MODULE – I

Intel 8085 Microprocessor: Introduction - Need for Microprocessors – Evolution –Intel 8085
Hardware - Architecture – Pin description - Internal Registers – Arithmetic and Logic Unit –
Control Unit – Instruction word size
Introduction:

Microcomputer: The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer,

or a computer that depends on a microprocessor.
Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs,
workstations or notebook computers.
A microcomputer contains a CPU on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory
system (typically ROM and RAM), a bus system and I/O ports, typically housed in a
motherboard.
Microprocessor: A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the
terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably.
 A microprocessor (sometimes abbreviated µP) is a digital electronic component
with miniaturized transistors on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC).
 One or more microprocessors typically serve as a central processing unit (CPU)
in a computer system or handheld device.
 Microprocessors made possible the advent of the microcomputer.
 At the heart of all personal computers and most working stations sits a
microprocessor.
 Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock
radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.
Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip
capable of performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with
the other devices connected to it.
Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a control unit. ALU performs
arithmetical and logical operations on the data received from the memory or an input device.
Register array consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L and accumulator.
The control unit controls the flow of data and instructions within the computer.

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
Working of the Microprocessor:
The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch, Decode, and then Execute.
Initially, the instructions are stored in the memory in a sequential order. The
microprocessor fetches those instructions from the memory, then decodes it and executes
those instructions till STOP instruction is reached. Later, it sends the result in binary to the
output port. Between these processes, the register stores the temporarily data and ALU
performs the computing functions.

List of Terms Used in a Microprocessor

Here is a list of some of the frequently used terms in a microprocessor –
Instruction Set − It is the set of instructions that the microprocessor can understand.
Bandwidth − It is the number of bits processed in a single instruction.
Clock Speed − It determines the number of operations per second the processor can perform.
It is expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).It is also known as Clock Rate.
Word Length − It depends upon the width of internal data bus, registers, ALU, etc. An 8-bit
microprocessor can process 8-bit data at a time. The word length ranges from 4 bits to 64 bits
depending upon the type of the microcomputer.
Data Types − The microprocessor has multiple data type formats like binary, BCD, ASCII,
signed and unsigned numbers.

Features of a Microprocessor
Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of any microprocessor –
 Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices and results its low
cost.
 Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
 Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by using metaloxide
semiconductor technology, which has low power consumption.
 Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same chip in a number
of applications by configuring the software program.
 Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very low, hence it is reliable.

Microprocessor Classification:
Refer the notes Microprocessor – classification.pdf

Uses of 8085 microprocessor :

The 8085 microprocessor is a versatile 8-bit microprocessor that has been used in a wide
variety of applications, including:

1. Embedded Systems: The 8085 microprocessor is commonly used in embedded systems,

such as industrial control systems, automotive electronics, and medical equipment.
2. Computer Peripherals: The 8085 microprocessor has been used in a variety of computer
peripherals, such as printers, scanners, and disk drives.

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
3. Communication Systems: The 8085 microprocessor has been used in communication
systems, such as modems and network interface cards.
4. Instrumentation and Control Systems: The 8085 microprocessor is commonly used in
instrumentation and control systems, such as temperature and pressure controllers.
5. Home Appliances: The 8085 microprocessor is used in various home appliances, such as
washing machines, refrigerators, and microwave ovens.
6. Educational Purposes: The 8085 microprocessor is also used for educational purposes,
as it is an inexpensive and easily accessible microprocessor that is widely used in
universities and technical schools.

Issues in 8085 microprocessor :

Here are some common issues with the 8085 microprocessor:

1. Overheating: The 8085 microprocessor can overheat if it is used for extended periods or
if it is not cooled properly. Overheating can cause the microprocessor to malfunction or
fail.
2. Power Supply Issues: The 8085 microprocessor requires a stable power supply for
proper operation. Power supply issues such as voltage fluctuations, spikes, or drops can
cause the microprocessor to malfunction.
3. Timing Issues: The 8085 microprocessor relies on accurate timing signals for proper
operation. Timing issues such as clock signal instability, noise, or interference can cause
the microprocessor to malfunction.
4. Memory Interface Issues: The 8085 microprocessor communicates with memory
through its address and data buses. Memory interface issues such as faulty memory
chips, loose connections, or address decoding errors can cause the microprocessor to
malfunction.
5. Hardware Interface Issues: The 8085 microprocessor communicates with other devices
through its input/output ports. Hardware interface issues such as faulty devices, incorrect
wiring, or improper device selection can cause the microprocessor to malfunction.
6. Programming Issues: The 8085 microprocessor is programmed with machine language
or assembly language instructions. Programming issues such as syntax errors, logic
errors, or incorrect instruction sequences can cause the microprocessor to malfunction or
produce incorrect results.
7. Research and development: The 8085 microprocessor is often used in research and
development projects, where it can be used to develop and test new digital electronics
and computer systems. Researchers and developers can use the microprocessor to
prototype new systems and test their performance.
8. Retro computing: The 8085 microprocessor is still used by enthusiasts today for retro
computing projects. Retro computing involves using older computer systems and
technologies to explore the history of computing and gain a deeper understanding of
how modern computing systems have evolved

