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METHOD OF EXTRACTING THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF COMPLEMENTARY

SPLIT RING RESONATOR LOADED TRANSMISSION LINE RELYING ON
NEGATIVE PERMITTIVITY CHARACTERISTIC

Article · April 2020

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 Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn.– Électrotechn. et Énerg.
Vol. 65, 1-2, pp. 81–85, Bucarest, 2020
Dedicated to the memory of Academician Gleb Drăgan

METHOD OF EXTRACTING THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF

COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT RING RESONATOR LOADED
TRANSMISSION LINE RELYING ON NEGATIVE PERMITTIVITY
CHARACTERISTIC
AMER ABBOOD AL-BEHADILI1, 2, TEODOR PETRESCU1, IULIA ANDREEA MOCANU1

Key words: Metamaterials, Equivalent circuit of complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs), Split ring resonators (SRRs),
Microstrip technology.
In this work, a new approach for extracting electrical parameters of the equivalent circuit of complementary split ring resonators
(CSRRs) loaded transmission line, based on the frequency band where negative electrical permittivity occurs, is proposed. For this
reason, CSRR coupled to microstrip transmission line has been proposed and the behavior of the frequency band where negative
permittivity appears is investigated, in order to specify the fundamental frequencies that are needed to calculate the electrical
parameters of equivalent circuit. The procedure provides the electrical characteristics of CSRR (inductance, Lc , capacitance, Cc and
intrinsic resonant frequencies). The obtained equivalent circuit model of CSRR loaded transmission line has been simulated and a
good agreement is achieved between the results derived from the simulation and the ones form the equivalent circuit model. Further
validity of the usage circuit is confirmed by applying different lengths of transmission line (host line); in this case, the frequency
interval of negative permittivity band decreases and shifts to lower frequencies due to change in host line capacitance per unit cell.
Nevertheless, the results of minimum insertion loss which were determined by the provided equivalent circuit model (which are
proposed by the approach) are remaining compatible with the simulation. Ansoft HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator)
simulator and Matlab are used for structures’ design and analyzing the results.

under several limited conditions, that is, absence of host

1. INTRODUCTION line (microstrip transmission line). Thus, the equivalent
Despite reveling interesting properties of media with circuit extraction technique suggested in [19, 20] is of
simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity benefit since it directly provides the circuit parameters of
(hypothesized by Veselago in 1967 [1]), it has been waited those circuits forming. The previous technique has been
until 2000, when the first experimental proof was carried by illustrated in above references and it is reported here for
Smith et al. [2]. The authentic medium suggested in [2] concision in comparing the procedure of this article.
consists of large combination of metal split ring resonators The traditional technique determine the parameters of the
and wires (SRRs) [3], and due to the negative effective circuit model (equivalent circuit of unit cell is T line with
permeability (µ ˂ 0) of the structure a band rejection negative permittivity) through some major conditions
property of SRRs is created [3 – 5]. SRR behaves as an LC which explained by representation of reflection coefficient
resonant tank due to distributing of capacitance between of a single unit cell, S11, on the Smith chart, in order to
concentric rings and overall rings inductance, and this LC obtain the frequency that nulls parallel admittance. Another
resonant tank can be excited by external magnetic flux. condition represented by Transmission coefficient, S21 is
Subsequently a second particle has been suggested for needed to obtain the resonance frequency that nulls parallel
effective material design, namely, complementary split-ring impedance. Last condition can be derived from the phase of
resonator (CSRR), which is the negative image of SRR and S21, where ˂(fπ/2) = – 90o in which the series and shunt
is depicted in Fig. 1 [6, 7]. It has been demonstrated that impedances are being equal (Zs(jωπ/2) = Zp(jωπ/2)) [19, 20].
CSRRs etched in the ground plane of transmission line media Thus, from these conditions, reactive electrical parameters
supply a negative effective permittivity (ε˂0) to all media of equivalent circuit can be determined.
construction [8]. Also, a new circuit model for the microstrip line loaded with
Several geometric forms of CSRR have been suggested by CSRR is proposed in [21] and analyzed using similar previous
many research groups in the recent past [9, 10]. SRRs and procedure. Nevertheless, the techniques applied in previous
CSRRs (completely built-up with shunt metallic wires or series references are efficient but did not take into consideration the
gaps) have been successfully utilized to the design of planar features that are achieved by specific frequency band of
microwave circuit and devices [11], such as design of compact effective negative permittivity and permeability.
planar filters with great performances and controllable
characteristics [12–15], and design of planer sensors for
materials characterization in various applications [16–18].
SRRs and CSRRs have often small electrical size, in which
their impact on microwave circuit may be considerable in the
future. Considering all these, the electrical characteristics of
CSRRs are very important to aid the device design.
Analytical models capable to supply the equivalent
inductance and capacitance of both SRRs and CSRRs have Fig. 1 – Topology of the basic CSRR unit cell.
been suggested [4, 7]. However, these models are useful
1
University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Electronic, Telecommunications Faculty, Romania, E-mail: [email protected]
2
Mustansiriyah University, Electrical Department, College of Engineering, Baghdad, Iraq
82 Extracting lumped circuit of complementary split ring resonator 2

