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Mvcal 10

The document discusses the concept of convergence in infinite series, particularly focusing on the Taylor series and geometric series. It introduces various convergence tests, such as the limit test, comparison test, ratio test, root test, and integral test, providing examples for each. The document emphasizes that while certain conditions can indicate convergence, they do not guarantee it in all cases.

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7 views32 pages

Mvcal 10

The document discusses the concept of convergence in infinite series, particularly focusing on the Taylor series and geometric series. It introduces various convergence tests, such as the limit test, comparison test, ratio test, root test, and integral test, providing examples for each. The document emphasizes that while certain conditions can indicate convergence, they do not guarantee it in all cases.

Uploaded by

jinay.s5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Convergence

Mitaxi Mehta
Lecture 10

Convergence
We have previously seen the Taylor series expansion of
functions.

Convergence
We have previously seen the Taylor series expansion of
functions.

A natural question that arises is “When does the sum of an


infinite series add up to a finite value?”

Convergence
We have previously seen the Taylor series expansion of
functions.

A natural question that arises is “When does the sum of an


infinite series add up to a finite value?”

Answering this question is useful not only for Taylor


serieses but for variety of other serieses too.

Convergence
The geometric series is given by
s = a + ar + ar 2 + ...

Convergence
The geometric series is given by
s = a + ar + ar 2 + ...

The sum of the series is


a
s=
1−r

Convergence
The geometric series is given by
s = a + ar + ar 2 + ...

The sum of the series is


a
s=
1−r

Does the series add up to a finite value (converge) when


r = 1/2?

Convergence
The geometric series is given by
s = a + ar + ar 2 + ...

The sum of the series is


a
s=
1−r

Does the series add up to a finite value (converge) when


r = 1/2? What happens if r = 2?

Convergence
When r = 1/2 the series converges to the value 2a. When
r = 2, the series diverges.

Convergence
When r = 1/2 the series converges to the value 2a. When
r = 2, the series diverges.

In today’s lecture, we shall learn about convergence tests


for serieses.

Convergence
When r = 1/2 the series converges to the value 2a. When
r = 2, the series diverges.

In today’s lecture, we shall learn about convergence tests


for serieses.

I shall enlist tests with an example for each one.

Convergence
P∞
If n=1 an is convergent then limn→∞ an = 0.

Convergence
If ∞
P
n=1 an is convergent then limn→∞ an = 0.
Example: s = 1 + 12 + ( 12 )2 + ...

Convergence
If ∞
P
n=1 an is convergent then limn→∞ an = 0.
Example: s = 1 + 12 + ( 12 )2 + ...
P∞
Similarly, if limn→∞ an 6= 0 then n=1 an is divergent.

Convergence
If ∞
P
n=1 an is convergent then limn→∞ an = 0.
Example: s = 1 + 12 + ( 12 )2 + ...
P∞
Similarly, if limn→∞ an 6= 0 then n=1 an is divergent.
Example: s = 1 + 2 + 22 + ...

Convergence
However, note that the converse statement is not always
true, an approaching 0 does not always imply that the
series converges.

Convergence
However, note that the converse statement is not always
true, an approaching 0 does not always imply that the
series converges.

An example for this is the harmonic series,

1 1
1+ + + ...
2 3

Convergence
Comparison test.P
For two serieses ∞
P∞
n=1 an and n=1 bn , where each term
is positive.

Convergence
Comparison test.P
For two serieses ∞
P∞
n=1 an and n=1 bn , where each term
is positive.
If an ≤ bn then ∞
P P∞
n=1 an converges, if n=1 bn converges.

Convergence
Comparison test.P
For two serieses ∞
P∞
n=1 an and n=1 bn , where each term
is positive.
If an ≤ bn then P∞ if ∞
P P
n=1 an converges, P n=1 bn converges.
∞ ∞
If an ≥ bn then n=1 an diverges, if n=1 bn diverges.

Convergence
Example: Show that the following series converges.
∞
1 1 X 1
1+ + + ... =
2! 3! n!
n=1

Convergence
Example: Show that the following series converges.
∞
1 1 X 1
1+ + + ... =
2! 3! n!
n=1

Comparing the series with


∞
1 1 X 1
1+ + 2 + ... =
2 2 2n
n=0

Convergence
Example: Show that the following series converges.
∞
1 1 X 1
1+ + + ... =
2! 3! n!
n=1

Comparing the series with


∞
1 1 X 1
1+ + 2 + ... =
2 2 2n
n=0

We see that every term in the second series is greater than


or equal to the corresponding term in the first series. The
second series converges, so the first series converges too.

Convergence
The Ratio test.

Convergence
TheP Ratio test.
If an is a positive series and
an+1
lim =ρ
n→∞ an

Convergence
TheP Ratio test.
If an is a positive series and
an+1
lim =ρ
n→∞ an

The series converges if ρ < 1


Diverges if ρ > 1 or infinite
Inconclusive if ρ = 1.

Convergence
TheP Ratio test.
If an is a positive series and
an+1
lim =ρ
n→∞ an

The series converges if ρ < 1


Diverges if ρ > 1 or infinite
Inconclusive if ρ = 1.

Check the convergence of the geometric series using the


ratio test.

Convergence
TheP root test:
If an is a positive series and

lim (an )1/n = ρ


n→∞

Convergence
TheP root test:
If an is a positive series and

lim (an )1/n = ρ


n→∞

The series converges if ρ < 1


Diverges if ρ > 1 or infinite
Inconclusive if ρ = 1.

Convergence
TheP root test:
If an is a positive series and

lim (an )1/n = ρ


n→∞

The series converges if ρ < 1


Diverges if ρ > 1 or infinite
Inconclusive if ρ = 1.

Check the convergence of the geometric series using the


root test.

Convergence
The integral test:
Suppose an = f (n), with f (x) being continuous
P∞ positive,
decreasing
R∞ function of x, then the series n=1 an and
1 f (x)dx both converge or both diverge.

Convergence
The integral test:
Suppose an = f (n), with f (x) being continuous
P∞ positive,
decreasing
R∞ function of x, then the series n=1 an and
1 f (x)dx both converge or both diverge.

Check the convergence of the Harmonic series using the


integral test.

Convergence

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