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The document is an assignment on harmonic functions submitted by Yogesh Jadhav to Nisha Singhal at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhopal. It includes definitions, proofs, and calculations related to harmonic functions and their conjugates, with multiple questions and solutions demonstrating the application of Laplace's equation and Cauchy-Riemann equations. The assignment covers various harmonic functions, their properties, and the process of finding their harmonic conjugates.

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7 views18 pages

It 06

The document is an assignment on harmonic functions submitted by Yogesh Jadhav to Nisha Singhal at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhopal. It includes definitions, proofs, and calculations related to harmonic functions and their conjugates, with multiple questions and solutions demonstrating the application of Laplace's equation and Cauchy-Riemann equations. The assignment covers various harmonic functions, their properties, and the process of finding their harmonic conjugates.

Uploaded by

yogeshinfo1245
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Uu INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BHOPAL(M.P.)

ASSIGNMENT OF ENGENEERING
Mathematics

2ST SEMESTER

SESSION:MARCH 2023

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:


NISHA SINGHAL MAM YOGESH JADHAV
BRANCH-IT
ROLL NO.-22U03006

Topic -HARMONIC FUNCTION

Que1.
Define a harmonic function and conjugate
harmonic function. Find the harmonic
conjugate function of the function U(x, y)=2
x(1-y)
Solution.

Here, we have U(x, y)=2 x(1-y)$ Let V be the


harmonic conjugate of U. By total differentiation

dV = δV*dx+ δV/δy*dy
= - δU/δy*dx + δV/δx*dy
= δU/δx=2-2y
= δV/δy= -2x
= -(-2x)dx + (2-2y)dy +c
= 2xdx +(2dy-2ydy) +c
By Integration –
We get
V = x^2 -y^2 +2y +c
Hence the harmonic conjugate of U is x^2-
y^2+2y+c.

Que.2
Prove that u=x^2-y^2 and v=y/(x^2+y^2) are
harmonic functions of (x, y), but are not
harmonic conjugates.
Solution. We have, u=x^2-y^2

δu/ δx=2x. δ^2u/ δx^2=2,


δu/δy=-2y. δ^2u/ δy^2= -2
δ²u/δx²= δ²u/δy²=2-2=0

u(x, y) satisfies Laplace equation, hence u(x, y)is


harmonic
Function
V=y/x²+y² ,
δv/ δx =-2xy/(x²+y²)²
δ ²v/δx²=
(x²+y²)²(-2y)-(-2xy)2(x²+y²)2x/(x²+y²)⁴
= 6x²y-2y³/(x²+y²)³
δv/δy= (x²+y²).1-y(2y)/(x²+y²)²
=x²-y²/(x²+y²)²
δ²v/δy²=
(x²+y²)²(-2y)-(x²-y²)2(x²+y²)2y)/(x²+y²)⁴
= -6x²y+2y³/(x²+y²)³
On adding above equations
We get
δ ²v/δy²+δ²v/δx²=0
V(x,y) also satisfied Laplace equation ,hence
v(x,y) is also harmonic function.
But δu/δx != δv/δy and δu/δy ! = -δv/δx
Hence u and c are not harmonic conjugate .

Que3.
Prove that the function u(x,y)=x³-3xy² is
harmonic and then find the harmonic
conjugates of u(x,y)?

Solution: clearly u belongs to to class C¶


(R²)then by partial differentiation,
δu / δx=3x²-3y². δ²u/ δx²=6x. δu/ δy= -6xy.
δ²u/ δy²=-6x
It follows δ²u/ δx²+δ²u/ δy²=6x-6x=0.
Hence u(x,y) is harmonic.
Then by cauchy raumanns equation.
Δu/ δx= δv/ δy. Δu/ δy= -δv/ δx
Thus.
V(x,y) = ∫{δv/ δx* δx + δv/ δy* δy}+c =∫{-δu/
δy* δx + δu/ δx* δy}
=∫{-(-6xy)dx +(3x²-3y²)dy}+c =∫{(6xydx
+3x²dy)-3y²dy)dy+c
=∫d(3x²y-y³)+c = 3x²y-y³ +c
It almost observed that
U(x,y)+iv(x,y)=x³-3xy²+i(3x²y-y³)=z³=f(z)

Que 4
Find constant a€R,such that functiom
u(x,y)=y^3 =ax^2y becomes harmonic then
find harmonic conjugate v and u and
deswcribe f(z)=u=iv as function of z alone.

Solution: clearly u€C(R^2) for every a€R so u is


harmonic conjugate if and only if δu=0, it
follows that by computation
Δu / δx=2axy. δ²u/ δx²=2ay. δu/ δy=
3y^2+ax^2. Δ²u/ δy²=6y
Δu= δ²u/ δx^2+δ²u/ δy^2= 6y+2ay= 2(3+a)y
So all Δu is identical zero ,if and only if a=-3 in
which case
U(x,y)= y^3-3xy^2
Then we find harmonic conjugate
V(x,y)= ∫0to z{Δu / δy* δx+ Δu / δx* δy}+C
= ∫0to z{-(3y^2
-3x^2)dx -6xydy} +c
= -∫0to z{3(y^2dx+xdy)d(x^3))}+c
= x^3-3x^2y+c

Hence f(z)= u+iv =y^3-3x^2u+i(x^3-3xy^2)+ic

= i(x^3+3x^2yi +3x(iy)^2+(iy)^3}+ic

= i(x+iy)^3 + ic = iz^3 +ic

Que5.

check if function u(x,y) are harmonic u(x,y)-

x^2-y^2+y
If u is harmonic them find corresponding

harmonic conjugate and v and f(z)=u+iv.

