Module-2

Control and Loop statements

School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE)

Vellore Institute of Technology
Chennai

(School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE)Vellore

Module-2
Institute
Control
of Technology
and Loop Chennai)
statements 1 / 77
Outline

1 Introduction to Control Statements

2 If and If-Else Statements

3 Switch Statements

4 Loops: While, Do-While, and For

5 Advanced Control and Loop Concepts

6 Quiz and Code Challenges

7 Case Studies

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Introduction to Control Statements

Control statements in C are crucial for decision-making in programs. They

allow the code to take different paths based on conditions.
Types of Control Statements: if, if-else, switch.
Decision statements allow program logic to branch conditionally.
They guide the program flow.

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Control Statements

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The ’If’ Statement - Basics

Syntax
if (condition) {
// code to execute if condition is true
}

Example
Check if a number is positive:
if (number > 0) {
printf("Positive");
}

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Example of ’If’ Statement

Code
int num = 4;
if (num % 2 == 0) {
printf("Even");
} else {
printf("Odd");
}

Output
"Even" for num = 4

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Understanding ’If-Else’ Statements

Syntax
if (condition) {
/* code if true */
}
else {
/* code if false */
}

The ’if-else’ statement allows more complex decision paths.

Used when two paths of execution are required.

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’If-Else’ Example

Problem
Determine the grade based on a score.

Code
int score = 85;
if (score >= 90) {
printf("Grade A");
} else if (score >= 80) {
printf("Grade B");
} else if (score >= 70) {
printf("Grade C");
} else {
printf("Grade F");
}

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The ’Else-If’ Ladder Explained

Syntax
if (condition1) {
/* code1 */
}
else if (condition2) {
/* code2 */
}
...
else {
/* default code */
}

An ’else-if’ ladder is used for multiple conditions.

It checks multiple conditions in sequence.

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’Else-If’ Complex Example

Problem
Categorize age groups based on years.

Code
int age = 25;
if (age < 13) {
printf("Child");
} else if (age < 20) {
printf("Teen");
} else if (age < 60) {
printf("Adult");
} else {
printf("Senior");
}

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Introduction to ’Switch’ Statements

Syntax
switch (expression) {
case value1:
// code block
break;
case value2:
// code block
break;
default:
// default code block
}

Switch statements offer a way to select one of many code blocks to

be executed.
Useful for cases with multiple specific values to check against.
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’Switch’ Statement Syntax

Syntax
switch (expression) {
case value1:
// code block Example Output
break; The output depends on the
case value2: expression value and can execute any
// code block of the case blocks or the default
break; block if no case matches.
default:
// default code block
}

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’Switch’ Statement Complex Example

Problem
Execute different operations based on user choice.

Code
char operation = ’+’;
int a = 10, b = 5;
switch (operation) {
case ’+’: printf("%d", a + b); break;
case ’-’: printf("%d", a - b); break;
case ’*’: printf("%d", a * b); break;
case ’/’: printf("%d", a / b); break;
default: printf("Invalid operation");
}

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’Switch’ Case Example

Code
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1: printf("Monday"); break; Output
case 2: printf("Tuesday"); break; "Wednesday"
case 3: printf("Wednesday"); break;
// Additional cases
}

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Loops in C: An Overview
Loops in C are used to execute a block of code repeatedly.
Types of loops: while, do-while, for.
Loops are ideal for tasks that require repetition.

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’While’ Loop Explained

Syntax
while (condition) {
// code to be executed
}

Example
Print numbers from 1 to 5.
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
printf("%d ", i);
i++;
}

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’While’ Loop Example Output

Code
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) { Output
printf("%d ", i); 1 2 3 4 5
i++;
}

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’Do-While’ Loop Basics

Syntax
do {
/* code */
}
while (condition);

A ’do-while’ loop ensures that the code block is executed at least

once.

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’Do-While’ Loop Example

Problem
Print numbers from 1 to 5, using a ’do-while’ loop.

Code
int i = 1;
do {
printf("%d ", i);
i++;
} while (i <= 5);

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Understanding ’For’ Loops

Syntax
for (initialization; condition; increment) {
/* code */
}

The ’for’ loop is used for a specific number of iterations.

