WEEK 5: Logical Statements and

DECISION STRUCTURES

INS 107E Introduction to Programming Languages (Python)

19.03.2025
Dr. Merve AKBAŞ KAPLAN 1
Boolean expression

>>> False == 0
True
>>> True == 1
True

2
Boolean expression

>>> False == 0
True
>>> True == 1
True

3
Boolean expression

>>> not True

False

4
Boolean expression

>>> not True

False

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Boolean expression

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Boolean expression

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Boolean expression

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Boolean expression

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Boolean expression

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Boolean expression

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Boolean expression

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 Boolean expression
>>> name = input('Please enter your name: ') or 'unknown'
Please enter your name:
>>> name
'unknown'

>>> name = input('Please enter your name: ') or 'unknown'

Please enter your name: Ahmet
>>> name
'Ahmet'
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 Comparison Operators
Expression Meaning of the Expression
== Equality
!= Non-Equality
> Greater Than
< Less Than
>= Greater Than or Equal
<= Less Than or Equal
in Membership in sequence
not in Lack of membership
is Equivalence
not is Non-Equivalence
The operators is and not is test for object identity: ‘x is y’ is true if and only if x and y are the
same object. Object identity is determined using the id() function. 14
Comparison Operators

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Comparison Operators

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Comparison Operators

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Comparison Operators

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 Comparison Operators
>>> x=1 >>>x=[1,2,3] >>>x=[1,2,3]
>>> y=2 >>> y=x >>> y=[1,2,3]
>>> x==y >>> id(y) >>> id(x)
False 1354915992328 1354915992456
>>> z=1 >>> id(x) >>> id(y)
>>> x==z 1354915992328 1354915992072
True >>> x is y >>> x is y
>>> y>=z True False
True

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If Statement

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If Statement

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 If Statement
Script Output
"""a script for using an if
statement first.py"""
x=5
if x> 10:
print('x is greater than ten!')

"""a script for using an if

statement firstIf.py"""
x=25
if x> 10:
print('x is greater than ten!') 22
If Statement

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 If Statement
Script Output
"""ifexample.py""" [0,1,2,3]
x=[0,1,2,3]
if x:
print(x)
➢Be sure about how
3 non-zero values
"""ifexample2.py""" behave in if
x,y=1,2 statements.
if x>0: ➢Any non-zero
if y>0: number in a logical
statement ----> true
x+y
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If Statement

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If Statement

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 Multiple If Statements

"""a script for using multiple if statements multIf.py"""

x=24
Output
if x%2 == 0: 24 is divisible by 2
print(x,' is divisible by 2') 24 is divisible by 3
if x%3 == 0: 24 is divisible by 4
print(x,' is divisible by 3')
if x%4 == 0:
print(x,' is divisible by 4')
if x%5 == 0:
print(x,' is divisible by 5')
if x%2 != 0 and x%3 != 0 and x%4 != 0 and x%5 != 0:
print(x,' is not divisible by 2,3,4 and 5')

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Multiple If Statements

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29
The If-Else Statement

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The If-Else Statement

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 The If-Else Statement

if condition
if condition: if condition:
action(s) action(s)
else: else:
action(s) action(s)
else:
action(s)

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Poor Usage of If Statements

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 Poor Usage of If Statements

Use nested if-else statements! 34

 Poor Usage of If Statements
"""This is an example of
poor usage of if
statements poorIf.py"""
x=14
Output
if x==15: 14 is not 15
print(x,'is 15')
if x!=15:
print(x,'is not 15')
Use nested if-else statements!
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The If-Elif-Else Statement

Only executed if condition1 is true

Only executed if condition1 is if condition1:

FALSE and condition2 is TRUE action(s)
elif condition2:
action(s)
Only executed if condition1 and
else:
condition2 are BOTH FALSE
action(s)
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 If-Elif-Else Structure

If
True False

end elif

True False
if condition1:
end elif action(s)
True False elif condition2:
action(s)
end else
else:
True
action(s)
end
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If-Elif-Else Structure

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If-Elif-Else Structure

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 Poor Usage of If Statements

"""This is an example of poor usage of

if statements badIf.py"""
x=7
if x>10:
print(x,'is greater than 10')
if x<=10 and x>=5:
print(x,'is between 5 and 10')
if x>=0 and x<5:
print(x,'is between 0 and 5')
if x<0: 7 is between
print(x,'is negative')
Output 5 and 10

Use nested if-elif-else statements!41

Poor Usage of If Statements

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Poor Usage of If Statements

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Poor Usage of If Statements

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 Proper Use of If Statements