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
Intel 8085 Microprocessor: Introduction
The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor that was developed by Intel in
the mid-1970s. It was widely used in the early days of personal computing and was a popular
choice for hobbyists and enthusiasts due to its simplicity and ease of use.
The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1977. It was binary
compatible with the more-famous Intel 8080 but required less supporting hardware, thus
allowing simpler and less expensive microcomputer systems to be built. The "5" in the model
number came from the fact that the 8085 requires only a +5-Volt (V) power supply rather
than the +5 V, −5 V and +12 V supplies the 8080 needed.
The main features of 8085 μP are:
 It is an 8-bit microprocessor.
 It is manufactured with N-MOS technology.
 It has 16-bit address bus and hence can address up to 216= 65536 bytes (64KB)
memory locations through A0–A15.
 The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of data bus are multiplexed AD0–
AD7
 Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0–D7.
 It supports external interrupt request.
 A 16-bit program counter (PC)
 A 16-bit stack pointer (SP)
 Six 8-bit general purpose register arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL.
 It requires a signal +5V power supply and operates at 3.2 MHZ single phase
clock.
 It is enclosed with 40 pins DIP (Dual in line package)

Needs of Microprocessor:
It is part of the 8085 family of microprocessors, which includes the 8080, 8085A, and
other variants. The 8085 microprocessor became very popular and widely used in various
applications, including personal computers, embedded systems, industrial control systems,
and more.
However, an 8085 circuit requires an 8-bit address latch, so Intel manufactured
several support chips with an address latch built in. These include the 8755, with an address
latch, 2 KB of EPROM and 16 I/O pins, and the 8155 with 256 bytes of RAM, 22 I/O pins
and a 14-bit programmable timer/counter. The multiplexed address/data bus reduced the
number of PCB tracks between the 8085 and such memory and I/O chips.

Evolution of Microprocessor:
Transistor was invented in 1948 (23 December 1947 in Bell lab). IC was invented in
1958 (Fair Child Semiconductors) By Texas Instruments J Kilby. The first microprocessor
was invented by INTEL(INTegrated ELectronics).

Size of the microprocessor – 4 bit

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
 Clock Number of Inst. per
Name Year of Invention speed transistors sec

INTEL 1971 by Ted Hoff and

740 kHz 2300 60,000
4004/4040 Stanley Mazor

Size of the microprocessor – 8 bit

Number of
Name Year of Invention Clock speed transistors Inst. per sec

8008 1972 500 kHz 3500 50,000

10 times faster
8080 1974 2 MHz 6000
than 8008

1976 (16-bit address

8085 3 MHz 6500 769230
bus)

ARCHITECTURE OF THE 8085 MICROPROCESSOR:

The architecture of the 8085 microprocessor consists of several key components,

including the accumulator, registers, program counter, stack pointer, instruction register,
flags register, data bus, address bus, and control bus.
The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is used to store arithmetic and logical
results. It is the most commonly used register in the 8085 microprocessor and is used to
perform arithmetic and logical operations such as addition, subtraction, and bitwise
operations.

1. The 8085 microprocessor has six general-purpose registers, including B, C, D, E, H,

and L, which can be combined to form 16-bit register pairs. The B and C registers can
be combined to form the BC register pair, the D and E registers can be combined to
form the DE register pair, and the H and L registers can be combined to form the HL
register pair. These register pairs are commonly used to store memory addresses and
other data.
The program counter is a 16-bit register that contains the memory address of the
next instruction to be executed. The program counter is incremented after each instruction
is executed, which allows the microprocessor to execute instructions in sequence.