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’For’ Loop Syntax and Example

Syntax
for (initialization; condition; update) {
// code to be executed
}

Example
Print numbers from 1 to 5.
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
}

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Nested Loops Concept

Nested loops are loops inside another loop, commonly used for
multi-dimensional data processing.
Inner loop runs completely for each iteration of the outer loop.

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Nested Loops Example

Problem
Print a 3x3 matrix of numbers.

Code
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", i*j);
}
printf("\n");
}

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’Break’ Statement in Loops

The ’break’ statement is used to exit a loop prematurely.

Immediately stops loop execution and moves to the next statement
after the loop.

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Using ’Break’ - Example

Problem
Exit the loop when a specific condition is met.

Code
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if (i == 6) break;
printf("%d ", i);
}

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’Continue’ Statement Explained

The ’continue’ statement skips the current iteration of a loop and moves
to the next.
Often used to skip certain conditions within a loop.

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’Continue’ in Action

Problem
Skip even numbers in a loop.

Code
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) continue;
printf("%d ", i);
}

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The ’Goto’ Statement

The ’goto’ statement directs the flow to a labeled part of the program.
Can be used for exiting multiple nested loops.
Generally discouraged due to readability and maintainability issues.

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’Goto’ Use Case

Problem
Using ’goto’ for error handling in nested loops.

Code
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
if (/* error condition */) {
goto error;
}
// process data
}
}
error:
// error handling code

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Impact of ’Goto’ on Flow

Understanding the impact of ’goto’ on program flow.

’goto’ can make the code hard to read and maintain.
Best practices suggest limiting its use to specific cases like error
handling.

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Quiz: Control Structures

Time for a quick quiz to test your understanding of control structures.

1 What is the difference between ’break’ and ’continue’ in a loop?
2 Provide a scenario where a ’goto’ might be useful.

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Quiz: Control Structures

Time for a quick quiz to test your understanding of control structures.

1 What is the difference between ’break’ and ’continue’ in a loop?
2 Provide a scenario where a ’goto’ might be useful.

Answers
1. ’break’ exits the loop completely, while ’continue’ skips to the next
iteration.
2. ’goto’ can be useful in nested loops for error handling, jumping out of
multiple loop levels.

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Code Challenge: If-Else

Challenge
Write a program using ’if-else’ to categorize a character as a vowel or
consonant.

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Code Challenge: If-Else

Challenge
Write a program using ’if-else’ to categorize a character as a vowel or
consonant.

Solution
char ch = ’a’;
if (ch == ’a’ || ch == ’e’ || ch == ’i’ ||
ch == ’o’ || ch == ’u’) {
printf("%c is a vowel", ch);
} else {
printf("%c is a consonant", ch);
}

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Advanced ’If’ Statements

Problem
Determine the most significant digit of a number.

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Advanced ’If’ Statements

Problem
Determine the most significant digit of a number.

Solution
int num = 982;
int significant = num;
while (significant >= 10) {
significant /= 10;
}
printf("Most significant digit: %d", significant);

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Complex ’Switch’ Cases

Problem
Execute different math operations based on user input.

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Complex ’Switch’ Cases

Problem
Execute different math operations based on user input.

Solution
char op = ’+’;
int a = 10, b = 5, result;
switch (op) {
case ’+’: result = a + b; break;
case ’-’: result = a - b; break;
case ’*’: result = a * b; break;
case ’/’: result = a / b; break;
default: printf("Invalid operation");
}
printf("Result: %d", result);

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Loops with Multiple Conditions

Problem
Print numbers divisible by either 2 or 3 up to 20.

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Loops with Multiple Conditions

Problem
Print numbers divisible by either 2 or 3 up to 20.

Solution
for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0 || i % 3 == 0) {
printf("%d ", i);
}
}

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Infinite Loops and Prevention

Understanding and preventing infinite loops in your code.

Common in ’while’ and ’for’ loops with incorrect conditions or
updates.
Always ensure that the loop’s exit condition will be met.

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Debugging Loop Errors

Problem
Identify and fix the error in the following loop.

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Debugging Loop Errors

Problem
Identify and fix the error in the following loop.