"""This is an example of poor

usage of if statements badIf.py"""
x=7
if x>10:
Output
print(x,'is greater than 10') 7 is between
elif x<=10 and x>=5: 5 and 10
print(x,'is between 5 and 10')
elif x>=0 and x<5:
print(x,'is between 0 and 5')
elif x<0 :
print(x,'is negative')

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Proper Use of If Statements

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Proper Use of If Statements

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 Even Better Use of Nested If-Else
Statement
"""This is an example of poor
usage of if statements badIf.py"""
x=7
if x>10: Output
print(x,'is greater than 10')
elif x>=5: 7 is between
5 and 10
print(x,'is between 5 and 10')
elif x>=0:
print(x,'is between 0 and 5')
else:
print(x,'is negative')

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Even Better Use of Nested If-Else
Statement

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Even Better Use of Nested If-Else
Statement

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 Proper Use of Nested If-Else Statement
Read temperature of the
day

FALSE TRUE
T < 10 ⁰C

Print(‘It is a little bit cold’)

FALSE TRUE
T < 25 ⁰C

Print(‘It is a little bit hot’) Print(‘It is a nice day’)

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Proper Use of Nested If-Else Statement

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 Proper Use of Nested If-Else Statement
Read temperature Script
of the day """temperatureIf.py"""
T=input('read temperature values in Celcius : ')

T=int(T)

FALSE T< TRUE if(T<10):

10 ⁰C print('it is a little bit cold')

Print(‘It is else:
a little bit if (T<25):
cold’)
print('It is a nice day')
FALSE T< TRUE else:
25 ⁰C
print('It is a little bit hot')

Output
Print(‘It is a Print(‘It is a
read temperature values in Celcius : 30
little bit hot’) nice day’) It is a little bit hot 53
 Proper Use of Nested If-Else Statement
"""temperatureIf.py""" """temperaturebetterIf.py"""
T=input('read temperature values in Celcius : ') T=input('read temperature values in Celcius :
')
T=int(T)
if(T<10): T=int(T)

print('it is a little bit cold') if(T<10):

else: print('it is a little bit cold')
if (T<25): elif(T<25):
print('It is a nice day') print('It is a nice day')
else: else:
print('It is a little bit hot') print('It is a little bit hot')

Output
read temperature values in Celcius : 30 read temperature values in Celcius : 30
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It is a little bit hot It is a little bit hot
 Examples
x=[] x=[0,1,2,3]
if x: Output if x: Output
print(x) Empty List print(x) [0,1,2,3]
else: else:
print('Empty List') print('Empty List')

x=-6
if x<0:
print('It is a negative number')
elif x==0:
print('It is a zero') Output
else: It is a negative number
print('It is a positive number') 55
Examples

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 a=3
Examples b=2
if a==b:
print("a is equal to b")
else:
print("Sorry, a is not equal to b")

Output Sorry, a is not equal to b

x=67
guess=int(input("make a guess(the number is between 0 and 100)"))
if guess==x:
print("You win")
else:
print("You lost")
make a guess(the number is between 0 and 100)90
Output You lost 57
Examples

58
 Short-circuit for conditional expressions
(Ternary
TRUE
Expression) FALSE
< action1(s)>if condition else < action2(s)>
age=15 Output
print('kid' if age<18 else 'adult') kid

age=15 Output
print('kid' if age<13 else
teenager
'teenager' if age<18 else 'adult')

age=15 Output
print('kid' if age<13 else teenager
'adult' if age>18 else 'teenager') 59
 Short-circuit for conditional expressions
(Ternary Expression)
Examples
>>>x,y,z='a','','c' >>> x,y,z=1,2,3
>>> x if y else z >>> if(x and y and z):print(x+y+z)
'c' 6
>>> if x>y:print(x)
>>>x,y,z='a','-1','c'
>>> x if y else z
>>> if x<y:print(x)
'a'
1
>>> v=x if y else z
'a'
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 Short-circuit for conditional expressions
(Ternary Expression)
Examples

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 Recitation
1) Write down a program where you get as input the raise of the user and as output
what the user can buy. Print the output in a sentence. The condition is given as:
If the user’ gets $1000 per week raise, he or she can buy a new car;else,if the raise
is greater than $100, he or she can buy a new laptop; otherwise, he or she can only
put the raise into savings.

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Recitation

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2) Write down a program for the piecewise function y as follows:
y= x^2+3 if x>=5 , y=√x if 0<x<5 , y=0 if x<=0

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3) Write down a program where you get a number from the user as input and
print out whether the number is even or odd.

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4) Write a program where you print the grade for a score given by the user.
If the score is out of range, print an error message.
If the score is between 0.0 and 1.0, print a grade using the following table:

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