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
 The stack pointer is a 16-bit register that is used to manage the stack. The stack is a
section of memory that is used to store data temporarily, such as subroutine addresses and
other data. The stack pointer is used to keep track of the top of the stack.
The instruction register is an 8-bit register that contains the current instruction being
executed. The instruction register is used by the microprocessor to decode and execute
instructions.

2. The flags register is an 8-bit register that contains status flags that indicate the result of
an arithmetic or logical operation. These flags include the carry flag, zero flag, sign flag,
and parity flag.
The carry flag is set when an arithmetic operation generates a carry, the zero flag is
set when the result of an arithmetic or logical operation is zero, the sign flag is set when
the result of an arithmetic or logical operation is negative, and the parity flag is set when
the result of an arithmetic or logical operation has an even number of 1 bits.

3. The data bus is an 8-bit bus that is used to transfer data between the microprocessor
and memory or other devices. The data bus is bidirectional, which means that it can be
used to read data from memory or write data to memory.
The address bus is a 16-bit bus that is used to address memory and other devices. The
address bus is used to select the memory location or device that the microprocessor wants
to access.

4. The control bus is a set of signals that controls the operations of the microprocessor,
including the read and write operations. The control bus includes signals such as the
read signal, write signal, interrupt signal, and reset signal.
The read signal is used to read data from memory or other devices, the write signal
is used to write data to memory or other devices, the interrupt signal is used to signal
the microprocessor that an interrupt has occurred, and the reset signal is used to reset
the microprocessor to its initial state.

8085 is an 8-bit, general-purpose microprocessor. It consists of the following functional

units:

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) :
It is used to perform mathematical operations like addition, multiplication,
subtraction, division, decrement, increment, etc. Different operations are carried out in
ALU: Logical operations, Bit-Shifting Operations, and Arithmetic Operations.

Flag Register:
It is an 8-bit register that stores either 0 or 1 depending upon which value is stored
in the accumulator. Flag Register contains 8-bit out of which 5-bits are important and the
rest of 3-bits are “don’t Care conditions”.
The flag register is a dynamic register because after each operation to check whether
the result is zero, positive or negative, whether there is any overflow occurred or not, or for
comparison of two 8-bit numbers carry flag is checked.
So for numerous operations to check the contents of the accumulator and from that
contents if we want to check the behavior of given result then we can use Flag register to
verify and check. So we can say that the flag register is a status register and it is used to
check the status of the current operation which is being carried out by ALU.

Different Fields of Flag Register:

1. Carry Flag
2. Parity Flag
3. Auxiliary Carry Flag
4. Zero Flag
5. Sign Flag

Accumulator:

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
 Accumulator is used to perform I/O, arithmetic, and logical operations. It is
connected to ALU and the internal data bus. The accumulator is the heart of the
microprocessor because for all arithmetic operations Accumulator’s 8-bit pin will always
there connected with ALU and in most-off times all the operations carried by different
instructions will be stored in the accumulator after operation performance.

General Purpose Registers:

There are six general-purpose registers. These registers can hold 8-bit values. These
8-bit registers are B,C,D,E,H,L. These registers work as 16-bit registers when they work in
pairs like B-C, D-E, and H-L. Here registers W and Z are reserved registers.
We can’t use these registers in arithmetic operations. It is reserved for
microprocessors for internal operations like swapping two 16-bit numbers. We know that to
swap two numbers we need a third variable hence here W-Z register pair works as
temporary registers and we can swap two 16-bit numbers using this pair.

Program Counter :
Program Counter holds the address value of the memory to the next instruction that
is to be executed. It is a 16-bit register.

For Example: Suppose current value of Program Counter : [PC] = 4000H

(It means that next executing instruction is at location 4000H.After fetching,program
Counter(PC) always increments
by +1 for fetching of next instruction.)

Stack Pointer :
It works like a stack. In stack, the content of the register is stored that is later used in
the program. It is a 16-bit special register. The stack pointer is part of memory but it is part
of Stack operations, unlike random memory access.
Stack pointer works in a continuous and contiguous part of the memory. whereas
Program Counter(PC) works in random memory locations. This pointer is very useful in
stack-related operations like PUSH, POP, and nested CALL requests initiated by
Microprocessor. It reserves the address of the most recent stack entry.

Temporary Register:
It is an 8-bit register that holds data values during arithmetic and logical operations.