Code with Error

for (int i = 0; i != 10; i += 2) {
printf("%d ", i);
}

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Debugging Loop Errors

Problem
Identify and fix the error in the following loop.

Code with Error

for (int i = 0; i != 10; i += 2) {
printf("%d ", i);
}

Fixed Code
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i += 2) {
printf("%d ", i);
}

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Quiz: Loop Constructs

Challenge your understanding of loop constructs with these questions.

1 Explain the difference between a ’while’ loop and a ’do-while’ loop.
2 Give an example of a scenario where a nested loop is necessary.

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Quiz: Loop Constructs

Challenge your understanding of loop constructs with these questions.

1 Explain the difference between a ’while’ loop and a ’do-while’ loop.
2 Give an example of a scenario where a nested loop is necessary.

Answers
1. A ’while’ loop checks the condition before executing, while a ’do-while’
loop executes at least once before checking.
2. Nested loops are used for multi-dimensional array processing, like
matrix operations.

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Quiz Solutions and Discussion with Real-Life
Scenarios

Case Studies and Scenarios

While vs Do-While Loops:
Case Study: Sensor Data Processing - Using ’while’ for continuous
monitoring and ’do-while’ for initial setup procedures.
Applications of Nested Loops:
Real-Life Scenario: E-commerce Website - Displaying product
categories (outer loop) and products (inner loop).
Application in Gaming: Developing a grid-based puzzle game using
nested loops for grid management.

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Effective Use of ’Break’
Problem
Use ’break’ to exit a loop when a prime number is found.

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Effective Use of ’Break’
Problem
Use ’break’ to exit a loop when a prime number is found.

Solution
int n = 50, flag = 0;
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
flag = 1;
for (int j = 2; j <= i / 2; j++) {
if (i % j == 0) {
flag = 0;
break;
}
}
if (flag == 1) {
printf("First prime number: %d", i);
break;
}
}
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When to Use ’Continue’

Problem
Skip numbers that are not prime in a loop.

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When to Use ’Continue’

Problem
Skip numbers that are not prime in a loop.

Solution
for (int num = 2; num <= 20; num++) {
int isPrime = 1;
for (int i = 2; i <= num / 2; i++) {
if (num % i == 0) {
isPrime = 0;
break;
}
}
if (!isPrime) continue;
printf("%d ", num);
}
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’Goto’: Good or Bad?

A critical look at the ’goto’ statement.

Can simplify error handling in complex code.
However, it can lead to ”spaghetti code” that is hard to read and
maintain.
Use sparingly and with clear intent.

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Code Challenge: Break and Continue

Challenge
Write a loop that prints numbers from 1 to 10 but skips any number that
is a multiple of 3, and stops the loop if the number is 7.

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Code Challenge: Break and Continue

Challenge
Write a loop that prints numbers from 1 to 10 but skips any number that
is a multiple of 3, and stops the loop if the number is 7.

Solution
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if (i % 3 == 0) continue;
if (i == 7) break;
printf("%d ", i);
}

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Code Challenge: Goto Usage

Challenge
Implement a nested loop structure where an error in the inner loop leads
to a jump to an error-handling section using ’goto’.

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Code Challenge: Goto Usage

Challenge
Implement a nested loop structure where an error in the inner loop leads
to a jump to an error-handling section using ’goto’.

Solution
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (/* error condition */) goto handleError;
// process data
}
}
handleError:
// error handling code

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Understanding Conditional Logic

Exploring more complex conditional logic in C programming.

Compound conditions using logical operators (&&, ||).
Application in decision-making algorithms.

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Boolean Expressions in Control

Advanced Example
Develop a program that checks if a number is both positive and even.

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Boolean Expressions in Control

Advanced Example
Develop a program that checks if a number is both positive and even.

Solution
int num = 8;
if (num > 0 && num % 2 == 0) {
printf("Number is positive and even");
} else {
printf("Condition not met");
}

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Control Flow Best Practices

Best practices for writing clean and efficient control flow in C.

Keep conditions simple and readable.
Avoid deeply nested structures when possible.
Use ’switch’ statements for clarity in multiple-choice scenarios.

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Avoiding Common Mistakes

Highlighting common pitfalls in control flow and how to avoid them.

