Unit1

INTRODUCTION OF IOT
IOT: Internet technology connecting devices, machines and tools to the internet by means of wireless
technologies. Unification of technologies such as low-power embedded systems, cloud computing, big-
data, machine learning, and networking.

Alternate Definition
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to
communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment.

Definition:
A dynamic global n/w infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ―things‖ have identities, physical
attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into
information n/w, often communicate data associated with users and their environments.

Characteristics:
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with
the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user‗s context or sensed
environment. Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and changing conditions.

2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality.

3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of interoperable communication

protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with infrastructure.

4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (IP address).

5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and exchange data with other
devices and systems.

Applications of IoT:
1) Home
2) Cities

3) Environment

4) Energy

5) Retail

6) Logistics

7) Agriculture

8) Industry

9) Health & Life Style

The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices
applications. It collects data from other devices and process data either locally or remotely.

An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication to other devices both wired and
wireless. These includes (i) I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for internet connectivity (iii) memory
and storage interfaces and (iv) audio/video interfaces.

2) IoT Protocols:

a) Link Layer : Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network‗s physical layer
or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on the same link exchange data
packets over the link layer using link layer protocols. Link layer determines how packets are coded and
signaled by the h/w device over the medium to which the host is attached
Protocols:
 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer. Eg: 802.3
uses co-axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses fiber optic connection;
802.3ae uses Ethernet over fiber.

 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication standards

including extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in 5GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g
operates in 2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz band, 802.11ac operates in 5GHz band,
802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.

 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards including exclusive

description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.

 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless personal area
network(LR-WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols such as Zig Bee. Provides data rate
from 40kb/s to 250kb/s.

 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G).

B) Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to

destination n/w. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains source and
destination address.

Protocols:
 IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w using a hierarchical
addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of 2**32addresses.

 IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows 2**128 addresses

 6LOWPAN:(IPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork)operates in 2.4 GHz frequency range

and data transfer 250 kb/s.

C) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the

underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP. Provides functions
such as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control. Protocols:

 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with HTTP and HTTPS), email(along
with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol. IP Protocol deals with sending packets,
TCP ensures reliable transmission of protocols in order. Avoids n/w congestion and congestion collapse.
 UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time sensitive applications, very
small data units to exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless protocol. Does not provide guaranteed
delivery.

D) Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocolsto send
data over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication using ports. Protocols:

 HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow requestresponse model
Stateless protocol.

 CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications with

constrained devices, constrained environment and constrained n/w. Uses clientserver architecture. 
WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socket connection.

 MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol based on publish-
subscribe model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for constrained environment.

 XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time communication and streaming XML
data between network entities. Support client-server and server-server communication.

 DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for device-to-device or machine-
to-machine communication. Uses publish-subscribe model.

 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol for business
messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe model

LOGICAL DESIGN of IoT

Refers to an abstract represent of entities and processes without going into the low level specifies of
implementation.

1) IoT Functional Blocks 2) IoT Communication Models 3) IoT Comm. APIs

1) IoT Functional Blocks: Provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication and management
 Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring and control
functions.

 Communication: handles the communication for IoTsystem.

 Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and services for
device discovery.

 Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.

 Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication ,authorization, message
and context integrity and data security.

 Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to control and monitor
various aspects of IoT system.

2) IoT Communication Models:

1) Request-Response 2) Publish-Subscibe 3)Push-Pull4) ExclusivePair

1) Request-Response Model
Involves publishers, brokers and consumers. Publishers are source of data. Publishers send data to the
topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers. Consumers
subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives data for a topic
from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

3) Push-Pull Model: in which data producers push data to queues and consumers pull data from
the queues. Producers do not need to aware of the consumers. Queues help in decoupling the message
between the producers and consumers
3)IoT Communication APIs:

a) REST based communication APIs(Request-Response Based Model)

b) WebSocket based Communication APIs(Exclusive PairBased Model)

a) REST based communication APIs: Representational State Transfer(REST) is a set of

architectural principles by which we can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system‗s
resources and have resource states are addressed and transferred. The REST architectural constraints:
Fig. shows communication between client server with REST APIs
Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is the separation of concerns. Separation
allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.

Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the info. Necessary to understand the
request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server.

Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly or
explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cacheable. If a response is cache-able, then a client cache is given
the right to reuse that response data for later, equivalent requests.

Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot see
beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting.

User Interface: constraint requires that the method of communication between a client and a
server must be uniform.

Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their
context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.
RESTful web service is a collection of resources which are represented by URIs. RESTful web API has a
base URI(e.g: http://example.com/api/tasks/). The clients and requests to these URIs using the methods
defined by the HTTP protocol(e.g: GET, PUT, POST or DELETE). A RESTful web service can support various
internet media types.

b) WebSocket Based Communication APIs: WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex
communication between clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication

model.

IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT is enabled by several technologies including Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data
Analytics, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and architectures, Communication Protocols, Web
Services, Mobile internet and semantic search engines.
 Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): Comprises of distributed devices with sensors which are used
to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. Zig Bee is one of the most popular wireless
technologies used byWSNs. WSNs used in IoT systems are described as follows:
Weather Monitoring System: in which nodes collect temp, humidity and other data, which is
aggregated and analyzed.
Indoor air quality monitoring systems: to collect data on the indoor air quality and
concentration of various gases.
Soil Moisture Monitoring Systems: to monitor soil moisture at variouslocations.
Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for collecting surveillance data(motiondata detection).
Smart Grids : use WSNs for monitoring grids at variouspoints.
Structural Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to monitor the health of structures(building,
bridges) by collecting vibrations from sensor nodes deployed at various points in the structure.

2) Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in different forms.

 Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS):provides users the ability to provision computing and storage
resources. These resources are provided to the users as a virtual machine instances and virtual storage.

 Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS): provides users the ability to develop and deploy application in cloud
using the development tools, APIs, software libraries and services provided by the cloud service
provider.

 Software-as-a-Service(SaaS): provides the user a complete software application or the user

interface to the application itself.

3) Big Data Analytics: Some examples of big data generated by IoT are
 Sensor data generated by IoT systems.

 Machine sensor data collected from sensors established in industrial and energy systems.

 Health and fitness data generated IoT devices.

 Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking vehicles.

 Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.

4) Communication Protocols: form the back-bone of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and coupling to applications.

 Allow devices to exchange data over network.

 Define the exchange formats, data encoding addressing schemes for device and routing of packets
from source to destination.

 It includes sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lost packets.

5) Embedded Systems: is a computer system that has computer hardware and software
embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded System range from low cost miniaturized devices such
as digital watches to devices such as digital cameras, POS terminals, vending machines, appliances etc.

IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

1) IoT Level1: System has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and host the application as shown in fig. Suitable for modeling low cost and low
complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and analysis requirement are not
computationally intensive. An e.g., of IoT Level1 is Home automation

2) IoT Level2: has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuating and local analysis as shown in
fig. Data is stored in cloud and application is usually cloud based. Level2 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions where data are involved is big, however, the primary analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can be done locally itself. An e,g., of Level2 IoT system for Smart
Irrigation.
3) IoT Level3: system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud application is cloud
based as shown in fig. Level3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big
and analysis requirements are computationally intensive. An example of IoT level3 system for
tracking package handling

4) IoT Level4: System has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and
application is cloud based as shown in fig. Level4 contains local and cloud based observer nodes
which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices. An example
of a Level4 IoT system for Noise Monitoring.
5) IoT Level5: System has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node as shown in fig. The end
nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation. Coordinator node collects data from
theendnodesandsendstothecloud.Dataisstoredandanalyzedinthecloudand application is cloud
based. Level5 IoT systems are suitable for solution based on wireless sensor network, in which data
involved is big and analysis requirements are computationally intensive. An example of Level5
system for Forest Fire Detection.

6) IoT Level6: System has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation
and sensed data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud based as shown in
fig. The analytics component analyses the data and stores the result in the cloud data base. The
results are visualized with cloud based application. The centralized controller is aware of the status
of all the end nodes and sends control commands to nodes. An example of a Level6 IoT system for
Weather Monitoring System.