Instruction register and decoder:

It is an 8-bit register that holds the instruction code that is being decoded. The
instruction is fetched from the memory.

Timing and control unit:

The timing and control unit comes under the CPU section, and it controls the flow
of data from the CPU to other devices. It is also used to control the operations performed by
the microprocessor and the devices connected to it. There are certain timing and control
signals like Control signals, DMA Signals, RESET signals and Status signals.

Interrupt control:
Whenever a microprocessor is executing the main program and if suddenly an
interrupt occurs, the microprocessor shifts the control from the main program to process the
incoming request. After the request is completed, the control goes back to the main

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
program. There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessors: INTR, TRAP, RST 7.5,
RST 6.5, and RST 5.5.

Priorities of Interrupts: TRAP > RST 7.5 > RST 6.5 > RST 5.5 > INTR

Address bus and data bus:

The data bus is bidirectional and carries the data which is to be stored. The address
bus is unidirectional and carries the location where data is to be stored.
In the 8085 microprocessor, the address bus and data bus are two separate buses that
are used for communication between the microprocessor and external devices.
The Address bus is used to transfer the memory address of the data that needs to be
read or written. The address bus is a 16-bit bus, allowing the 8085 to access up to 65,536
memory locations.
The Data bus is used to transfer data between the microprocessor and external
devices such as memory and I/O devices. The data bus is an 8-bit bus, allowing the 8085 to
transfer 8-bit data at a time. The data bus can also be used for instruction fetch operations,
where the microprocessor fetches the instruction code from memory and decodes it.
The combination of the address bus and data bus allows the 8085 to communicate
with and control external devices, allowing it to execute its program and perform various
operations.

Serial Input/output control:

It controls the serial data communication by using Serial input data and Serial
output data.
Serial Input / Output control in the 8085 microprocessor refers to the
communication of data between the microprocessor and external devices in a serial manner,
i.e., one bit at a time. The 8085 has a serial I/O port (SID/SOD) for serial communication.
The SID pin is used for serial input and the SOD pin is used for serial output.
The timing and control of serial communication is managed by the 8085’s internal
circuitry. The 8085 also has two special purpose registers, the Serial Control Register (SC)
and the Serial Shift Register (SS), which are used to control and monitor the serial
communication.

The flow of an Instruction Cycle in 8085 Architecture :

1. Execution starts with Program Counter. It starts program execution with the next address
field. it fetches an instruction from the memory location pointed by Program Counter.
2. For address fetching from the memory, multiplexed address/data bus acts as an address
bus and after fetching instruction this address bus will now acts as a data bus and extract
data from the specified memory location and send this data on an 8-bit internal bus. For
multiplexed address/data bus Address Latch Enable(ALE) Pin is used. If ALE = 1
(Multiplexed bus is Address Bus otherwise it acts as Data Bus).
3. After data fetching data will go into the Instruction Register it will store data fetched
from memory and now data is ready for decoding so for this Instruction decoder register
is used.
4. After that timing and control signal circuit comes into the picture. It sends control
signals all over the microprocessor to tell the microprocessor whether the given
instruction is for READ/WRITE and whether it is for MEMORY/I-O Device activity.

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
5. Hence according to timing and control signal pins, logical and arithmetic operations are
performed and according to that data fetching from the different registers is done by a
microprocessor, and mathematical operation is carried out by ALU. And according to
operations Flag register changes dynamically.
6. With the help of Serial I/O data pin(SID or SOD Pins) we can send or receive
input/output to external devices .in this way execution cycle is carried out.
7. While execution is going on if there is any interrupt detected then it will stop
execution of the current process and Invoke Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) Function.
Which will stop the current execution and do execution of the current occurred interrupt
after that normal execution will be performed.

PIN description 8085 Microprocessor:

The pins of a 8085 microprocessor can be classified into seven groups −

1. Address bus
A15-A8, it carries the most significant 8-bits of memory/IO address. The address bus
is unidirectional

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
 Data bus
AD7-AD0, it carries the least significant 8-bit address and data bus.
2. Control and status signals
These signals are used to identify the nature of operation. There are 3 control signal and
3 status signals.
Three control signals are RD, WR & ALE.
 RD − This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory device is to be read and is
ready for accepting data available on the data bus.
 WR − This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a
selected memory or IO location.
 ALE − It is a positive going pulse generated when a new operation is started by the
microprocessor. When the pulse goes high, it indicates address. When the pulse goes
down it indicates data.
Three status signals are IO/M, S0 & S1.
IO/M
This signal is used to differentiate between IO and Memory operations, i.e. when it is
high indicates IO operation and when it is low then it indicates memory operation.
S1 & S0
These signals are used to identify the type of current operation.

