows and vertical lines between the columns. The smaller matrices are often referred to as
blocks. For example, let
1 −2 4 1 3
2 1 1 1 1
𝐶=
3 3 2 −1 2
4 6 2 2 4
If lines are drawn between the second and third rows and between the third and fourth columns,
then 𝐶 will be divided into four submatrices, 𝐶11 , 𝐶12 , 𝐶21 , and 𝐶22 .
1 −2 4 1 3
2 1 1 1 1 𝐶11 𝐶12
𝐶= ,𝐶=
3 3 2 −1 2 𝐶21 𝐶22
4 6 2 2 4
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 Partitioned Matrices
Partition of a matrix into columns
One useful way of partitioning a matrix is to partition it into columns. For example, if
−1 2 1 Properties
𝐵= 2 3 1 , 1. Submatrices in the same row
will have the same number of
1 4 1
rows.
we can partition B into three column submatrices: 2. Submatrices in the same
column will have the same
number of columns.
−1 2 1 −1 3 1
𝐵 = 𝒃1 𝒃2 𝒃3 = 2 3 1 ⇒ 𝒃1 = 2 , 𝒃2 = 3 , 𝒃3 = 1
1 4 1 1 4 1

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 1. Block Multiplication
Let 𝐴 be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝐵 an 𝑛 × 𝑟 matrix. It is often useful to partition 𝐴 and 𝐵 and
express the product in terms of the submatrices of 𝐴 and 𝐵.
Uses: Block matrices can be used widely in such areas as network theory, solution of linear
systems of equations, transformation of co-ordinate systems, and population modeling,
Consider the following four cases.
Case 1: Matrix B partitioned
If 𝐵 = 𝐵1 𝐵2 , where 𝐵1 is an 𝑛 × 𝑡 matrix and 𝐵2 is an 𝑛 × (𝑟 − 𝑡) matrix, 𝑚×𝑛
then 𝑛×𝑟
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴(𝒃1 , … , 𝒃𝑡 , 𝒃𝑡+1 … 𝒃𝑟 ) = (𝐴𝒃1 , … , 𝐴𝒃𝑡 , 𝐴𝒃𝑡+1 , … , 𝐴𝒃𝑟 )
= 𝐴 𝒃1 … 𝒃𝑡 , 𝐴 𝒃𝑡+1 ··· 𝒃𝑟 = 𝐴𝐵1 𝐴𝐵2 𝐵: 𝑛 × 𝑟
Thus,
𝐵1 : 𝑛 × 𝑡
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵1 𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐵1 𝐴𝐵2 𝐵2 : 𝑛 × (𝑟 − 𝑡)
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 1. Block Multiplication
Case 2:Matrix A partitioned

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 1. Block Multiplication
Case 3: Both matrices A and B partitioned

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 1. Block Multiplication
Case 4: Let A and B both be partitioned as follows:

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 1. Block Multiplication
Example:

Solution:
Since each 𝐵𝑘𝑗 has two rows, the 𝐴𝑖𝑘 , 𝑠 must each have two
columns. Thus, we have one of two possibilities
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 1. Block Multiplication
Example:
Solution: (continued)

Practice example.2-page.92
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 2. Outer Product Expansions
Scalar Product or an Inner Product:
Given two vectors 𝒙 and 𝒚 in ℝ𝑛 , it is possible to perform a matrix multiplication of the vectors
if we transpose one of the vectors first. The matrix product 𝒙𝑇 𝒚 is the product of a row vector (a
1 × 𝑛 matrix) and a column vector (an 𝑛 × 1 matrix). The result will be a 1 × 1 matrix, or
simply a scalar:

𝑦1
𝑇
𝑦2
𝒙 𝒚= 1 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥
2 𝑛
⋮ = 𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛
𝑦𝑛
This type of product is referred to as a scalar product or an inner product.
The scalar product is one of the most commonly performed operations. For example, when we
multiply two matrices, each entry of the product is computed as a scalar product (a row vector
times a column vector). 10
 2. Outer Product Expansions
Scalar Product or an Inner Product
Example:
If
4 3
𝒙= 1 and 𝒚 = 5
3 2

Then

3
𝒙𝑇 𝒚 = 4 1 3 5 = 12 + 5 + 6 = 23
2
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 2. Outer Product Expansions
Outer Product:
It is also useful to multiply a column vector times a row vector. The matrix product 𝒙𝒚𝑇 is the
product of an 𝑛 × 1 matrix times a 1 × 𝑛 matrix. The result is a full 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix.

𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥1 𝑦2 … 𝑥1 𝑦𝑛
𝑇
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦1 𝑥2 𝑦2 … 𝑥2 𝑦𝑛
𝒙𝒚 = ⋮ 𝑦 1 𝑦 2 … 𝑦 𝑛 =
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑦1 𝑥𝑛 𝑦2 … 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛
The product 𝒙𝒚𝑇 is referred to as the outer product of x and y.
The outer product matrix has special structure in that each of its rows is a multiple of 𝒚𝑇 and
each of its column vectors is a multiple of 𝒙.

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 2. Outer Product Expansions
Outer Product
Example:
If
4 3
𝒙= 1 and 𝒚 = 5
3 2

Then

4 12 20 8
𝒙𝒚𝑇 = 1 3 5 2 = 3 5 2
3 9 15 6
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