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Lab 3

The document provides an overview of variables, constants, and operations in C++ programming. It includes examples of programs for calculating the circumference of a circle, performing mathematical operations, and demonstrating the differences between prefix and postfix increment and decrement operators. The conclusion emphasizes the understanding of basic C++ programming structures and operations.

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Aqsa Taqweem
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3 views9 pages

Lab 3

The document provides an overview of variables, constants, and operations in C++ programming. It includes examples of programs for calculating the circumference of a circle, performing mathematical operations, and demonstrating the differences between prefix and postfix increment and decrement operators. The conclusion emphasizes the understanding of basic C++ programming structures and operations.

Uploaded by

Aqsa Taqweem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objective:

To be familiar with variables, constants and operations in C++ language.


Variables :
1. Name of variable - It refers to an identifier that represents a
memory location.
2. Address of variable - It refers to the memory location of the
variable.
3. Contents of variable - It refers to the value stored in memory
location referred by variable.
Syntax:
type_name variable = value ;

Constants:
Constant is a quantity that cannot be changed during program
execution. Following are two types of constants in C++:
▪ Literal constant
▪ Symbolic constant Literal
Constant:

A literal constant is a value that is typed directly in a program. It


appears in the program wherever it is needed.
Types of literal constant:
Different types of literal constants are as follows: a)
Integer constant
b) Floating point constant
c) Character constant
d) String constant Problem:

Write a program that inputs the radius of a circle and displays the
circumference by using formula 2πR. Store the value of π in a constant
by using DEFINE directive.
Algorithm:
1.Start
2.Save file and start coding for circumference of a circle.
3.compile and run code
5.Display result
6.End
Flow chart:
Coding:
#include #define PI
3.141 using
namespace std; void
main()

{
float r, circumference;
cout<<"Enter radius: "; cin>>r; circumference = 2.0 *PI * r; cout< 0 ");
}
Problem : 02
Write a program that performs all mathematical operations on two
variables.
Algorithm:
Start
Define variables
Assign values to the variable
Perform the required operations
Print the results
End

Flow chart:
Coding: #include
<iostream> using
namespace std; void
main()

{ int a , b; a = 10; b = 5;
cout<<"a + b = “<<a+b<<endl;
cout<<”a-b=”<<a-b<<endl;
cout<<”a*b=”<<a*b<<endl;
cout<<”a/b=”<<a/b<<endl;
cout<<”a%b=”<<a%b<<endl;

}
Operators:
Increment Operator:
▪ The increment operator is used to increase the value of a variable by
1.
▪ It is denoted by the symbol ++.
▪ It is a unary operator and works with single variable.
▪ Increment operator can be used in two forms: a)
Prefix Form

b) Postfix Form
a) Prefix Form:
▪ In prefix form, the increment operator is written before the variable as
follows:
++y;
▪ The above line increments the value of variable y by 1. b)
Postfix Form:

▪ ln postfix form, the increment operator is written after the variable as


follows: y++;

▪ The above line also increments the value of variable y by 1.

Problem: 03
Write a program that explains the difference of postfix increment
operator and prefix increment operator used as independent
expression.
Algorithm:
1.Start
2. define variables and assigns them values
3. apply postfix and prefix increment operator
4. display result
5. end
Flow chart:
Coding:
#include <iostream. using
namespace std; void
main()

int a, b, x, y; a=
b = x = y = 0; a+
+; b = a; ++x; y
= x;

cout<<"a = "<<a<<endl<<" b = "<<b<<endl;


<<"x = "<<x<<endl<<" y = "<<y<<endl;

Problem 04:

Write a program illustrates on the difference of prefix and postfix


decrement.
Algorithm:
Start.
Define variables.
Assign values.
Calculate c=--a.
Calculate c=a--.
Display.
Print.
Stop.
Coding:
#include <iostream>

Using namespace std;

Void main()

Int a, b, x, y; A=
b = x = y = 0;
a--; b = a; --x;
Y = x;

Cout<<”a = “<<a<<endl<<” b = “<<b<<endl;

<<”x = “<<x<<endl<<” y = “<<y<<endl;

Discussion and Conclusion:


These programs are focused on the calculation of area of a sphere, the
difference of prefix and postfix operator assignments. We learned about
basic mathematical operations using C++. From this lab I understood the
basic structure of C++ programming including the meaning of header file
and steps of problem solving. Hence, area of sphere is calculated and
displayed.

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