Solution: here u(x,y)=x^2-y^2+y

Then Δu / δx=2x. Δ²u/ δx²=2. Δu/ δy= -2y+1

Δ²u/ δy²=2y

Then Δu = δ²u/ δx²+ δ²u/ δy^2= 2-2=0


Hence u is harmonic if follows by incepection
that by cauchy raumman equation
V(x,y)= ∫{δv/ δx* dx + δv/ δy* dy}+c =∫{-δu/
δy* δx + δu/ δx* dy}
∫{-(-2y+1)dx+2xdy)}+c = ∫{2(ydx+xdy)+c}
= ∫{d(2xy-x)+c = 2xy- x+c , c€R
F(Z)= u(x,y)+iv(x,y)
=x^2-y^2 +i(2xy-x+c)
= x^2-y^2+i(x+iy) +ic
= x^2- iz +ic, c€R

Que6.
check if function u(x,y) are harmonic
u(x,y)=x^4-6x^2y^2 + y^4+x^3y-xy^3

If u is harmonic them find corresponding


harmonic conjugate and v and f(z)=u+iv.

Solution: here u(x,y)=^4-6x^2y^2 + y^4+x^3y-


xy^3
Then Δu / δx=4x^3-12xy^2+3x^2y -y^3 Δ²u/
δx²=12x^2-12y^2 +6xy . Δu/ δy= -
12x^2y+4y^3+x^3-3xy^2
Δ²u/ δy²=-12x^2 + 12y^2 -6xy
Then Δu = δ²u/ δx²+ δ²u/ δy^2= 12x^2-
12y^2+6xy-12x^2+12y^2 -6xy=0
Hence u(x,y) ia harmonic.
So by cauchy riemann equation

V(x,y)= ∫{δv/ δx* dx + δv/ δy* dy}+c =∫{-δu/


δy* δx + δu/ δx* dy}

∫{-(-12x^2y+4y^3+x^3-3xy^2)dx+(4x^3-
12xy^2+3x^2y-y^3dy)}+c
= ∫{(12x^2ydx- 4y^3dx+x^3dx-3xy^2dx)
4x^3dy-12xy^2+3x^2ydy-y^3dy+c}

= ∫{4yd(x^3)+ 4x^3(dy)- (4y^3dx


+4xd(y^3))- 1/4d(x^2)+ 3/2(y^2d(x^2) +
x^2d(y^2)) -1/4d(y^4)} + c

= c+ ∫d(4x^3y-4xy^3-1/4x^4+3/2x^2y^2-
1/4y^4)
= -1/4x^4 +4x^3y +3/2x^2y62 – 4xy^3 -
1/4y^4+c c€R

F(Z)= (x,y)+iv(x,y)

=x^4+4ix^3y-6x^2y62-4ixy^3+y^4-i/4{x^4+
4ix^3y – 6x^y^2- 4ixy^3+y^4} + ic

= z^4 -i/4z^4 +ic = (1-i/4)z^4 +ic


Que7.
In each of the following cases one shall find
analytic function f(z) =u+iv , either real part u
or v is given as harmonic function.
(a) U(x,y)= x^2-y^2+5x+y-y/x^2+y^2 , z€C
(b) V((x,y) =ln(x^2+y^2) +x-2y , z€C

Solution: it follows that


x^2-y^2 = Re(z^2), 5x= Re(5z) , y=Re(-
iz)
-y/x^2+y^2 = Re(-i/z)
That
U(x,y)= Re (z^2+5z-iz-i/z)
We conclude that
F(z)= z^2+5z-iz-i/z+ic , c€R

B) It follows that
Im(2ilogz)=ln(x^2+y^2), Im(-iz)=2
Im(-2z) +-2y, that
U(x,y) + Im(2ilogz + iz – 2z),
We concludethat
F(z)= 2logz +iz – 2z +c , c€R

QUE8..
check if function u(x,y) are harmonic
u(x,y)=3x^2-y^3+xy.
If u is harmonic them find corresponding
harmonic conjugate and v and f(z)=u+iv.