IO/M’ S1 S0 Data Bus Status

0 1 1 Opcode fetch

0 1 0 Memory read

0 0 1 Memory write

1 1 0 I/O read

1 0 1 I/O write

1 1 1 Interrupt acknowledge

0 0 0 Halt

3. Power Supply and Clock Frequency

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
 There are 2 power supply signals − VCC & VSS. VCC indicates +5v power supply
and VSS indicates ground signal.
There are 3 clock signals, i.e. X1, X2, CLK OUT.
 X1, X2 − A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two pins and is used to set
frequency of the internal clock generator. This frequency is internally divided by 2.
 CLK OUT − This signal is used as the system clock for devices connected with the
microprocessor

4. Interrupts & externally initiated signals

Interrupts are the signals generated by external devices to request the microprocessor
to perform a task. There are 5 interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and
INTR. We will discuss interrupts in detail in interrupts section.
 INTA − It is an interrupt acknowledgment signal.
 RESET IN − This signal is used to reset the microprocessor by setting the program
counter to zero.
 RESET OUT − This signal is used to reset all the connected devices when the
microprocessor is reset.
 READY − This signal indicates that the device is ready to send or receive data. If
READY is low, then the CPU has to wait for READY to go high.
 HOLD − This signal indicates that another master is requesting the use of the address
and data buses.
 HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge) − It indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD
request and it will relinquish the bus in the next clock cycle. HLDA is set to low after
the HOLD signal is removed.

5. Reset Signals:
 RESET IN’ – When the signal on this pin is low(0), the program-counter is set to
zero, the buses are tristated and the microprocessor unit is reset.
 RESET OUT – This signal indicates that the MPU is being reset. The signal can be
used to reset other devices.

6. DMA Signals:
 HOLD – It indicates that another device is requesting the use of the address and data
bus. Having received HOLD request the microprocessor relinquishes the use of the
buses as soon as the current machine cycle is completed. Internal processing may
continue. After the removal of the HOLD signal the processor regains the bus.
 HLDA – It is a signal which indicates that the hold request has been received after the
removal of a HOLD request, the HLDA goes low.

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
7. Serial I/O signals
There are 2 serial signals, i.e. SID and SOD and these signals are used for serial
communication.
 SOD (Serial output data line) − The output SOD is set/reset as specified by the SIM
instruction.
 SID (Serial input data line) − The data on this line is loaded into accumulator
whenever a RIM instruction is executed.

Instruction Word Size:

The 8085 instruction set is classified into 3 categories by considering the length of the
instructions. In 8085, the length is measured in terms of “byte” rather than “word” because
8085 microprocessor has 8-bit data bus.
Three types of instruction are: 1-byte instruction, 2-byte instruction, and 3-byte
instruction.
1. One-byte instructions
In 1-byte instruction, the opcode and the operand of an instruction are represented in
one byte.
Example-1: Task- Copy the contents of accumulator in register B.
Mnemonic- MOV B, A
Opcode- MOV
Operand- B, A
Hex Code- 47H
Binary code- 0100 0111

2. Two-byte instructions
Two-byte instruction is the type of instruction in which the first 8 bits indicates the
opcode and the next 8 bits indicates the operand.
Example-1: Task- Load the hexadecimal data 32H in the accumulator.
Mnemonic- MVI A, 32H
Opcode- MVI
Operand- A, 32H
Hex Code- 3E
32
Binary code- 0011 1110
0011 0010

3. Three-byte instructions –
Three-byte instruction is the type of instruction in which the first 8 bits indicates the
opcode and the next two bytes specify the 16-bit address. The low-order address is
represented in second byte and the high-order address is represented in the third byte.

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.
 Example-1: Task- Load contents of memory 2050H in the accumulator.
Mnemonic- LDA 2050H
Opcode- LDA
Operand- 2050H
Hex Code- 3A
50
20
Binary code- 0011 1010
0101 0000
0010 0000

C. Maleappane Lawrence Vanangamoudiar, Assistant Professor in Computer Science Department,

Rajiv Gandhi Arts and Science College, Pondicherry.