Infinite loops due to incorrect conditions.
Misuse of ’break’ and ’continue’ in complex loops.
Overuse or incorrect use of ’goto’.

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Advanced Control Structures

Exploring more complex control structures for sophisticated program logic.

Nested if-else statements for multi-level decision making.

Combining loops with conditional statements for advanced data
processing.

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Combining Loops and Conditionals
Problem
Create a program that finds the first 5 prime numbers in a range.

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Combining Loops and Conditionals
Problem
Create a program that finds the first 5 prime numbers in a range.

Solution
int count = 0;
for (int i = 2; count < 5; i++) {
int isPrime = 1;
for (int j = 2; j <= i / 2; j++) {
if (i % j == 0) {
isPrime = 0;
break;
}
}
if (isPrime) {
printf("%d ", i);
count++;
}
}
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Case Study: Simple Game Development

Scenario
Developing a simple number guessing game using loops and conditionals.

Game Logic
The computer picks a random number between 1 and 100.
The player guesses the number; the computer provides hints (’higher’
or ’lower’).
The game continues until the player guesses correctly or exits.

Code Overview
Provide an overview of the game’s code, highlighting the use of a ’while’
loop for the guessing process and ’if-else’ statements for hinting.

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Number Guessing Game - Code and Output

Code Snippet
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
int main() {
int number, guess, attempts = 0;
srand(time(0));
number = rand() % 100 + 1;//Random number from 1 to 100 Gameplay
printf("Guess the number (1 to 100):\n");
do { Output
scanf("%d", &guess); Guess: 50 → Lower!
attempts++; Guess: 25 → Higher!
Guess: 37 → Correct!
if (guess > number) { Attempts: 3
printf("Lower!\n");
} else if (guess < number) {
printf("Higher!\n");
}
} while (guess != number);
printf("Correct! Attempts: %d", attempts);
return 0;
}

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Real-Time Case Challenge 1

Challenge Description
Develop a program to simulate a traffic light controller using control
statements. The traffic light should change from green to yellow, then to
red, and back to green, with appropriate time delays.

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Solution to Case Challenge 1

Traffic Light Controller Code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h> // For sleep function

int main() {
char light = ’G’; // Start with Green
while (1) {
switch (light) {
case ’G’: printf("Green\n"); sleep(5); light = ’Y’; break;
case ’Y’: printf("Yellow\n"); sleep(2); light = ’R’; break;
case ’R’: printf("Red\n"); sleep(7); light = ’G’; break;
}
}
return 0;
}

Explanation
This program simulates a traffic light using a switch-case inside a loop.
The ‘sleep‘ function provides the delay.

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Real-Time Case Challenge 2

Challenge Description
Create an algorithm for a simple checkout system in a store. The system
should calculate the total cost, apply discounts if applicable, and display
the final amount.

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Solution to Case Challenge 2

Checkout System Code

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
double price, total = 0;
int count, discount = 0;
printf("Enter number of items: ");
scanf("%d", &count);
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
printf("Enter price of item %d: ", i + 1);
scanf("%lf", &price);
total += price;
}
if (total > 100) discount = 10; // 10% discount
printf("Total: %.2f, Discount: %d%%, Final: %.2f\n",
total, discount, total * (1 - discount / 100.0));
return 0;
}

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Police-Thief Puzzle Description
Puzzle Scenario
A police officer and a thief are on a grid. The police officer must catch the
thief, who tries to evade capture. Both can move a one step in each turn.

Task
Design an algorithm to simulate this scenario. Consider factors like
movement distance per turn and strategy to either capture or evade.
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Solution to the Police-Thief Puzzle
Algorithm Approach
A strategy-based algorithm where both the police and the thief make
decisions each turn, considering factors like distance and potential
movement.