In this work the all scattering parameters of CSRR Figure 3b shows Im(ε) of CSRR unit cell, as well as the
loaded transmission line are identified by using specific interval of negative permittivity band (20.2 % fractional
frequency band interval where negative permittivity occurs bandwidth) which is limited by lower and upper
and are used to create the equivalent circuit. frequencies, fs and f0, respectively.

2. RESPONSE OF NEGATIVE PERMITTIVITY OF

CSRR UNIT CELL
The unit cell of the CSRR loaded microstrip lines with
CSRRs etched in the ground plane is shown in Fig. 2,
where L and C are the per-unit-cell inductance and
capacitance of the host microstrip line, Cc and Lc are total
capacitance and inductance of CSRR which represent
(a)
electrical coupling on the ground. The physical properties
of the structure in Fig. 2 are characterized by [22]
Yp C (1 − ω2 Lc Cc )
ε= = , (1)
jω 1 − ω2 Lc (C + Cc )
1 1
ε < 0 for < fε < . (2)
2π Lc (C + Cc ) 2π Lc Cc
(b)
From (1) and (2), Re(ε) is negative, then in this case, Fig. 3 – Simulation of unit cell; a) magnitudes of s-parameters (S11, S21); b)
propagating waves are reflected to establish a standing-wave, permittivity response.
hence, transmission zero occurs through the resonator. As a
result, CSRR loaded transmission line can also be used to After clarification of negative permittivity band and
form a band rejected filter with high quality resonator. From related critical frequencies, it is necessary to explain the
(2), it is interesting to point out, the region ε˂0 is a fundamental parameters which are used to extract the
frequency band limited by two critical resonance frequencies, equivalent circuit.
lower and upper frequency (fs=1/2π(Lc(C + Cc))1/2, Figure 4 shows Re(ε) and the ph(ε), as well as three
f0=1/2π(LcCc)1/2). The frequency that nulls the parallel frequencies (fs, fz, and f0). The two characteristic
impedance is short circuit frequency, fs (notice that, this frequencies fs and f0 can be specified as: fs is the lower
frequency is not the transmission zero frequency of the unit critical frequency that nulls parallel impedance and located
cell) and the frequency that nulls the parallel admittance is at (Re(ε) = 0, ph(ε) = π/2), and f0 is the upper critical
open circuit frequency, f0 (notice that, this frequency is not frequency that nulls parallel admittance (the shunt path to
the resonance frequency of the tank (CSRR), but the one for ground is opened) and locate at (Re(ε) = 0, ph(ε) = π/2).
the parallel group formed by Lc and Cc). The other characteristic frequency fz can be defined as the
frequency for which S21 has a minimum and is located at
(Re(ε) < 0, ph(ε) ≠ π/2).

Fig. 4 – Permittivity response (Re(ε) and the ph(ε)) of CSRR unit cell.

