1 What is structure? How to declare a Structure?

Explain with Example

 Structure is a collection of logically related data items of different data types grouped
together under a single name.
 Structure is a user defined data type.
 Structure helps to organize complex data in a more meaningful way.
Syntax of Structure:
struct structure_name
{
data_type member1;
data_type member2;

};
 struct is a keyword.
 structure_name is a tag name of a structure.
 member1, member2 are members of structure.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct book
{
char title[100];
char author[50];
int pages;
float price;
};
void main()
{
struct book book1;
printf("enter title, author name, pages and price of
book");
scanf(“%s”,book1.title);
scanf(“%s”, book1.author);
scanf("%d",&book1.pages);
scanf("%f",&book1.price);
printf("\n detail of the book");
printf(“%s”,book1.title);
printf(“%s”,book1.author);
printf("%d",book1.pages);
printf("%f",book1.price);
getch();
}
 book is structure whose members are title, author, pages and price.
 book1 is a structure variable.
2 How do we declare and access structure variables?
Declaration of structure:
  A structure variable declaration is similar to the declaration of variables of any other
data type. It includes the following elements:
1) The keyword struct.
2) The structure tag name.
3) List of variable names separated by commas.
4) A terminating semicolon.
Example:
struct book
{
char title[100];
char author[50];
int pages;
float price;
} book1;
struct book book2;
We can declare structure variable in two ways:
1) Just after the structure body like book1.
2) With struct keyword and structure tag name like book2.
Accessing structure members:
The following syntax is used to access the member of structure.
structure_variable.member_name
 structure_variable is a variable of structure and member_name is the name of variable
which is a member of a structure.
 The “.”(dot) operator or ‘period operator’ connects the member name to structure name.
 Example:
book1.price represents price of book1.
 We can assign values to the member of the structure variable book1 as
below, strcpy(book1.title,”ANSI C”);
strcpy(book1.author,”Balagurusamy”);
book1.pages=250;
book1.price=120.50;
 We can also use scanf function to assign value through a keyboard.
scanf(“%s”,book1.title);
scanf(“%d”,&book1.pages);
3 What is Union?
 Union is user defined data type just like structure.
 Each member in structure is assigned its own unique storage area where as in Union, all
the members share common storage area.
 All members share the common area so only one member can be active at a time.
 Unions are used when all the members are not assigned value at the same time.
 Example:
union book
{
char title[100];
char author[50];
int pages;
float price;
};
4 Difference between Structure and Array
Array Structure
o An array behave like a built-in o First we have to design and declare a
datatype all we have to do is to data structure before the variables of
declare an array variable and use it. that type are declared and use.
o An array is a collection of related o Structure can have elements of
data element of same type. different type.
o An array is derived datatype. o Structure is programmer defined.
5 Difference between Structure and Union
Structure Union
o Each member is assigned its own o All members share the same storage
unique area.
storage area.
o Total memory required by all members o Maximum memory required by the
is member is allocated.
allocated.
o All members are active at a time. o Only one member is active a time.
o All members can be initialized. o Only the first member can be initialized.
o Requires more memory. o Requires less memory.
Example: Example:
struct SS union UU
{ {
int a; int a;
float b; float b;
1 byte for c char c; char c;
};for a
2 bytes };
4 bytes for b 4 bytes for c,b,a a c

o Total bytes = 1 + 2 + 4 = 7 bytes. o 4 bytes are there between a,b and c

because largest memory occupies by
float
which is 4 bytes.
6 Explain nested structure with example.
o A structure that contains another structure as a member variable is known as nested
structure or structure within a structure.
o Structure which is part of other structure must be declared before the structure in
which it is used.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct address
{
char add1[50];
char add2[50];
char city[25];
};
struct employee
{
char name[100];
struct address a;
int salary;
};
void main()
{
struct employee e;
printf("enter name,address,city,salary");
scanf(“%s”,e.name);
scanf(“%s”,e.a.add1);
scanf(“%s”,e.a.add2);
scanf(“%s”,e.a.city);
scanf("%d",&e.salary);
printf("detail of employaee:");
printf("%s”,e.name);
printf("%s”,e.a.add1);
printf("%s”,e.a.add2);
printf("%s”,e.a.city);
printf("%d",e.salary);
getch();
}
7 Explain Array of Structure with Example?
 Array of structure mean collection of structures.
 Array storing different type of structure of variables.
 As we have an array of basic data types, same way we can have an array variable of
structure.
Following example shows how an array of structure can be used,
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct result
 {
char name[100];
int rollno;
float cpi;
};
void main()
{
struct result r[66];
int i;
printf("enter detail of student :");

for(i=0;i<66;i++)
{
printf("\nenter name,roll no,cpi");
scanf(“%s”,r[i].name); scanf("%d
%f",&r[i].rollno,&r[i].cpi);
}
printf("\n detail of student:\n");
for(i=0;i<66;i++)
{
printf(“%s”,r[i].name);
printf("\t%d",r[i].rollno);
printf("\t%f\n",r[i].cpi);
}
getch();
}
8 Explain Pointers to Structure with example.
 We can define pointers to structure in very similar way as you define pointer to
any other variable.
Syntax:

struct structure_name
{
Member 1;
Member 2;
.
.
};
struct structure_name *structure_pointer;
Example:
struct books
{
char title[100];
};
struct books *struct_pointer,book1;
 Now we can store the address of a structure variable in the above defined pointer
variable.
 To find the address of a structure variable, place the ‘&’ operator before the structure ‘s
name
 as follow:
 struct_pointer = &book1;
 To access the member of a structure using a pointer to that structure you must
use the -> operator as follow:
structure_pointer->title;

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct name
{
int a;
float b;
};
void main()
{
struct name *ptr, p;
ptr = &p; /* Referencing pointer to memory
address of p */
printf(“Enter Integer: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&(*ptr).a);
printf(“Enter number: ”);
scanf(“%f”,&(*ptr).b);
printf(“Displaying: ”);
printf(“%d \n %f”,(*ptr).a,(*ptr).b);
getch();
}
 Structure pointer member can also be accessed using -> operator.
(*ptr).a is same as ptr-> a.
(*ptr).b is same as ptr-> b.