Pseudo-Code
Initialize positions of Police (P) and Thief (T)
while (distance between P and T is not zero) {
Update position of P based on strategy
Update position of T based on evasion
Check for capture condition
}

Key Concepts
Use loops for continuous checking, conditional statements for
decision-making, and movement strategies.
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Police-Thief Grid Puzzle Simulation
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
int main() {
int policePos, thiefPos;
srand(time(NULL));
policePos = (rand() % 2 == 0) ? 1 : 4;
thiefPos = (policePos == 1) ? 4 : 5;
printf("Police: %d, Thief: %d\n", policePos, thiefPos);
while (policePos != thiefPos) {
policePos = (policePos % 5) + 1;
thiefPos = (thiefPos % 5) + 1;
printf("Police: %d, Thief: %d\n", policePos, thiefPos);
if (policePos == thiefPos) {
printf("Thief caught at %d\n", thiefPos);
break;
}
}
return 0;
} Module-2 Control and Loop statements 59/77
Crazy Gangster Puzzle

Puzzle Scenario
Let’s play a game of Russian roulette. You are tied to your chair and
can’t get up. Here’s a gun.
Crazy gangster with a 6-shot revolver
Initially all six chambers are empty.
He puts two bullets into adjacent chambers(in front of you), spins it
and closes the cylinder.
He now puts the gun to your head & pulls the trigger...

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Crazy Gangster Puzzle

Puzzle Scenario
Let’s play a game of Russian roulette. You are tied to your chair and
can’t get up. Here’s a gun.
Crazy gangster with a 6-shot revolver
Initially all six chambers are empty.
He puts two bullets into adjacent chambers(in front of you), spins it
and closes the cylinder.
He now puts the gun to your head & pulls the trigger...
Luckily you survive.
He is going to pull the trigger again...

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Crazy Gangster Puzzle

Puzzle Scenario
Let’s play a game of Russian roulette. You are tied to your chair and
can’t get up. Here’s a gun.
Crazy gangster with a 6-shot revolver
Initially all six chambers are empty.
He puts two bullets into adjacent chambers(in front of you), spins it
and closes the cylinder.
He now puts the gun to your head & pulls the trigger...
Luckily you survive.
He is going to pull the trigger again...
But before he proceeds he asks you for your preference whether:
1 - He should re-spin the cylinder then pull the trigger
2 - He should pull the trigger right away (no spin)

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Crazy Gangster Puzzle - Solution

#include <stdio.h> for(int i=0; i<100; i++) {

#include <stdlib.h> int swap = rand() % CHAMBERS;
#include <time.h> int temp = chambers[swap];
chambers[swap] = chambers[0];
#define CHAMBERS 6 chambers[0] = temp;
int main() { }
srand(time(0));
int chambers[CHAMBERS]; int chamberFired = rand() % CHAMBERS;
for(int i=0; i<CHAMBERS; i++) { if(chambers[chamberFired] == 1) {
chambers[i] = 0; printf("Shot 1: You were hit and died!
} return 0;
}
int bullet1 = rand() % CHAMBERS;
chambers[bullet1] = 1; printf("Shot 1: You survived!\n");
int bullet2 = (bullet1 + 1) % CHAMBERS;
chambers[bullet2] = 1; // Option to respin
printf("Bullets loaded in chambers
%d and %d\n", bullet1, bullet2); // Second trigger pull
if(chambers[chamberFired] == 1) {
printf("Shot 2: Bullet fired, dead!");
} else {
printf("You survived!");
} Module-2 Control and Loop statements 61/77
Quiz Question 1

Question
A vending machine dispenses drinks only when the correct combination of
buttons is pressed. Implement this scenario in C using control structures.

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Quiz Question 1

Question
A vending machine dispenses drinks only when the correct combination of
buttons is pressed. Implement this scenario in C using control structures.

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Solution to Quiz Question 1
Vending Machine Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char button1, button2;
printf("Enter button combination: ");
scanf(" %c %c", &button1, &button2);

if (button1 == ’A’ && button2 == ’1’) {

printf("Dispensing Cola\n");
} else if (button1 == ’B’ && button2 == ’2’) {
printf("Dispensing Sprite\n");
} else {
printf("Invalid combination\n");
}
return 0;
}
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Code Debugging Challenge

Challenge
Identify and correct the error in this C program intended to calculate the
sum of digits of a number.

Code Snippet
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n = 1234, sum = 0;
while (n > 0) {
sum = sum + n % 10;
n = n / 10;
}
printf("Sum of digits: %d", sum);
return 0;
}
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Solution to Code Debugging Challenge

Corrected Code
The provided code is actually correct. It successfully calculates the sum of
digits of the number 1234.