The extraction procedure in this article will show that the

Fig. 2 – Topology of the basic CSRR unit cell and its equivalent circuit calculation of equivalent circuit relies on these three
model. frequencies directly, as it will be illustrated in next section.
In order to highlight the negative permittivity frequency
band which is given by lower and upper frequencies (fs, f0), 3. DESCRPTION OF THE TECHNIQUE
the CSRR unit cell shown in Fig. 2 has been designed and At resonance, CSRRs have small electrical dimensions
simulated as shown in Fig. 3. and hence the unit cell can be depicted by agency of
The substrate employed is FR4-epoxy (Epson εr = 4.4, lumped-element equivalent circuits. The technique explains
thickness = 1.6 mm). The microstrip line has a width of 3.083 that the effect of negative permittivity band has an essential
mm, which corresponds to a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω. role to extracting the equivalent circuit model of a CSRR-
The resonant frequency of the CSRRs is around 2.4 GHz loaded transmission line.
(Fig. 3 a). The physical dimensions in this case are d, s = 0.76 From circuit in Fig. 2, the inductance and capacitance of the
mm, rext = 5.32 mm (Fig. 1). The width of the slit g at each ring host microstrip line, L and C are computed as the per-unit-cell
is equal 0.16 mm and the metal thickness t is equal 0.035 mm. inductance and capacitance of the host transmission line [23]
3 Amer Abbood Al-Behadili, Teodor Petrescu, Iulia Andreea Mocanu 83

explained further on. From Fig. 4, (fz= 1/2π (Lc(C + Cc))1/2) can frequency response of the structure can be obtained by
be determined through full wave electromagnetic simulation electrical simulation (using MATLAB) as well as
directly, or it can be extracted as representing the mid-point of electromagnetic simulation as depicted in Fig. 6. Good
the interval of negative permittivity band (fz = fs + (f0 – fs) /2) as agreement has been achieved between electrical simulation
depict in Fig. 5, as well as the frequency fz, locate at (Re(ε) < 0 and electromagnetic one, which validates the structure
and the phase ≠ π/2). This is considered an advantage given by model and the proposed procedure for parameter extraction.
the characteristic of negative permittivity band.

Fig. 5 – Permittivity phase response and magnitude of transmission zero

frequency (S21) of CSRR unit cell.

The expression for fz dependents on two parameters (Lc, Cc),

which are not yet calculated, therefore an additional condition
is needed.
From the circuit of Fig. 2, the transmission matrices of Fig. 6 – Magnitude of the transmission coefficient with respect to the
the unit cell can be written [24, pp.177 – 193]. frequency for the structure in Fig. 2.

, (3)

æ Z11 Z11Z 22 - Z12 Z 21 ö

ç ÷
æ A B ö ç Z 21 Z 21 ÷.
çç ÷÷ = (4)
èC Dø ç 1 Z 22 ÷
çZ Z 21 ÷
è 21 ø

The dispersion relation of CSRR unit cell can be

calculated as [7]
Fig. 7 – Electromagnetic simulated of reflection coefficient (S11) for the
,
CSRR unit cell of Fig. 2 on a Smith chart.
(5)
Further investigation is shown in Fig. 7, which depicts the
electromagnetic simulation of the reflection coefficient (S11)
where ω is the angular frequency and where the phase is π/2 on Smith chart. It can be noted that the intersection of S11
(lower frequency, fs) (see Figs. 4 and 5). The frequency f0 is curve with unit resistance circle provides finding f0
obtained directly as the upper frequency at which Re(ε) = 0 and (2.613 GHz) (as in traditional method), in agreement with f0
the phase is equal to π/2. Therefore, it is not required a (2.65 GHz) selected from Figs. 4 and 5. Hence, further
representation of reflection coefficient (S11) curve on smith chart confirm of the validity of the proposed procedure is obtained.
to find f0 as in traditional method [19 – 21]. This is the second
advantage offered by features of negative permittivity band.
Now from fz, fs, f0 and (5) the composite the parallel 4. CSRR UNIT CELL WITH DIFFERENT LENGTHS
impedance (Lc, Cc) can be determined. In order to OF MICROSTRIP LINE
demonstrate the authenticity of the proposed technique, the Furthermore, to confirm the validity of the proposed
procedure described above is used to obtain electrical procedure in Fig. 6, the CSRR loaded with different non
parameters of the CSRR unit cell which is designed and periodic lengths of microstrip lines have been designed and
simulated in Fig. 2 and the results are synthesized in Table 1. simulated. In that sense, L and C per-unit-cell of the host
Table 1 microstrip line in the equivalent circuit model are different in
Extracted parameters of structure in Fig. 2 each unit cell and hence the property of the material will be
Lumped
effected (Re(ε ˂ 0) and ph(ε)). Three units are utilized with
L (nH) C (pF) Cc (pF) Lc (nH) different non periodic lengths which are 15, 18 and 22 mm.
elements
The simulation results are shown in Figs. 8 and 9. The
Values 2.667 0.6727 1.0625 2.4661 interval band for which Re(ε ˂ 0) is shifted to lower
From the elements in Table 1, zero transmission in frequencies and decreases accordingly to the variation of
84 Extracting lumped circuit of complementary split ring resonator 4

