6 Linear Transformations

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 Applications of Linear
6.5 Transformations

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Objectives
▪ Identify linear transformations defined by
reflections, expansions, contractions, or shears in

▪ Use a linear transformation to rotate a figure in

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The Geometry of Linear
Transformations in

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The Geometry of Linear Transformations in r caret 2 (1 of 2)

The first part of this section gives geometric interpretations

of linear transformations represented by 2 × 2 elementary
matrices.

Elementary Matrices for Linear Transformations in

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The Geometry of Linear Transformations in r caret 2 (2 of 2)

Elementary Matrices for Linear Transformations in

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Example 1 – Reflections in r (1 of 3) caret 2

The transformations below are reflections. These have the

effect of mapping a point in the xy-plane to its “mirror image”
with respect to one of the coordinate axes or the line y = x,
as shown in Figure 6.5.
a. Reflection in the y-axis:
T(x, y) = (−x, y)

Reflections in
Figure 6.5(a)

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Example 1 – Reflections in r caret 2 (2 of 3)
b. Reflection in the x-axis:
T(x, y) = (x, −y)

Reflections in

Figure 6.5(b)

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Example 1 – Reflections in r caret 2 (3 of 3)
c. Reflection in the line y = x:
T(x, y) = (y, x)

Reflections in
Figure 6.5(c)

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Example 2 – Expansions and Contractions in r caret 2 (1 of 3)

The transformations below are expansions or contractions,

depending on the value of the positive scalar k.
a. Horizontal expansions and contractions:
T(x, y) = (kx, y)

b. Vertical expansions and contractions:

T(x, y) = (x, ky)

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Example 2 – Expansions and Contractions in r caret 2 (2 of 3)

Note in the figures below that the distance the point (x, y)
moves by a contraction or an expansion is proportional to its
x- or y-coordinate. For example, under the transformation
represented by

T(x, y) = (2x, y)

the point (1, 3) would move one unit to the right, but the
point (4, 3) would move four units to the right.

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Example 2 – Expansions and Contractions in r caret 2 (3 of 3)

Under the transformation represented by

the point (1, 4) would move two units down, but the point
(1, 2) would move one unit down.

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Example 2 – Expansions and Contractions in r caret 2 (4 of 3)

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Example 3 – Shears in r caret 2 (1 of 3)
The transformations below are shears.
T(x, y) = (x + ky, y) T(x, y) = (x, y + kx)

a. A horizontal shear represented by

T(x, y) = (x + 2y, y)
is shown at the right. Under this
transformation, points in the
upper half-plane “shear” to the
right by amounts proportional to
their y-coordinates.
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Example 3 – Shears in r caret 2 (2 of 3)
Points in the lower half-plane “shear” to the left by
amounts proportional to the absolute values of their y-
coordinates. Points on the x-axis do not move by this
transformation.

b. A vertical shear represented by

T(x, y) = (x, y + 2x)

is shown below. Here, points in the right half-plane “shear”

upward by amounts proportional to their x-coordinates.

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Example 3 – Shears in r caret 2 (3 of 3)
Points in the left half-plane “shear” downward by amounts
proportional to the absolute values of their x-coordinates.
Points on the y-axis do not move.

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Rotation in r caret 3

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Rotation in r caret 3 (1 of 3)
Here you will see how linear transformations can be used to
rotate figures in

Say you want to rotate the point (x, y, z) counterclockwise

about the z-axis through an angle θ, as shown in Figure 6.6

Figure 6.6
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Rotation in r caret 3 (2 of 3)
Letting the coordinates of the rotated point be (x′, y′, z′), you
have

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Example 4 – Rotation About the z-Axis
The eight vertices of the rectangular
prism shown at the right are
V1(0, 0, 0) V2(1, 0, 0)
V3(1, 2, 0) V4(0, 2, 0)
V5(0, 0, 3) V6(1, 0, 3)
V7(1, 2, 3) V8(0, 2, 3).

Find the coordinates of the vertices after the prism is rotated

counterclockwise about the z-axis through
(a) θ = 60°, (b) θ = 90°, and (c) θ = 120°.

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Example 4 – Solution (1 of 4)
a. The matrix that yields a rotation of 60° is

Multiplying this matrix by the column vectors

corresponding to each vertex produces the rotated
vertices listed below.
V1′ (0, 0, 0) V2′ (0.5, 0.87, 0) V3′ (−1.23, 1.87, 0) V4′ (−1.73, 1, 0)
V5′ (0, 0, 3) V6′ (0.5, 0.87, 3) V7′ (−1.23, 1.87, 3) V8′ (−1.73, 1, 3)

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Example 4 – Solution (2 of 4)
Figure 6.7(a) shows a graph of the rotated prism.

Figure 6.7(a)

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Example 4 – Solution (3 of 4)
b. The matrix that yields a rotation of 90° is

and Figure 6.7(b) shows a graph of the rotated prism.

Figure 6.7(b)
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Example 4 – Solution (4 of 4)
c. The matrix that yields a rotation of 120° is

and Figure 6.7(c) shows a graph of the rotated prism.

Figure 6.7(c)
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Rotation in r caret 3 (3 of 3)
Example 4 uses matrices to perform rotations about the z-
axis. Similarly, you can use matrices to rotate figures about
the x- or y-axis.

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Rotation in r caret 3 (4 of 3)
In each case, the rotation is oriented counterclockwise
(using the “right-hand rule”) relative to the specified axis, as
shown below.

Rotation about x-axis Rotation about y-axis Rotation about z-axis

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