Output
Sum of digits: 10

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Guess the Output Question 2

Question
What will be the output of the following C code snippet?
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 5;
printf("%d %d %d", x++, x, ++x);
return 0;
}

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Loop Control Challenge

Question
Predict the output of the following C code snippet involving a loop and a
control statement:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i == 2) continue;
if (i == 4) break;
printf("%d ", i);
}
return 0;
}

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Solution to Loop Control Challenge

Explanation
The loop iterates from 0 to 4. The ’continue’ statement skips the printing
when ’i’ is 2. The ’break’ statement stops the loop when ’i’ reaches 4.
Therefore, the numbers printed are 0, 1, and 3.

Output
013

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Real-Time Scenario Quiz

Scenario-Based Question
Write a C program to simulate an automated door system that opens
when a sensor detects a person and closes after a certain delay.

Module-2 Control and Loop statements 70/77

Solution to Real-Time Scenario Quiz
Pseudocode Solution
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h> // For sleep function

int main() {
int sensorInput;
printf("Enter sensor input (1 for person detected, 0 other
scanf("%d", &sensorInput);

if (sensorInput == 1) {
printf("Door opening...\n");
sleep(5); // Represents delay
printf("Door closing...\n");
} else {
printf("No person detected. Door remains closed.\n");
}
return 0; Module-2 Control and Loop statements 71/77
Embedded C Program for 8051 - LED Blinking
Program: LED Blinking on 8051
Control an LED connected to a port on the 8051 microcontroller.

Code Snippet
#include <reg51.h>

void delay() {
// Simple delay function
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<1000; i++) {
for(j=0; j<100; j++) {}
}
}

void main() {
while(1) {
P1 = 0xFF; // Turn ON all LEDs
delay();
P1 = 0x00; // Turn OFF all LEDs
delay();
}
}
Module-2 Control and Loop statements 72/77
Explanation of LED Blinking Program

Program Operation
The program continuously turns all LEDs on and off with a delay in
between. It uses port 1 (P1) of the 8051 to control the LEDs.

Expected Output
The connected LEDs will blink on and off indefinitely.

Module-2 Control and Loop statements 73/77

Embedded C Program for 8051 - Button Controlled
LED
Program: Button Controlled LED on 8051
Using a button to control an LED connected to the 8051 microcontroller.

Code Snippet
#include <reg51.h>

void main() {
P1 = 0xFF; // Configure Port 1 as input port
while(1) {
if (P1 == 0xFE) { // Check if button pressed
P2 = 0xFF; // Turn ON LED on Port 2
} else {
P2 = 0x00; // Turn OFF LED
}
}
}
Module-2 Control and Loop statements 74/77
Explanation of Button Controlled LED Program

Program Operation
The program reads input from a button connected to Port 1. When the
button is pressed, it turns on an LED connected to Port 2.

Expected Output
The LED on Port 2 toggles its state based on the button press.

Module-2 Control and Loop statements 75/77

Advanced Embedded C Program for 8051

Program: Temperature Controlled Fan Speed

Using nested if-else and loop structures to control a fan’s speed based on
temperature readings.

Program Operation
The program reads temperature from a sensor connected to Port 1.
Depending on the temperature reading, it controls the fan speed
connected to Port 2 using nested if-else statements.

Expected Output
The fan speed varies (off, medium, high) based on the temperature
reading.

Module-2 Control and Loop statements 76/77

Code Snippet of Temperature Controlled Fan Speed
Program

Code Snippet
#include <reg51.h>
#define MAX_TEMP 30
#define MID_TEMP 20
void delay() {
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<1000; i++) {
for(j=0; j<100; j++) {}
}
}
void main() {
int temp;
while(1) {
temp = P1; // Assume temperature reading from sensor
if (temp > MAX_TEMP) {
P2 = 0x03; // High speed
} else if (temp > MID_TEMP) {
P2 = 0x01; // Medium speed
} else {
P2 = 0x00; // Fan off
}
delay();
}
}

Module-2 Control and Loop statements 77/77