the host length as depicted in Fig. 8. The phases of ε, ph(ε) comparison between electrical simulation results and
with locations of the critical frequencies for different electromagnetic simulation ones. It can be noted that the
lengths are depicted in Fig. 9. It is very important to note electrical results are shifted corresponding to the shifting in
that the critical frequencies which are represented by lower negative permittivity band due to variation of the host length.
and upper frequencies for each negative band are shifted Nevertheless, simulated resonance transmission frequency of
and no longer have the same description as before. Since rejection band (dip of S21) remain compatible with the
that, the proposed procedure for extracting the equivalent equivalent circuit model for each length of microstrip line, and
circuit is dependent on the location points of the critical hence further confirm of the validity of the proposed procedure.
frequencies that limit the interval of negative permittivity
band, so it is necessary to reanalysis the proposed
procedure to become more comprehensive.

Fig. 8 – Permittivity response of CSRR loaded different lengths (11, 15, 18

and 22 mm) with (20.2 %, 14.76 %, 13.1 % and 11.67 %) fractional
bandwidth for each length respectively.
Fig. 11 – Magnitude of the transmission coefficient with respect the
frequency for CSRR loaded with different lengths of the transmission line.

The electrical lumped parameters calculated are

presented in Table 2. It can be noted that the maximum
effective change is specified by Lc and Cc, which increases
the capacitive effect of CSRR impedance that is composed
of Lc and Cc. It is interesting to note the increment in both C
and Cc values, which leads to decrease of values for critical
frequencies (fs, fsh) (see Fig. 8), hence, negative permittivity
band will be shifted to lower frequencies. This confirms
that the equivalent circuit parameters are inherent to the
Fig. 9 – Permittivity phase response of CSRR loaded different lengths
which are (11, 15, 18 and 22 mm). negative permittivity.
Table 2
Figure 10 depict the real part of ε, Re(ε) and its phase,
Extracted parameters of CSRR loaded with different lengths of the
ph(ε) (for CSRR loaded with 22 mm microstrip line length), transmission line
as well as three location points of frequencies (fs, fsh, and f0).
L of TL\Elec.
Due to the shift which appears in the negative permittivity values
L [nH] C [pF] Cc [pF] Lc [nH]
band, f0 (Re(ε) ˃ 0, ph(ε) = 0) which represent the upper
L =15 mm 4.0427 0.9173 3.0577 1.1193
frequency has no longer the same description as in Figs. 4
and 5, but it’s replaced by a fsh, which represents the L =18 mm 5.1433 1.1007 5.924 0.6302
resulting effect of shifting in the negative permittivity band, L =22 mm 6.6838 1.3454 15.377 0.2266
however f0 still represents the frequency that will used in
the proposed procedure to determine the parallel impedance
and consequentially Lc and Cc.

Fig. 10 – Permittivity response (Re(ε) and the ph(ε)) of CSRR loaded

transmission line of 22 mm length.

The transmission frequency response of the CSRR loaded Fig. 12 – Electromagnetic simulated of reflection coefficient (S11) on a
with these different lengths of microstrip lines have been Smith chart for CSRR loaded with different lengths of microstrip
simulated. The results are given in Fig. 11, which depict transmission line (11, 15, 18 and 22 mm).
5 Amer Abbood Al-Behadili, Teodor Petrescu, Iulia Andreea Mocanu 85

Another investigation is shown in Fig. 12, which depicts 5. R. Marques, F. Medina, R. Rafii-El-Idrissi, Role of bianisotropy in
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