Solution: here u(x,y)=3x^2-y^3+xy

Then Δu / δx=6xy+y Δ²u/ δx²= 6y


. Δu/ δy= 3x^2-3y^2+x

Δ²u/ δy²=6y
Then Δu = δ²u/ δx²+ δ²u/ δy^2= 6y-6y=0
Hence u(x,y) ia harmonic.
So by cauchy riemann equation
V(x,y)= ∫{δv/ δx* dx + δv/ δy* dy}+c =∫{-δu/
δy* δx + δu/ δx* dy}

= ∫{-(3x^2-3y^2+x)dx+(6xy+ydy)}+c
= ∫{(3x^2dx+ 3y^2dx-xdx+6xydy+ydy
= ∫{d(-x^3+3y^2x-1/2x^2+1/2y^2+c)} + c ,
c€R
= -x^3 +3y^2x -1/2x^2+1/2y^2+c c€R

F(Z)= (x,y)+iv(x,y)
= 3x^2y-y^3+xy+i(-x^3+3y^2x-
1/2x^2+1/2x^2 +c}
= -I (x^y)^2 + (iy)^3)-i/2(x^2-y^2+2ixy)+ic
= -iz^3- iz^2/2+ic , C€R

=x^4+4ix^3y-6x^2y62-4ixy^3+y^4-i/4{x^4+
4ix^3y – 6x^y^2- 4ixy^3+y^4} + ic
= z^4 -i/4z^4 +ic = (1-i/4)z^4 +ic

Que9.
Check that f=u+iv is anaqlytic in open domain
© prove that uv is harmonic then check , when
function u^2 is also harmonic

Solution: let u and v be any c^2 function


Δu/ δx*(uv) = v δu/ δx + u δu/ δx and
Δ^2/ δx^2(uv) = vΔ^2u/ δx^2 + uΔ^2u/ δx^2
+ 2Δu/ δx
Δv/ δx
And analogously
Δ^2/ δy^2(uv) = vΔ^2u/ δy^2 + uΔ^2u/ δy^2 +
2Δu/ δx
Δv/ δx
Finally by addition
(2) ∆(uv) = v∆u + u∆v + 2{δu/ δx*δv/ δx + δu/
δy* δv/ δy
We assume f=u+ iv is analytic then ∆u=0 and
∆v= 0, by cauchys riemanns equation
δu/ δx= δv/ δy δu/ δx= -δv/ δx
equation (2) reducd to
∆(uv) =0 +0 + 2{ δu/ δx(-δu/ δy) + δv/ δy(δu/
δx)= 0
Proving uv is harmonic then assume u harmonic
∆u=0. If we choose v=u then in (2)

∆(u^2) = 2{( δu/ δx)^2 + (δu/ δy)^2} = 2|gradu|^2


This expression is 0 if and only if grad u = 0.

Que10
.find harmonic conjugate of the following
function u(x,y)=e^siny then find f(z) =u+iv
Solution: given, u(x,y)= e^xsiny
Δu / δx=e^xsiny Δu / δy= e^xcosy
Then by using cauchy raumann equations
V(x,y)= ∫{δv/ δx* dx + δv/ δy* dy}+c =∫{-δu/
δy* δx + δu/ δx* dy}
= {-e^xcosydx + e^xsinydx}
= {{ cosyd(e^x) + e^xd(cosy)}
= -∫d(e^xcosy)
= -e^xcosy
And f(z) = u+iv
=e^xsiny -ie^xcosy
=-i(e^xcosy + ie^xsiny)
= -ie^2

Que11.
Show that the function u= e^-3xcos(3y) is
harmponic then find its harmonic conjugate.

Solution: if u is harmonic then it must satisfies


laplace equation δ²u/ δx²+δ²u/ δy²= 0

Δu/ δx=-3e^3xc0s(3y) δ²u/


δx²=9e^3xcos(3y)
δu/ δy= -3e^3xsin3y δ²u/ δy²= -
9e^3xcos(3y)

then δ²u/ δx²+δ²u/ δy²= 0


so its is harmonic function
to find its harmonic conjugate
solving first part Δu/ δx
= Δv/ δy= -3e^3xcos(3y)
from cauchy raumann equation
by integrating we get
v= e^-3xsin(3y) + g(x)

now by using cauchy raumann equation and


solving 2nd part
Δv/ δx=- Δu/ δy
= -3e^-3xsin(3y) +g’(x)
= -[ 3e^-3xsin(3y)]
g’(x) = 0=g(x) = k
v= -e^-3xsin(3y) = k
Que12.
Show tha the function u=1/2log[x^2+y^2] is
harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate.
Solution: given u=1/2log[x^2+y^2]
Then Δu/ δx=1/2(2x/x^2+y^2)=
x/x^2+y^2
δ²u/
δx²=(x^2+y^2)-x(2x)/(x^2+y^2)^2=y^2-x^2/(x^2
+y^2)^2

Δu/ δy=1/2(2y/x^2+y^2) =y/x^2+y^2


δ²u/ δy²= (x^2+y^2)-y(2y)/(x^2+y^2)^2
= x^2-y^2/(x^2+y^2)^2
Adding both
δ²u/ δx² = Δ²u/ δy²=0 u is harmonic
function
to find harmonic conjugate ,
using cauchy raumann equation
V(x,y)= ∫{δv/ δx* dx + δv/ δy* dy}+c =∫{-
δu/ δy* δx + δu/ δx* dy}
= -∫(y/(x^2+y^2)^2)dx + (no term free
from x) + c
v = -tan^-1(x/y) +c
v= - tan^-1(x/y) + c.

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